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Bee venom is a medicinal product that is widely used in traditional therapies owing to its excellent anti-inflammatory activity. However, the use of bee venom has shown adverse effects. Therefore, there is a need for research that can remove the cytotoxicity of bee venom and enhance its efficacy. In this study, we hydrolyzed melittin, the main component of bee venom, and removed the other components to eliminate the toxicity of bee venom. To compare the efficacy of bee venom and detoxified bee venom, we examined their antioxidant effects using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. In addition, cytotoxicity was confirmed in MCF 10A and RAW 264.7 cells, using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt (MTS) assay. Detoxified bee venom showed a strong antioxidant activity and decreased a cytotoxicity in MCF 10A and RAW 264.7 cells. The anti-inflammatory activity of detoxified bee venom and bee venom were assessed by comparison of the expression of inflammatory cytokine mRNA and phosphorylation of IκBα in RAW 264.7 cells. Degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells was analyzed through β-hexosaminidase release assay to confirm the allergenic activity of bee venom and detoxified bee venom. Treatment of the detoxified bee venom inhibited inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression, IκBα phosphorylation, and β-hexosaminidase release. Taken together, the results indicated that compared to bee venom, detoxified bee venom exhibited decreased cytotoxicity and allergenicity and increased anti-inflammatory activity. In conclusion, detoxification of bee venom efficiently decreases the adverse effects, making it suitable for medicinal applications. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12010-021-03653-2.

The aim of this study was to estimate bilirubin interference and accuracy of six routine methods for measuring creatinine compared with isotope dilution-liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (ID-LC/MS).A total of 40 clinical serum samples from 31 patients with serum total bilirubin concentration68.4μmol/L were collected. Serum creatinine was measured using two enzymatic reagents and four Jaffe reagents as well as ID-LC/MS. Correlations between bilirubin concentration and percent difference in creatinine compared with ID-LC/MS were analyzed to investigate bilirubin interference. Bias estimations between the six reagents and ID-LC/MS were performed. Recovery tests using National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Material (SRM) 967a were also performed.Both the enzymatic methods showed no bilirubin interference. However, three of the four Jaffe methods demonstrated significant bilirubin concentration-dependent interference in samples with creatinine levels53μmol/L, and two of them showed significant bilirubin interference in samples with creatinine levels ranging from 53.0 to 97.2μmol/L. Comparison of these methods with ID-LC/MS using patients' samples with elevated bilirubin revealed that the tested methods failed to achieve the bias goal at especially low levels of creatinine. In addition, recovery test using NIST SRM 967a showed that bias in one Jaffe method and two enzymatic methods did not achieve the bias goal at either low or high level of creatinine, indicating they had calibration bias. One enzymatic method failed to achieve all the bias goals in both comparison experiment and recovery test.It is important to understand that both bilirubin interference and calibration traceability to ID-LC/MS should be considered to improve the accuracy of creatinine measurement.

Degradation diagnosis of cable is one of major issues for operation and maintenance in overhead distribution power lines. The diagnostic system for overhead power lines is composed of three parts in functional aspect - a travelling unit, a sensing unit and a communication unit. Among them, sensor detects the defects such as corrosion and disconnecting of power lines. Performance of sensor is very important, and besides, the size and structure of sensor is restricted for installation to small and lightweight diagnostic system. This paper suggests an optimal eddy current sensor best suit for small and lightweight diagnostic system in consideration of detecting performance, size and ease of installation and so on. Proposed sensor has been designed by Drum core structure and can be applied to the all domestic overhead power lines regardless of the cross-sectional areas. Also, it is showed that results of mock environmental test are satisfied.

