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Background and Aim: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are among the most widely prescribed agents. Although PPIs are widely regarded as harmlesss, long-term use of PPIs (LTUPPI) can have the potential to increase the risk of developing cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD). Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is a good indicator of arterial stiffness. Several studies show a relationship between LTUPPI and CVD. However, the association between LTUPPI and PWV or arterial stiffness has not been reported., Patients and Methods: Patients (n=64) with LTUPPI and controls (n=91) were included. PWV, glucose, creatinine, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, cholesterol, highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol, and magnesium levels were measured., Results: In the LTUPPI group, PWV was greater than in controls (9.08±2.04 vs. 7.77±1.52 m/s, respectively, p=0.01); 34.4% of patients and 8.8% of controls had PWV levels >10 m/s (p=0.000). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed age (p<0.001) and LTUPPI (p=0.024) as predictors of elevated PWV., Conclusion: PWV values are increased in patients with LTUPPI compared to controls independently of conventional CV risk factors. Measurement of PWV and other arterial stiffness parameters in cases with LTUPPI may be useful to predict possible CVD. Studies involving greater numbers are needed to confirm these findings., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The main precursor lesion leading to CRC is the adenomatous colorectal polyp (CP). Nowadays, there is no recognized perfect screening test of CP and CRC. Neopterin is an important marker of cellular inflammation. In this study, we aimed to evaluate comparatively immunochromatographic fecal occult blood test (iFOBT) and fecal neopterin levels (FNLs) in patients with CP and controls., Methods: One hundred eleven patients diagnosed with CP and 68 individuals with negative colonoscopy were included in the study. iFOBT and FNLs were assessed in patients and controls., Results: FNLs and iFOBT positivity were significantly higher in patients with CP than in controls (17.15 ± 3.55 µmol/L/g vs. 12.25 ± 2.19 µmol/L/g, P = 0.00 and 46.8% vs. 14.8%, P = 0.00, respectively). FNLs were significantly higher in cases with adenomatous polyps than in hyperplastic polyps (P = 0.002). FNL ≥14.00 µmol/L/g was the best cutoff value to differentiate between patients with CP from controls (P = 0.000). A multiple logistic regression analysis showed that high FNL was positively correlated with presence, number, diameter of CPs, and presence of adenoma (P < 0.005). The sensitivity of high FNL for CP was 81.1%, which was superior to iFOBT positivity (47.7%, P < 0.001)., Discussion: FNL level is significantly increased in CPs. The FNL exhibited increased sensitivity for identifying CP and adenomatous lesions compared with iFOBT. FNL determination could have as a new screening and diagnostic test for CP., (Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The effect of gastrointestinal system disorders on Restless Legs Syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease (RLS/WED) has been previously demonstrated by using serological tests. However, this association has not been supported by histopathological studies so far., Objective: To investigate the relationship between RLS/WED, upper endoscopic imaging and histopathological results in patients diagnosed with RLS who underwent endoscopy because of gastrointestinal system (GIS) complaints., Methods: Case-control study, including 100 patients diagnosed with RLS who presented dyspeptic complaints and underwent upper GIS endoscopy and 106 age- and sex-matched controls. RLS diagnosis was evaluated according to the four main diagnostic criteria determined by the International RLS Study Group. All patients underwent upper GIS endoscopic intervention and at least one gastric and/or antral biopsy., Results: There was no significant difference between patients and controls in relation to endoscopically seen gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) findings and Helicobacter pylori (HP) positivity (p>0.05). Intestinal metaplasia and mucosal atrophy were more common in RLS/WED patients compared to controls (p=0.026 and p=0.017, respectively). Additionally, ferritin levels were found to be lower than the reference value., Conclusions: The detection of increased severity of intestinal metaplasia, mucosal atrophy, and gastric inflammation in RLS/WED patients with dyspeptic complaints may entail the close gastrointestinal system evaluation of these patients. However, larger randomized and controlled trials are required on this subject where patients are evaluated by upper GIS endoscopic biopsy.

Background and Aim: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is closely associated with pre-neoplastic lesions such as atrophic gastritis (AG) and gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM). The relationshionship between inflammation, hyperhomocysteinemia and arterial stiffness is of pathophysiological relevance for the development of cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between vitamin B12, folic acid, homocysteine (Hcy) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) levels in patients with GIM, AG and non-atrophic non-metaplastic chronic gastritis., Patients and Methods: ninety-seven patients with GIM, 67 patients with AG and 69 patients with chronic gastritis were included in the study. Glucose, creatinine, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, vitamin B12, folic acid and Hcy levels were measured by biochemical methods. PWV and other vascular parameters were measured using the Phsyio-port AS device., Main Results: PWV was higher in patients with GIM and AG than in controls (p < 0.05 and p < 0.05, respectively). Vitamin B12 levels were significantly lower in patients with GIM and AG than in controls (p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively). Folic acid levels were significantly lower in patients with GIM than in controls (p < 0.05). Hcy levels were significantly higher in patients with GIM and AG than in controls (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). A logistic regression analysis showed that GIM, AG and vitamin B12 deficiency were predictors for arterial stiffness., Conclusions: PWV values increased in patients with GIM and AG compared to non-atrophic non-metaplastic chronic gastritis, without different conventional cardiovascular risk factors.

