1. Impact of Biological Sex on Immune Activation and Frequency of the Latent HIV Reservoir During Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy
- Author
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Falcinelli, Shane D, Shook-Sa, Bonnie E, Dewey, Morgan G, Sridhar, Sumati, Read, Jenna, Kirchherr, Jennifer, James, Katherine S, Allard, Brigitte, Ghofrani, Simon, Stuelke, Erin, Baker, Caroline, Roan, Nadia R, Eron, Joseph J, Kuruc, JoAnn D, Ramirez, Catalina, Gay, Cynthia, Mollan, Katie R, Margolis, David M, Adimora, Adaora A, and Archin, Nancie M
- Subjects
Medical Microbiology ,Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Immunology ,Clinical Research ,HIV/AIDS ,Infectious Diseases ,Genetics ,6.1 Pharmaceuticals ,Evaluation of treatments and therapeutic interventions ,Infection ,Good Health and Well Being ,Adult ,Anti-Retroviral Agents ,CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ,CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Estrogen Receptor alpha ,Female ,Gene Expression ,HIV Infections ,HIV-1 ,Humans ,Leukocytes ,Mononuclear ,Male ,Middle Aged ,Sex Factors ,Virus Latency ,HIV ,reservoir ,women ,men ,cure ,Biological Sciences ,Medical and Health Sciences ,Microbiology ,Biological sciences ,Biomedical and clinical sciences ,Health sciences - Abstract
BackgroundPersistent HIV infection of long-lived resting CD4 T cells, despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), remains a barrier to HIV cure. Women have a more robust type 1 interferon response during HIV infection relative to men, contributing to lower initial plasma viremia. As lower viremia during acute infection is associated with reduced frequency of latent HIV infection, we hypothesized that women on ART would have a lower frequency of latent HIV compared to men.MethodsART-suppressed, HIV seropositive women (n = 22) were matched 1:1 to 22 of 39 ART-suppressed men. We also compared the 22 women to all 39 men, adjusting for age and race as covariates. We measured the frequency of latent HIV using the quantitative viral outgrowth assay, the intact proviral DNA assay, and total HIV gag DNA. We also performed activation/exhaustion immunophenotyping on peripheral blood mononuclear cells and quantified interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression in CD4 T cells.ResultsWe did not observe evident sex differences in the frequency of persistent HIV in resting CD4 T cells. Immunophenotyping and CD4 T-cell ISG expression analysis revealed marginal differences across the sexes.ConclusionsDifferences in HIV reservoir frequency and immune activation appear to be small across sexes during long-term suppressive therapy.
- Published
- 2020