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本研究は,終末期がん患者の家族の看護に関する研究の動向を明らかにするとともに,終末期がん患者の家族に対する看護のあり方を考察することを目的とした.対象研究論文は,1996年から2005年の10年間に掲載された看護職による研究で,キーワードを「がん」「末期」「終末期患者」「緩和ケア」「家族」に設定して検索を行い,抽出された文献のうち,テーマに関わりが深いと思われるもの58件である.各研究論文の家族ケアの内容については,時期毎に行われた援助項目や介入した看護内容を抽出し,その援助項目や看護内容のなかで類似したものをグループに分類してカテゴリー化した.分析の結果,研究論文の家族ケアの内容は,【家族への身体的・精神的サポート】,【家族の治療・ケアへの参加】,【環境調整】という共通した3つのカテゴリーが抽出された.ターミナル前期～中期の主な援助には,【家族への身体的・精神的サポート】として『家族と関係を築く』『家族に接する』『声かけをする』『傾聴する』『感情の表出を促す』『家族間を調整する』『家族と面接・面談をする』『家族の健康状態への配慮を行う』『家族が看取るための助言をする』があった.【家族の治療・ケアへの参加】については『家族にケアを促す』『ケアを一緒に行う』『患者の状態を説明する』という援助が上げられていた.【環境調整】は,家族で過ごす時間を確保できるように『環境に配慮する』というものであった.後期～死亡時の主な援助には,【家族への身体的・精神的サポート】として家族が患者を看取るために助言をしたり,家族にケアを促すことがあった.直前期の援助では,感情の表出を促したり,患者の状態を説明し,家族が患者のそばにいられるように環境を整えることが主な援助内容であった.死亡時の援助では,家族の精神的な支えとなり,死後の処置を一緒に行うことが主な援助内容であった.終末期がん患者をもつ家族へのケアは,家族の心理状態を理解しながら行っていくことが大切であることが示唆された.

看護継続教育における看護理論を用いた事例検討の学習効果を明らかにすることを目的として,病院の院内研修を受講した看護師を対象に研修終了後のレポートを分析した.その結果,看護師は,看護理論を用いて看護実践を省察することで,新たな視点から患者や看護の方向性を捉えることができていた.臨床現場を経験してから帰納的に看護理論を学ぶことの有効性と,看護のキャリア形成への効果も示された., To clarify the learning effect of a case study using nursing theories in continuing nursing education, we analyzed reports submitted by nurses who had participated in in-service education after their completion of the training. From the analysis, we found that the nurses had successfully identified trends in patients and future directions for nursing from a new perspective by reviewing their nursing practice with reference to nursing theories. Some reports indicated the effectiveness of the inductive approach of learning nursing theories after experiencing the job sites and the effects of the career development on nursing.

Fundamental nursing practice, the first step of clinical practice, is important for nursing students to facilitate their early, gradual introduction to clinical practice. As part of this fundamental nursing practice, first-year students have been exposed to nursing practice on one day in June for the past 4 years. Factors related to the effects of this early exposure of students to fundamental nursing practice on their learning and levels of satisfaction with this style of clinical practice were investigated based on their self-evaluation. 1) Students' relevant experiences before entering the college included admission to a hospital (31.6%) and one-day nursing experience (48.8%). 2) Nursing roles they had successfully observed included monitoring/recording/reporting, understanding the patient, daily life support, ensuring security and safety, environmental adjustment, respecting the patient's independence, empathizing with the patient, assistance during treatment, mental support, cooperating with other professions, and guiding the patient. 3) The achievement levels of the practice goals "to observe the site of nursing practice" (p