Department of Information and Telecommunication Engineering, Far East University, Eumseong 369-700, Korea (Received July 27, 2015; Revised August 20, 2015; Accepted August 25, 2015) Abstract: This paper presents a ZigBee wireless communication system for remote diagnosis in overhead distribution power lines. The system is divided in three parts in the functional aspect – a host computer module, a remote controller module and a diagnostic system module. The host computer module designed as USB interface transmits control signals and receive data measured by sensor. The remote controller module operates the diagnostic system. Diagnostic system module communicates with internal main controller and host computer USB. Multiple communication channel is adopted for simultaneous operations of several diagnostic system. Dedicated protocol for each module is developed. The system is designed with a focus on low cost and small size suitable for lightweight and small diagnostic system. Keywords: ZigBee, Wireless communication, Multiple communication channel, Diagnosis, Distribution power lines #$% 최근 들어 전기의 사용량이 증가로 인하여 안정된 전력수급은 매우 중요한 문제 중에 하나로 대두되고 있다. 이를 위해 한국전력은 매년 많은 예산을 들여 선로를 점검 및 보수를 통해 예기치 못한 사고를 미연에 방지하기 위한 노력을 시도하고 있다. 현재 배전선로 부식 검출기에 대한 일부 연구가 진

Power system restoration following a massive blackout starts with re-energizing Primary Restorative Transmission (PRT) systems at first. As power systems have been gradually enlarged and become more complex, periodical evaluation and reassignment of PRTs are needed. So far it has been decided by try and error approach by corresponding human experts to analyze and evaluate them. This paper presents an intelligent system that finds optimal primary restoration paths using analytic and heuristic knowledge from PSS/E data, and suggests an optimal PRTs depending on the condition of Ferranti effect or a reactive power capability margin of black-start generator. This system was tested in Korea Electric Power system, and showed a promising result.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of tumor cells that can self-renew, metastasize, and promote cancer recurrence. A comprehensive characterization of the CSC proteome has been hampered due to their scarcity and rapid differentiation. Here, we present a systematic analysis of the cell-surface proteome using a CSC-like cell line derived from MDA-MB453 breast cancer cells, which exhibited a CD44(+) /CD24(-) (where CD is cluster of differentiation) phenotype and chemoresistance. We identified differentially expressed proteins in CSC-like cells, including upregulated plasma membrane proteins such as CD44, CD133, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), CD147, cadherin 1, integrins, and catenin (cadherin-associated protein), beta 1 (CTNNB1), using an in-situ biotinylation approach followed by MS analysis. We examined the role of CD147 in the promotion of CSC growth and survival, and demonstrated that inhibition of CD147 with a monoclonal antibody induced significant inhibition of cell growth. siRNA-mediated silencing of CD147 gene expression restored the sensitivity of CSC-like cells to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), along with decreasing the expression of thymidylate synthase, p-AKT, and β-catenin, while increasing the expression of p-glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3β. Increased CD147 expression in the CSC-like cells, as seen by proteomic analysis, and the functional consequences of CD147 overexpression in CSC-like cells suggest that CD147 may be one of the critical cell-surface proteins involved in promoting chemoresistance and survival in CSCs.

We use the electrical energy and it is essential energy in modern life, but we lay cable underground due to the issue for environment and safety. Safety for worker is still insufficient for the development of safety equipment and related research has been focused on the cable lifetime diagnosis at underground cable work. I have to develop live line detector around the magnetic field were investigated at underground cable. In this paper, we were investigated by variation of coil turns and load due to detection of magnetic field at lines around. And detected value of developing products compared with measured value of milli-gauss meter. As a result, the value of the number of coil turns was found to be proportional to the measured value. But turn-numbers increase showed that the weak noise. I could be confirmed that sensor showed the optimum value from 4,000 to 5,0000.

Our nation`s housing construction is given much weight over 32% in 2007 and especially apartment is taking over 67%. If we put into construction environment consideration, we are having a trouble with price cap policy and the realestate recession due to the global economic crisis. So in order to get competitive power and supply of cheap apartment, the necessity of cost saving is increasing. This research collected the past constructed apartment project`s cost saving examples which were influencing on the construction cost, quality and time. We analyzed collected cost saving datum and assorted these in compliance with classification system. By analysis of correlation among datum with exclusion and integration, we make a propose cost saving Checklist that will be a base data to give a chance to use in working level and other research.