Introduction: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is closely related to pre-neoplastic lesions such as gastric atrophy (GA), gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM) and eventually gastric cancer (GC). The diagnosis of GIM and GA is usually based on endoscopic and histopathological features. Nowadays, there are no recognized good serological markers of GIM and GA. Neopterin is an important marker of cellular inflammation. In this study, we aimed to comparatively evaluate C-reactive protein (CRP) and neopterin levels in patients with GIM, GA and chronic gastritis, and to show the increased serum neopterin levels in GIM and GA according to non-atrophic and non-metaplastic chronic gastritis., Patients and Methods: 98 patients with GIM and 68 patients with GA and 70 patients with non-atrophic non-metaplastic gastritis were included in the study. CRP and neopterin levels were assessed in patients and controls., Results: CRP and neopterin levels were significantly higher in patients with GIM and GA than in controls (p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively). A multiple logistic regression analysis showed that high levels of serum neopterin were positively correlated with GIM and GA. According to the ROC curve analysis, the best cut-off value to differentiate between patients with GIM and/or GA from controls was ≥10.15nmol/l (p<0.001) for serum neopterin levels and ≥1.95mg/l (p<0.001) for serum CRP levels., Discussion: CRP and neopterin levels are significantly increased in GIM and GA. Neopterin may be a useful biomarker and diagnostic test for detecting GIM and GA in clinical practice. CRP levels may be helpful for this observation., (Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U.)

This letter has two purpose: First, evaluate the correlation between our endoscopic findings of gastric amyloidosis with previous report of Vargas et al. Second, draw attention to the fact that amyloidosis may occur upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD).

Objectives: Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is a potent mediator in several steps of acute pancreatitis. Leflunomide is a novel immunomodulating drug that is also a potent inhibitor of NF-kappaB activation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of leflunomide pretreatment in severe necrotizing pancreatitis in rats., Methods: Fifty rats were randomly divided into 5 groups. Severe necrotizing pancreatitis was induced by retrograde injection of 3% sodium taurocholate into the common biliopancreatic duct. Leflunomide (10 mg/kg) was given intragastrically for 2 doses before the experiment. Serum amylase activity, pancreatic histopathologic condition, malondialdehyde level, myeloperoxidase enzyme activity, nitric oxide level, and pulmonary changes were assessed., Results: Leflunomide pretreatment significantly ameliorated pancreatic hemorrhage, edema, and neutrophil infiltration and decreased histopathological score compared with the untreated severe necrotizing pancreatitis group (pathological score [mean +/- SEM]: 6.70 +/- 1.19 vs 12.36 +/- 1.08 in the leflunomide treated and untreated groups, respectively, P < 0.01). Pulmonary changes was decreased in the leflunomide treated group (3.90 +/- 0.45 vs 4.75 +/- 0.25, respectively). Change in pulmonary alveolar distention was significant. Although serum amylase levels also decreased, the difference was not significant (5922 +/- 3290 vs 15547 +/- 5090 U/mL)., Conclusions: Leflunomide is a beneficial agent in the severe form of acute pancreatitis in rats and should be considered as a potential agent for treatment of acute pancreatitis.

Background: Mirizzi syndrome is a rare complication of cholelithiasis, characterized by the narrowing of the common hepatic duct as a result of mechanical compression and/or inflammation due to biliary calculus impacted in the infundibula of the gallbladder or in the cystic duct. In this study, we aimed to describe the clinical presentations, investigations, operative details, and complications of seven patients who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and were finally diagnosed with Mirizzi syndrome in our center., Method: We performed a retrospective analysis of the records of 7 patients with Mirizzi syndrome who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography., Results: The incidence of Mirizzi syndrome was 1.07% of 656 patients given endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Ultrasonography was able to diagnose one case. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography suggested the diagnosis in five cases and helped further in the management of these patients. Four patients had cholecystectomy and T-tube placement, and two had cholecystectomy and choledochoduodenostomy. One patient with type I Mirizzi syndrome according to the Csendes classification successfully underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy., Conclusions: In the study, the incidence of Mirizzi syndrome was 1.07% of patients who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Preoperative diagnosis of Mirizzi syndrome by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is important to prevent complications.

Background: In this study, we have aimed to show the possible relation between atrophic gastritis and premature atherosclerosis via hyperhomocysteinemia., Materials and Methods: Thirty-four patients with atrophic gastritis were enrolled to the study. The control group consisted of 35 patients with non-atrophic gastritis. Classical cardiovascular disease risk factors did not significantly differ between atrophic gastritis and control subjects. The presence and degree of atrophic gastritis were assessed histologically and Helicobacter pylori infection was determined by both histologic and serologic methods. Body mass index was measured by standard technique blood fasting glucose, serum creatinine, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, vitamin B12, folic acid, and homocysteine levels were measured by biochemical methods. Carotid intima-media thickness was measured by B-mode ultrasonography to examine the premature atherosclerosis., Results: Plasma vitamin B12 levels were significantly lower (p = .00) and homocysteine levels were significantly higher (p = .01) in the atrophic gastritis group. There was no statistically significant difference in plasma folic acid levels between the two groups (p = .728). Carotid intima-media thickness was higher in the atrophic gastritis group than in the control group (0.516 mm versus 0.465 mm), but this difference did not show any statistical significance (p = .062)., Conclusion: Our results showed that atrophic gastritis may cause hyperhomocysteinemia, which is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. However, when compared with controls, carotid intima-media thickness of the atrophic gastritis patients was found to be higher but did not reach statistically significant levels.