本研究の目的は,外来通院中の乳がん患者における患者会の認知の状況と患者会や医療者(看護師・医師)に期待するサポートを明らかにすることである.対象は,外来通院中の乳がん患者72名であり,無記名自記式調査票を用いて郵送法で調査し,医療者のサポートについて検討した.その結果,外来通院中の乳がん患者は患者会を33%が認知し,その中の4割程度が医療従事者から患者会の紹介を受けていた.乳がんの患者が患者会に期待するサポートは,「情報提供・相談」「啓蒙・社会的活動」であり,「情報提供・相談」の内容としては「病気」「化学療法」「食生活」「補整具・補整下着」「カウンセラー」「自己検診・定期検診」の順で多かった.医療者である看護師や医師に期待するサポートは,「情報提供・相談」「啓蒙・社会的活動」「精神的サポート」が多かった・「情報収集・相談」の内容では,医師には「病気」「化学療法」「手術」「放射線療法」「ホルモン療法」などに看護師より多くの情報提供を求めていた.また,看護師には「食生活」「補整具・補整下着」に医師より多く情報提供を求めていた.看護師は,患者会のサポートや治療に関する知識を高め,適切な時期に患者に患者会の紹介や情報提供と相談を行い,かつ精神サポートにかかわることが重要である。, The purpose was to clarify the support expected from self-help groups managed by patients and medical providers (nurses and doctors) for breast cancer patients coming to the hospital as outpatients during their recovery period. We conducted a survey by mail among 72 outpatients to determine if they knew of the existence of a self-help group, who provided them with information on self-help groups and what they expected from a self-help group and the medical provider associated with it. Results showed that 33% of responders recognized the existence of a patients' self-help group, and about 40% of those were told of the self-help group by medical providers. As to the support that breast cancer patients expected of the self-help group, most frequently cited were "information service, consultation" and "social activity along with learning". Many responded that under the topic of "information service, consultation," they expected information on "illness," "chemotherapy," "eating habits," "prosthesis and underwear for prosthesis," "counselor," and "self-medical examination, periodical health examination." A doctor and a nurse were expected to respond to the need for "information service, consultation" "a social activity along with learning" and "mental support." A doctor was asked for more abundant information than a nurse under the categories of "illness," "chemotherapy," "operation," "radiotherapy," "hormonal therapy," etc., within the topic of "information service, consultation." Moreover, a nurse was asked for more abundant information than a doctor on "eating habits" and "prosthesis and underwear for prosthesis." A nursing mentor can raise the level of awareness of support provided by patients' self-help groups and offer support with regard to the treatment of breast cancer. It is important to be concerned about providing emotional support and appropriate information to patients with breast cancer.

米国の乳がん患者の看護援助への期待について明らかにすることを目的として,アメリカロサンゼルス市およびその周辺地域にある3ヶ所のがん患者サポート施設に通所する乳がん患者を対象とした調査を実施した.調査は2002年10月から2003年3月にかけて,無記名自記式調査票を用いた留め置き調査(配布数300枚)を行い,郵送法により回収した113名の回答を分析した.看護師に期待することは「情報提供」が85.8%と最も高く,次いで「精神的サポート」85.0%,「啓蒙・社会活動」77.9%,「同じ体験者の紹介」71.7%,の順であった.期待する「情報提供」の主な内容は〔患者会〕について63.7%,〔病気〕について61.9%,〔自己検診・定期検診〕について53.1%であったし「情報提供」のうち,〔漢方療法〕や〔性生活〕については診断後経過年数が6年以上の人のほうが経過年数の短い人に比べて期待する割合が高かった(p, A survey was conducted on breast cancer patients visiting one of three cancer patient support facilities in the city of Los Angeles and surrounding areas in the United States with the objective of elucidating the expectations for nursing care among breast cancer patients in the United States. The survey was conducted from October 2002 to March 2003 by the placement method (questionnaires distributed, n=300) using an anonymous self-report questionnaire. Analysis was performed for 113 responses that were collected by mail. Expectations for nursing care were ranked as follows: "provision of information", 85.8%; "emotional support", 85.0%; "awareness and social activities", 77.9%; and "introduction of patients experiencing the same illness", 71.7%. Regarding "provision of information", the expected contents primarily included "patient support groups" (63.7%), "disease" (61.9%), and "self-examination and regular examination" (53.1%). The present findings revealed that patients expected nurses to not only provide nursing care during treatment, but also to assume a wide range of roles as a professional to provide support such as emotional support, provision of information, and awareness and social activities during the recovery process. In addition, because individuals who had experienced breast cancer and fellow patients such as members of patient support groups played major roles in provision of information as well as emotional support, promotion of mutual support among patients through patient support groups and other means was also crucial in nursing care.