Service restoration following a complete or partial collapse starts with reenergizing a transmission line from black-start generators. Ferranti effect and line charging problems can arise as unloaded transmission line is reenergized. This paper presents analytical results on the primary restorative transmission system focused on the problems during the early restoration process. Methodologies are presented that handle load pick-up to compensate Ferranti effect, and terminal voltage and reactive capability limitation of black-start generators about self-excitation. An algorithm for static analysis about these methodologies is developed, and EMTDC simulation for verifying the efficiency of the algorithm is performed.

When faults occur in a distribution network, blackout loads must be restored as fast as possible to minimize interruption of electric service. This paper presents an expert system to restore distribution networks. The system is designed to minimize switching operations in a heuristic sense by using heuristic rules. The restoration process is converted to the feasible path finding problem in the state space of expert system by application of general topological knowledge base. Multiple load transfer algorithm is proposed to deal with complex situations.

Path planning is an important task for optimal motion of a robot in structured or unstructured environment. The goal of this paper is to plan the shortest collision-free path in 3D, when a robot is navigated to pick up some tools or to repair some parts from various locations.To accomplish the goal, the Path Coordinator [1] is proposed to have the capabilities of an obstacle avoidance strategy [2] and a traveling salesman problem strategy (TSP) [3]. The obstacle avoidance strategy is to plan the shortest collision-free path between each pair of n locations in 2D or in 3D. The TSP strategy [4] is to compute a minimal system cost of a tour that is defined as a closed path navigating each location exactly once. The TSP strategy can be implemented by the Neural Network [4] [3]. The obstacle avoidance strategy in 2D can be implemented by the VGraph Algorithm [5]. However, the VGraph Algorithm is not useful in 3D, because it can't compute the global optimality in 3D [6]. Thus, the Path Coordinator [7] is proposed to solve this problem, having the capabilities of selecting the optimal edges by the modified Genetic Algorithm [8] and computing the optimal nodes along the optimal edges bv the Recursive Compensation Algorithm [9]. The Neural Network is applied to a case of a mapping process to solve the TSP with the 3D obstacles. the Recursive Compensation Algorithm was also applied to a case where no information on the optimal edges is available. However, the Recursive Compensation Algorithm requires information on the optimal edges to get the optimal solution. The exhaustive search algorithm guarantees t he opt imal edges for the shortest path. It may be applied to find the globally optimal edges for the shortest path in the workspace that has less than 4 obstacles. However, it is not an adequate algorithm to find the optimal edges for the shortest path in the workspace that has many obstacles, since it needs the exponential search time. For (4 ~ 10) obstacles. the Modified VGraph algorithm is suggested. This algorithm generates some additional vertices along the edges of the grown obstacles so that no edge is longer than a prespecified maximum length. However, it is not easy to decide how many vertices should be added along t he edges of the grown obstacles and the additional vertices need much more computation time. If there are a lot of obstacles in a workspace, this algorithm is not adequate, because it needs a lot of memory space to represent the additional vertices which will result in more computation time. The modified Genetic Algorithm is useful to find the optimal edges for the shortest path in the workspace that has many obstacles. While the modified Genetic Algorithm finds the optimal edges, the Recursive Compensation Algorithm calculates the optimal vertices along the optimal edges. The Recursive Compensation Algolrithm works to compute the cost function for the modified Genetic Algorithm.

Power system restoration following a massive or complete blackout starts with energizing primary restorative transmission systems. During this primary restoration process, unexpected over-voltage may happen due to nonlinear interaction between the unloaded transformer and the transmission system. This is known as the harmonic resonance phenomenon that may cause burning out of transformer or other devices. By now the harmonic resonance has been reported in some extra high voltage systems. This paper reports the possible existence of the harmonic resonance in Korean power system. Analysis of the harmonic over-voltage is presented based on various PSCAD/EMTDC simulations.