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24 results on '"Kyro, Esko"'

1. Unprecedented Arctic ozone loss in 2011

Author

Manney, Gloria L., Santee, Michelle L., Rex, Markus, Livesey, Nathaniel J., Pitts, Michael C., Veefkind, Pepijn, Nash, Eric R., Wohltmann, Ingo, Lehmann, Ralph, Froidevaux, Lucien, Poole, Lamont R., Schoeberl, Mark R., Haffner, David P., Davies, Jonathan, Dorokhov, Valery, Gernandt, Hartwig, Johnson, Bryan, Kivi, Rigel, Kyro, Esko, Larsen, Niels, Levelt, Pieternel F., Makshtas, Alexander, McElroy, C. Thomas, Nakajima, Hideaki, Parrondo, Maria Concepcion, Tarasick, David W., von der Gathen, Peter, Walker, Kaley A., and Zinoviev, Nikita S.

Subjects
Atmosphere -- Research, Earth -- Atmosphere, Ozone layer depletion -- Environmental aspects -- Research, Air pollution -- Environmental aspects -- Research, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Chemical ozone destruction occurs over both polar regions in local winter-spring. In the Antarctic, essentially complete removal of lower-stratospheric ozone currently results in an ozone hole every year, whereas in the Arctic, ozone loss is highly variable and has until now been much more limited. Here we demonstrate that chemical ozone destruction over the Arctic in early 2011 was--for the first time in the observational record--comparable to that in the Antarctic ozone hole. Unusually long-lasting cold conditions in the Arctic lower stratosphere led to persistent enhancement in ozone-destroying forms of chlorine and to unprecedented ozone loss, which exceeded 80 per cent over 18-20 kilometres altitude. Our results show that Arctic ozone holes are possible even with temperatures much milder than those in the Antarctic. We cannot at present predict when such severe Arctic ozone depletion may be matched or exceeded., Since the emergence of the Antarctic 'ozone hole' in the 1980s (1) and elucidation of the chemical mechanisms (2-5) and meteorological conditions (6) involved in its formation, the likelihood of [...]

Published
2011
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2. Observational evidence for chemical ozone depletion over the Arctic in winter 1991-92

Author

Gathen, Petter von der, Rex, Markus, Harris, Neil R.P., Lucic, Diana, Knudsen, Bjorn M., Fabian, Rolf, Fast, Hans, Gil, Manuel, Kyro, Esko, Mikkelsen, Ib Steen, Braathen, Geir O., De Backer, Hugo, Rummukainen, Markku, Stahelin, Johannes, and Varotsos, Costas

Subjects
Ozone layer depletion -- Observations, Global warming -- Observations, Atmospheric ozone -- Measurement, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

A new approach to calculate chemical ozone destruction rates that facilitate comparisons of ozone concentrations in specific air parcels at different times has been described. During arctic winter of 1991-92 the frequency of the formation of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) increased between early December until mid January. A minor warming occurred at this time which inhibited further large scale formation of PSCs. CIO measurements by the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite Microwave Limb Sounder instrument had showed a high level of CIO (up to 2.5 p.p.b.v. at 19 km altitude) in the vortex.

Published
1995

3. Prolonged stratospheric ozone loss in the 1995-96 Arctic winter

Author

Rex, Markus, Harris, Neil R. P., von der Gathen, Peter, Lehmann, Ralph, Braathen, Geir O., Reimer, Eberhard, Beck, Alexander, Chipperfield, Martyn P., Alfier, Reimond, Allaart, Marc, O'Connor, Fiona, Dier, Horst, Dorokhov, Valery, Fast, Hans, Gil, Manuel, Kyro, Esko, Litynska, Zenobia, Mikkelsen, Ib Steen, Molyneux, Mike G., Nakane, Hideaki, Notholt, Justus, Rummukainen, Markku, Viatte, Pierre, and Wenger, John