基礎看護学実習における効果的な実習展開方法を明らかにすることを目的に,実習目標の達成度と実習目標に関連する要因を検討した.1)実習目標の達成度は,高い順に「健康障害とそれに伴う生活の変化の理解」,ついで「日常生活援助の実施と評価」,「看護上の問題の明確化・看護計画の立案」であった.2)実習中の悩み体験は約9割,実習環境に関連した困難点は約3割の学生があったとしていた.その具体的な内容は,患者との関係作りや患者とのコミュニケーション,自分の知識や技術の不足,援助の方法,実習日程や実習記録,自己の性格や行動傾向に関する内容であった.3)「日常生活援助の評価」の行動目標は実習中の悩み体験と,「適切な情報収集の実施」の行動目標は実習環境に関連した困難点と有意に関連していた.4)「健康障害とそれに伴う生活の変化の理解」と「看護上の問題の明確化・看護計画の立案」の実習目標は,患者とのコミュニケーションの達成度と有意に関連していた.以上のことから,実習指導においては,実習中の悩みや困難点になりうる患者-看護学生関係に着目し,患者と良好な関係が成立するようコミュニケーションを中心とした支援が必要であることがわかった.また,学習課題や実習日程の検討の必要性が明らかとなった.

4歳児をもつ女性260名を対象に,女性の睡眠健康,睡眠感,眠気と精神健康との関連を検討した.その結果,睡眠健康の障害,自覚的睡眠感,日中の眠気と精神健康とは関連することが明らかとなった.さらに,入眠と睡眠維持の障害から,起床時眠気や疲労回復の遅れを伴う場合には,身体症状,社会的活動障害や不安と関連し,うつ傾向には,入眠障害,起床時眠気の関与が明らかとなった.したがって幼児をもつ女性においても,入眠困難や睡眠の質の改善を図ることにより,自覚的睡眠感の改善が期待され,精神健康の向上に寄与すると推測された.

リハビリテーション看護学実習において学生の実践能力を高める教育方法を検討するために、リハビリテーション看護学実習を終了した学生141名を対象に、看護技術の経験状況と受持患者の健康レベル(急性期、回復期、慢性期)との関連を検討した。その結果以下のことが明らかになった。1.日常生活の援助技術の経験は、清潔、活動の援助が多く約7割が経験していた。受持患者の健康レベル別では排泄、姿勢の保持、体位変換、移乗、清潔・衣生活、整容において急性期と回復期の実施率は慢性期に比較し高かった。2.治療処置に伴う技術のうち、薬液準備は急性期の患者を受け持つ場合が回復期・慢性期に比べ高かったが、全般に実施率は低かった。3.症状・生体機能管理技術では脳神経系・運動機能のフィジカルアセスメントの実施率と受持患者の健康レベルとの関連は認められなかった。4.急性期の患者を受け持った学生は、体位変換、廃用症候群の予防では脳神経疾患を受け持った学生が、洗髪においては運動器疾患を受け持った学生の実施率が高かった。リハビリテーション看護学実習における技術の実施率は、受け持ち患者の健康レベルによって日常生活の援助技術に違いがみられ、技術の到達度を高めるためには急性期または回復期の患者選定が望ましいと言える。

終末期がん患者を在宅で看病している5事例の面接内容の質的分析により,在宅療養継続に関わる要因である14のカテゴリーを抽出し,(1)療養継続に必要な家族の力:【絆】【愛情】【役割認識】(2)家族の抱える課題:【死が避けられない現実】(3)療養継続の決定に関わる要因であり,コア概念:【家が一番いい】(4)家族の課題,希望・意向を決定:【覚悟】(5)療養継続を困難にする要因:【不安感】【負担感】【不足感】【疲労感】【葛藤】(6)療養継続を維持する要因:【対処】【満足感】(7)家族が必要とする支援の課題:【安心が保証される支援】として分類した.これらを構造化し,家族の心情と在宅療養継続に関わる要因を明らかにした.療養者と家族は【家が一番いい】という思いを核としながらも,在宅療養継続の困難と維持の要因により,家族は揺らぎを生じさせており,そうした家族のもつ課題に対する【安心が保証できる支援】が,ひいては家族の力を強化すると考えた.

看護系大学編入学制度の現状と課題をあきらかにすることを目的に,国公立看護系大学84校を対象にアンケート調査を行った.有効回答58校(69.0%),3年次編入学を実施している大学は52校(89.7%),編入定数の平均は10.4(SD=5.7)人であり,定員数10名が39校(67.2%)と一番多かった.編入学生における3年制看護系短期大学卒業者の割合は,2003年61.3%から2007年34.1%と年々低下しており,志願者の平均倍率は2003年5.6倍,2007年4.6倍と減少傾向にあった.編入学制度の検討・見直しを行っている大学は24校(41.1%)で,開設当初から未実施3校に加え,見直し後3校の廃止が明らかになった.約6割の大学は修士課程,約3割は博士課程を設置,約4割は設置予定或いは検討中,CNSについても約6割が設置もしくは検討中であり,看護教育の高度化・専門化の方向が示唆された.今後,(1)編入学生の学習ニーズへの対応:大学教育と資格取得(保健師,助産師)の要素を充たすべく教育内容を整えているが限界がある,(2)編入学生の履修科目が複数年次にまたがり,時期的に過密で煩雑な履修状況になることを考慮した時間割編成が求められ,大学全体の教育運営に影響を及ぼしていることなどが課題と考えられた.

地域に存在する様々な社会資源の子育て支援活動の実態を把握し,公的な母子保健活動との連携のあり方を検討することを目的として,民生委員・児童委員の子育て支援活動に関する実態調査を行った.ある指定都市の2区(A区は高齢化が進んでいる区,B区は新興住宅地が多く,子育て支援ネットワークを立ち上げ十数年を経た区)の民生委員・児童委員全数415名を対象に,無記名自記式質問紙調査を行った.調査時期は平成18年11～12月,回答者数は194名(A区96名,B区98名),回収率は46.7%(同48.7%,45.0%)であった.子育て支援のために実施している活動では,2区とも個別支援,集団支援,児童館や支援センター事業への参加等多岐にわたる活動が行われていたが,A区は,全体に子育て支援活動を実施している者の割合が少なく,ほとんどの項目で1～2割であった.「活動上困っていることがある」は,民生委員・児童委員では2区とも2割程度であったが,主任児童委員ではA区は6割,B区は4割を超えた.その内容は,個人情報保護等の制約のために対象家庭を把握しにくいこと等である.「虐待等の問題を有する家庭あり」は,民生委員・児童委員はA区1%,B区12%,主任児童委員は2区とも約20%で,そのほとんどが支援にも関与していた.母子保健事業への参加は,A区は民生委員・児童委員1名のみ,B区は民生委員・児童委員が10名(13%),主任児童委員が3名(17%)と2割に満たなかった.母子保健活動と定期的な連携があるものは数%で,「随時または必要時」を加えても,民生委員・児童委員はA区11%,B区35%,主任児童委員はA区15%,B区33%であった.連携の内容は2区とも情報交換が最も多い.母子保健関係者に望むことは2区ともほぼ同じで,「母子保健事業に関する積極的な情報提供」,「事例の情報交換」が多かった.以上のことから,民生委員・児童委員による子育て支援活動は,多岐にわたって実施されているが,個人情報やプライバシーの保護等により地域の母子の情報が入りにくく,限られた情報の中で活動を模索している状況にあること,母子保健領域との連携による活動は十分とは言えない状況にあることが明らかとなった.今後は,地域の子育て支援ネットワーク等組織的な連携を通じて,委嘱型ボランティアという特性を生かした民生委員・児童委員と主任児童委員の役割を明確にすることで,役割に見合った適切な情報提供や支援を行うことが可能となり,それぞれの機能が有効に発揮されることが望まれる.

目的:乳児をもつ父親の育児ストレッサー,育児ストレス対処行動と心理的ストレス反応との関連を明らかにする.研究方法:12ヶ月までの子どもを持つ父親56名を対象に質問紙調査を行った.調査内容は過去の育児経験,父親の育児ストレッサー,育児ストレス対処行動,心理的ストレス反応であった.結果:(1)子どもに肯定感情を抱いている者ほど育児ストレッサーは低い(2)育児ストレッサーが高いと消極的な対処行動をとった.(3)育児ストレッサーと心理的ストレス反応は正の相関関係にあった.(4)消極的なストレス対処行動は,心理的ストレス反応において無気力を呈する傾向があった.結論:父親が育児ストレッサーを軽減し,積極的な育児ストレス対処行動をとるには,子どもに対する関心を高め,夫婦で育児に対する認識を話し合ったり,育児技術を習得する支援が重要である.