Published
1997

5. The 1991 WMO ozone sonde intercomparison

Author

Kerr, James B, Mcelroy, C. Thomas, Fast, Hans, Oltmans, Sam J, Lathrop, Jeff A, Kyro, Esko, Paukkunen, Ari, Claude, Hans J, Kohler, Ulf, and Sreedharan, C. R

Subjects
Meteorology And Climatology
Abstract

The WMO ozone sonde intercomparison was held at Vanscoy, Saskatchewan from May 13 to May 24, 1991. The purpose of the intercomparison is to evaluate the performance of various ozone sonde types used operationally in the Global Ozone Observing System and to ensure that the accuracy and precision of the measurements are sufficient to detect long-term trends in stratospheric ozone. The intercomparison was sponsored by WMO and hosted by the Atmospheric Environment Service (AES) of Canada. It was attended by scientists from six countries: Canada, Finland, Germany, India, Japan and USA. A total of 10 balloon payloads were launched each carrying 7 or 8 sondes for a total of 67 successful ozone sonde flights. The payloads were carried to altitudes between 35 and 40 km where the flights terminated by balloon burst. Results of the profile measurements made during the series of the profile measurements made during the series of flight are used to determine statistically meaningful evaluations of the different sonde types. A description of the payload and the different ozone sondes is given. Preliminary results of the profile measurements and an evaluation of the performance of the sonde types are presented.

Published
1994

6. Arctic polar stratospheric cloud measurements by means of a four wavelength depolarization lidar

Author

Stefanutti, L, Castagnoli, F, Delguasta, M, Flesia, C, Godin, S, Kolenda, J, Kneipp, H, Kyro, Esko, Matthey, R, and Morandi, M

Subjects
Geophysics
Abstract

A four wavelength depolarization backscattering lidar has been operated during the European Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Experiment (EASOE) in Sodankyl, in the Finnish Arctic. The lidar performed measurements during the months of December 1991, January, February and March 1992. The Finnish Meteorological Institute during the same period launched regularly three Radiosondes per day, and three Ozone sondes per week. Both Mt. Pinatubo aerosols and Polar Stratospheric Clouds were measured. The use of four wavelengths, respectively at 355 nm, 532 nm , 750 nm, and 850 nm permits an inversion of the lidar data to determine aerosol particle size. The depolarization technique permits the identification of Polar Stratospheric Clouds. Frequent correlation between Ozone minima and peaks in the Mt. Pinatubo aerosol maxima were detected. Measurements were carried out both within and outside the Polar Vortex.

Published
1994

7. Average ozone vertical distribution at Sodankyla based on the 1988-1991 ozone sounding data

Author

Kyro, Esko, Rummukainen, Markku, Taalas, Petteri, and Supperi, Ari

Subjects
Meteorology And Climatology
Abstract

The study presents the statistical analysis of ozone sonde data obtained at Sodankyla (67.4 deg N, 26.6 deg E) from the beginning of the sounding program on March 1988 to the end of December 1991. The Sodankyla sounding data offers the longest continuous record of the ozone vertical distribution in the European Arctic. In this paper, we present the average ozone partial pressures within each 1 km column obtained for different seasons during the almost four year long period. We believe that the data represented here are useful as an interim reference ozone atmosphere, especially considering the fact that northern Scandinavia has become a popular campaign site for the big international ozone experiments.

Published
1994

8. Temporal development of the correlation between ozone and potential vorticity in the Arctic in the winters of 1988/1989, 1989/1990, and 1990/1991

Author

Knudsen, Bjorn, Vondergathen, Peter, Braathen, Geir O, Fabian, Rolf, Jorgensen, Torben S, Kyro, Esko, Neuber, Roland, and Rummukainen, Markku

Subjects
Meteorology And Climatology
Abstract

Ozone sonde data of the winters 1988/89, 1989/90, and 1990/91 from a group of Arctic stations are used in this study. The ozone mixing ratio on several isentropic surfaces is correlated to the potential vorticity (P). The P is based on the initialized analysis data from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. Similar investigations were made by Lait et al. (Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 521-524, March Supplement 1990) for the AASE campaign (January and February 1989), showing how the ozone mixing ratio varies with the distance to the edge of the vortex. Their findings are confirmed and extended to the following two winters. Furthermore we have studied the temporal development of the P-ozone correlations during these winters in order to recognize any chemical ozone depletion.