イヌツゲ(Ilex crenata,モチノキ科)葉脈網の末端部分は樹枝状)に枝分かれしている。この末端部分の葉脈走行を、「既存の葉脈は、その周辺で新たな葉脈の形成を阻害する」という側方抑制の考え方を用いてシミュレートした。シミュレーションが成功する場合があったので、イヌツゲ葉脈網の形成に側方抑制のメカニズムが働いていることが、可能性の1つとして示唆された。

Gender-Specific Medicine has begun to be discussed. Considering the functional and structural differences between men and women, it is only natural that there should be some differences between them regarding their respective diseases and methods of medical treatment. Here, we will try to elucidate the significance of the sexual distinction and that of spiritual dimension beyond it. Half of human beings are female, but it is hard to say what femininity is. In this respect, some observation of how vital energy works in the natural world offers a key to an understanding of the differences between the two. Vital energy works in the bipolar division and flows from plus to minus. By analogy with these facts, they invest certain socio-cultural characteristics to the sexual distinction. It is the spiritual dimension, however, that is revealed beyond the sexual distinction. Therefore, a human being might be depicted as a cross by using a scheme with 'masculinity-femininity' as the horizontal axis and 'paternity-maternity' as the vertical (spiritual) one. We will ponder the issues mentioned above by taking up the following two cases: the Hopi myth and ritual for the birth of mankind, and the inner transformation of Eileen Caddy, one of co-founders of the Findhorn Community.

ゲッケイジュ(Laurus nobilis)の葉脈は網目状であるが、その走行様式を、「既存の葉脈はその近くの新規の葉脈形成を抑制する」という側方抑制の考え方である程度うまく再現する(シミュレートする)ことができた。

We use the string sigma model action in AdS5×S5 to reconstruct the open string solution ending on the Wilson loop in S3×R parametrized by a geometric angle in S3 and an angle in flavor space. Under the interchange of the world sheet space and time coordinates and the T-duality transformation with the radial inversion, the static open string configuration associated with the BPS Wilson loop with two equal angle parameters becomes a long open spinning string configuration which is produced by taking the special limit of equal two frequencies for the folded spinning closed string with two spins in AdS5×S5 .

本研究は、各神経心理検査の一つの下位検査から言語性記憶指数(VMQ)を推定するための基礎資料を得ることを目的とする。対象は軽度認知障害者およびアルツハイマー病者の計71 名である。方法は対象者にMMSE、ADAS、WMS-R を個別実施し、VMQ との相関分析を行った。また、VMQ と各神経心理検査の下位検査との間で最も高い相関係数値となった下位検査についてVMQ との単回帰式を求めた。その結果、推定VMQ=50.203+6.661×(時間的見当識素点)、推定VMQ=39.469+6.762×(平均単語再生数)、推定VMQ=68.921+1.439×(論理的記憶II(遅延)素点)の単回帰式が得られた。さらに、これらの単回帰式から得られた各下位検査と推定VMQ に関する判定基準を導き出した。医療同意能力を予測する因子の一つとして記憶の機能は重要であると考えられるため、本研究結果の指標は有用になるであろうとも考えられる。, The purpose of the present study was to investigate items of the neuropsychological tests that predict estimated verbal memory quotients(VMQ). Seventy one patients with mild cognitive impairment and patients with Alzheimer's disease participated in the study. The MMSE(Mini-Mental State Examination), ADAS(Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale), and WMS-R(Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised)were administered, and a correlation analysis between each item of these three tests and VMQ was conducted. The correlation analysis revealed that estimated VMQ scores most significantly correlated with time orientation of MMSE, mean number of delayed recall of ADAS and Logical Memory II(Delay)of WMS-R. The equations were as follows: the estimated VMQ = 50.203 + 6.661 x the time orientation score; the estimated VMQ = 39.469 + 6.762 x the mean number of words recalled; and the estimated VMQ = 68.921 + 1.439 x the score for Logical Memory II(Delay). Since the memory function is one of the important factors to estimate the medical decision-making capacity, these equations can be useful to estimate it quickly.

The Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident in March 2011 resulted in the contamination of Japanese landscapes with radioactive fallout. Accordingly, the Japanese authorities decided to conduct extensive remediation activities in the impacted region to allow for the relatively rapid return of the local population. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the decontamination strategies and their potential effectiveness in Japan, focussing on particle-bound radiocesium. In the Fukushima Prefecture, the decision was taken to decontaminate the fallout-impacted landscapes in November 2011 for the 11 municipalities evacuated after the accident (Special Decontamination Zone – SDZ – 1117 km2) and for the 40 non-evacuated municipalities affected by lower, although still significant, levels of radioactivity (Intensive Contamination Survey Areas, 7836 km2). Decontamination activities predominantly targeted agricultural landscapes and residential areas. No decontamination activities are currently planned for the majority of forested areas, which cover ∼75 % of the main fallout-impacted region. Research investigating the effectiveness of decontamination activities underlined the need to undertake concerted actions at the catchment scale to avoid renewed contamination from the catchment headwaters after the completion of remediation activities. Although the impact of decontamination on the radioactive dose rates for the local population remains a subject of debate in the literature and in the local communities, outdoor workers in the SDZ represent a group of the local population that may exceed the long-term dosimetric target of 1 mSv yr−1. Decontamination activities generated ∼20 million m3 of soil waste by early 2019. The volume of waste generated by decontamination may be decreased through incineration of combustible material and recycling of the less contaminated soil for civil engineering structures. However, most of this material will have to be stored for ∼30 years at interim facilities opened in 2017 in the vicinity of the FDNPP before being potentially transported to final disposal sites outside of the Fukushima Prefecture. Further research is required to investigate the perennial contribution of radiocesium from forest sources. In addition, the re-cultivation of farmland after decontamination raises additional questions associated with the fertility of remediated soils and the potential transfer of residual radiocesium to the plants. Overall, we believe it is important to synthesise the remediation lessons learnt following the FDNPP nuclear accident, which could be fundamental if a similar catastrophe occurs somewhere on Earth in the future.

Gracillariidae are one of the most diverse families of internally feeding insects, and many species are economically important. Study of this family has been hampered by lack of a robust and comprehensive phylogeny. In the present paper, we sequenced up to 22 genes in 96 gracillariid species, representing all previously recognized subfamilies and genus groups, plus 20 outgroups representing other families and superfamilies. Following objective identification and removal of two rogue taxa, two datasets were constructed: dataset 1, which included 12 loci totalling 9927 bp for 94 taxa, and dataset 2, which supplemented dataset 1 with 10 additional loci for 10 taxa, for a total of 22 loci and 16 167 bp. Maximum likelihood analyses strongly supported the monophyly of Gracillariidae and most previously recognized subfamilies and genus groups. On this basis, we propose a new classification consisting of eight subfamilies, four of which are newly recognized or resurrected: Acrocercopinae Kawahara & Ohshima subfam. n.; Gracillariinae Stainton; Lithocolletinae Stainton; Marmarinae Kawahara & Ohshima subfam. n.; Oecophyllembiinae Real & Balachowsky; Parornichinae Kawahara & Ohshima subfam. n.; Ornixolinae Kuznetzov & Baryshnikova stat. rev.; and Phyllocnistinae Zeller. The subfamily Gracillariinae is restricted to the monophyletic group comprising Gracillaria Haworth and closely related genera. We also formally transfer Acrocercops scriptulata Meyrick to Ornixolinae and use the name Diphtheroptila Vari, creating Diphtheroptila scriptulata comb. n. An exploratory mapping of larval host-use traits on the phylogeny shows strong conservation of modes of leaf mining but much higher lability of associations with host plant orders and families, suggesting that host shifts could play a significant role in gracillariid diversification. This published work has been registered in ZooBank, http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:942814A2-DE66-41D4-8AB6-FF0B18C87EDB.

International audience; The anisotropy of vibrational properties influences the acoustic behaviour of wooden pieces and their dependence on grain angle (GA). As most pieces of wood include some GA, either for technological reasons or due to grain deviations inside trunks, predicting its repercussions would be useful. This paper aims at evaluating the variability in the anisotropy of wood vibrational properties and analysing resulting trends as a function of orientation. GA dependence is described by a model based on transformation formulas applied to complex compliances, and literature data on anisotropic vibrational properties are reviewed. Ranges of variability, as well as representative sets of viscoelastic anisotropic parameters, are defined for mean hardwoods and softwoods and for contrasted wood types. GA-dependence calculations are in close agreement with published experimental results and allow comparing the sensitivity of different woods to GA. Calculated trends in damping coefficient (tanδ) and in specific modulus of elasticity (E′/ρ) allow reconstructing the general tanδ-E′/ρ statistical relationships previously reported. Trends for woods with different mechanical parameters merge into a single curve if anisotropic ratios (both elastic and of damping) are correlated between them, and with axial properties, as is indicated by the collected data. On the other hand, varying damping coefficient independently results in parallel curves, which coincide with observations on chemically modified woods, either "artificially", or by natural extractives.

The evolution of plant reproductive strategies has led to a remarkable diversity of structures, especially within the flower, a structure characteristic of the angiosperms. In flowering plants, sexual reproduction depends notably on the development of the gynoecium that produces and protects the ovules. In Arabidopsis thaliana, ovule initiation is promoted by the concerted action of auxin with CUC1 (CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON1) and CUC2, two genes that encode transcription factors of the NAC family (NAM/ATAF1,2/CUC). Here we highlight an additional role for CUC2 and CUC3 in Arabidopsis thaliana ovule separation. While CUC1 and CUC2 are broadly expressed in the medial tissue of the gynoecium, CUC2 and CUC3 are expressed in the placental tissue between developing ovules. Consistent with the partial overlap between CUC1, CUC2 and CUC3 expression patterns, we show that CUC proteins can physically interact, both in yeast cells and in planta. We found that the cuc2;cuc3 double mutant specifically harbours defects in ovule separation, producing fused seeds that share the seed coat, and suggesting that CUC2 and CUC3 promote ovule separation in a partially redundant manner. Functional analyses show that CUC transcription factors are also involved in ovule development in Cardamine hirsuta. Additionally we show a conserved expression pattern of CUC orthologues between ovule primordia in other phylogenetically distant species with different gynoecium architectures. Taken together these results suggest an ancient role for CUC transcription factors in ovule separation, and shed light on the conservation of mechanisms involved in the development of innovative structures. Significance Statement CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON transcription factors are key players in boundary definition, an important step in several developmental processes such as primordia initiation, axillary meristem formation, leaf dissection and ovule primordia outgrowth. We identify an additional role for CUC2 and CUC3 transcription factors in ovule separation in Arabidopsis, and provide data that suggests this role is conserved across different species, thus shedding light on the conservation of regulatory mechanisms in different developmental and evolutionary contexts.

Colletotrichum species are fungal pathogens that devastate crop plants worldwide. Host infection involves the differentiation of specialized cell types that are associated with penetration, growth inside living host cells (biotrophy) and tissue destruction (necrotrophy). We report here genome and transcriptome analyses of Colletotrichum higginsianum infecting Arabidopsis thaliana and Colletotrichum graminicola infecting maize. Comparative genomics showed that both fungi have large sets of pathogenicity-related genes, but families of genes encoding secreted effectors, pectin-degrading enzymes, secondary metabolism enzymes, transporters and peptidases are expanded in C. higginsianum. Genome-wide expression profiling revealed that these genes are transcribed in successive waves that are linked to pathogenic transitions: effectors and secondary metabolism enzymes are induced before penetration and during biotrophy, whereas most hydrolases and transporters are upregulated later, at the switch to necrotrophy. Our findings show that preinvasion perception of plant-derived signals substantially reprograms fungal gene expression and indicate previously unknown functions for particular fungal cell types.

International audience; Extractives can affect vibrational properties tanδ (damping coefficient) and E'/ρ (specific Young's modulus) but this is highly dependent on species, compounds, and cellular locations. This paper investigates such effects for African Padauk (Pterocarpus soyauxii Taub.), a tropical hardwood with high extractives content and a preferred material for xylophones. 5 groups of 26 heartwood specimens with large, yet comparable, ranges in vibrational properties were extracted in different solvents. Changes in vibrational properties were set against yields of extracts and evaluation of their cellular location. Methanol (ME) reached most of compounds (13%), located about half in lumen and half in cell-wall. Water solubility was extremely low. tanδ and E'/ρ were very strongly related (R2≥0.93), but native wood had abnormally low values of tanδ, while extraction shifted this relation towards higher tanδ values. ME extracted heartwood became in agreement with the average of many species, and close to sapwood. Extractions increased tanδ as much as 60%, irrespective of minute moisture changes or of initial properties. Apparent E'/ρ was barely changed (+2% to -4%) but, after correcting the mass contribution of extracts, was in fact slightly reduced (down to -10% for high E'/ρ), and increasingly so for specimens with low initial values of E'/ρ.

Grain deviations and high extractives content are common features of many tropical woods. This study aimed at clarifying their respective impact on vibrational properties, referring to African Padauk (Pterocarpus soyauxii Taub.), a species selected for its interlocked grain, high extractives content and uses in xylophones. Specimens were cut parallel to the trunk axis (L), and local variations in grain angle (GA), microfibril angle (MFA), specific Young’s modulus (E′ L /ρ, where ρ stands for the density) and damping coefficient (tanδL) were measured. GA dependence was analysed by a mechanical model which allowed to identify the specific Young’s modulus (E′3/ρ) and shear modulus (G′/ρ) along the grain (3) as well as their corresponding damping coefficients (tanδ3, tanδG). This analysis was done for native and then for extracted wood. Interlocked grain resulted in 0–25° GA and in variations of a factor 2 in E′L/ρ and tanδL. Along the grain, Padauk wood was characterized, when compared to typical hardwoods, by a somewhat lower E′3/ρ and elastic anisotropy (E′/G′), due to a wide microfibril angle plus a small weight effect of extracts, and a very low tanδ3 and moderate damping anisotropy (tanδG/tanδ3). Extraction affected mechanical parameters in the order: tanδ3 ≈ tanδG > G′/ρ > > E′3/ρ. That is, extractives’ effects were nearly isotropic on damping but clearly anisotropic on storage moduli.

International audience; Some morphological and biochemical taxonomic markers are also affecting factors of dynamic mechanical properties of wood. Thus, could these properties reflect the classification/phylogeny of taxa? This work is a first insight into this question. It relied on the gathering (through experimental campaigns and exhaustive literature review) of a large database on the viscoelastic (i.e. including damping) vibrational properties of 445 woody species. relationship between damping was confirmed at a wide interspecific scale, but described no more than 40% of not in a way that could be easily related to the phylogenetic tree. Damping was a bit more -Papilionoideae and, to a lesser extent, Lauraceae, Cupressaceae and Moraceae) damping than average, independently While for some other families no clear characteristics could be observed at least with the present number of represented species. In the future, increasing the amount of data and compiling anatomical and chemical markers / affecting factors will allow further analysis at sub-family levels, and a better understanding of this wide topic.

This paper presents a collection of wood species with important uses in musical instruments, in reference to historical and geographical cultural specificities, with ranges of viscoelastic vibrational properties by species. Data combine our experimental characterizations and extensive literature review, gathered in a specific relational database. An overview of vibrational properties' distribution on c.400 species is introduced. Two case studies of wood choices for a given function in different epochs or regions are presented: woods for historical bows in Europe, and woods for idiophone bodies in different continents. Trends are contrasted: very different properties associated to historical changes in the first case; some common features over different regions in the second case.

International audience; Wood, the main building material of many musical instruments, affects their mechanical and acoustical behaviour. Different parts, instruments and organological families lend to a broad range of material requisites. Considering the lesser-studied instruments of geocultural ensembles other than Western “savant” music shows an even greater diversity of functions-chosen species. This diversity in used species is very little known, while instrument makers over the world are currently facing issues of availability and/or of conservation status of some of their preferred woods. Furthermore, comparable vibrational properties of woods including damping are scarce and highly scattered.We present here the creation of a new specific relational database conceived as a tool to gather and study these aspects. It contains three main parts. 1) Botanical species (Tree and wood information and conservation; links to uses and properties). 2) World instruments (with the different woody species used for each part). 3) Viscoelastic vibrational properties of wood. Data sources are: our own field and experimental work; literature survey including many hard-to-obtain, non-English-language sources. Up-to-date taxonomy is checked with widely accepted sources.Summary of data contained at present day: instruments =circa150; “instrument part/ used species” = c850; species with checked botany= more than 500; species used in instruments= c300; species with viscoelastic vibrational properties = c330 (covering about 5500 tests).Some possible analysis from this databank include: 1) Material variations for a given part of instrument; 2) cross-cultural comparison of material choice; 3) range of variation in vibrational properties for one single wood species, covering several researches; 4) pointing out lesser-known species as viable alternatives to threatened species; etc.Efforts must also be pursued on: vibrational characterization of wood diversity; collection of wood uses in worldwide instrument making cultures.