Published
1994

9. In search of traceability

Author

University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Heikkilä, Anu, Makelä, Jakke Sakari, Lakkala, Kaisa, Meinander, Outi, Kaurola, Jussi, Koskela, Tapani, Karhu, Juha Matti, Karppinen, Tomi, Kyro, Esko, De Leeuw, Gerrit, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Heikkilä, Anu, Makelä, Jakke Sakari, Lakkala, Kaisa, Meinander, Outi, Kaurola, Jussi, Koskela, Tapani, Karhu, Juha Matti, Karppinen, Tomi, Kyro, Esko, and De Leeuw, Gerrit

Abstract

The two Brewer spectrophotometers of the Finnish Meteorological Institute at Jokioinen and Sodankyla have been operated according to the highest levels of the WMO/GAW (World Meteorological Organization/Global Atmosphere Watch) recommendations with rigorous quality control and quality assurance. The calibration of the instruments is based on annual recalibrations of primary standard lamps in the VTT MIKES Metrology National Standards Laboratory in Finland and an exhaustive measurement program with measurements of standard and working lamps in the on-site optical laboratories. Over the years, the maintenance of the calibration has produced data sets of approximately 2000 lamp scans for both instruments. An extensive re-examination of the lamp measurements and the response of the spectrophotometers was carried out. The primary standard lamps were found to age on an average rate of 0.3% per burn. The responsivity at wavelength 311 nm was found to exhibit both long-term and short-term changes. The overall long-term change was declining. In addition, abrupt changes of as large as 25% were detected. The short-term changes were found to fluctuate on time frames shorter than the interval between the measurements of the primary standard lamps. This underlines the importance of the use of more frequently measured working standard lamps.

Published
2016

10. Effects of atmospheric light scattering on spectroscopic observations of greenhouse gases from space. Part 2: Algorithm intercomparison in the GOSAT data processing for CO2 retrievals over TCCON sites

Author

Oshchepkov, Sergey, Bril, Andrey, Yokota, Tatsuya, Wennberg, Paul O., Deutscher, Nicholas M., Wunch, Debra, Toon, Geoffrey C., Yoshida, Yukio, O'Dell, Christopher W., Crisp, David, Miller, Charles E., Frankenberg, Christian, Butz, Andre, Aben, Ilse, Guerlet, Sandrine, Hasekamp, Otto, Boesch, Hartmut, Cogan, Austin, Parker, Robert, Griffith, David, Macatangay, Ronald, Notholt, Justus, Sussmann, Ralf, Rettinger, Markus, Sherlock, Vanessa, Robinson, John, Kyro, Esko, Heikkinen, Pauli, Feist, Dietrich G., Morino, Isamu, Kadygrov, Nikolay, Belikov, Dmitry, Maksyutov, Shamil, Matsunaga, Tsuneo, Uchino, Osamu, Watanabe, Hiroshi, Atoms, Molecules, Lasers, and LaserLaB - Physics of Light

Subjects
SDG 13 - Climate Action
Abstract

This report is the second in a series of companion papers describing the effects of atmospheric light scattering in observations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) by the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT), in orbit since 23 January 2009. Here we summarize the retrievals from six previously published algorithms; retrieving column-averaged dry air mole fractions of CO2 (XCO2) during 22 months of operation of GOSAT from June 2009. First, we compare data products from each algorithm with ground-based remote sensing observations by Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). Our GOSAT-TCCON coincidence criteria select satellite observations within a 5° radius of 11 TCCON sites. We have compared the GOSAT-TCCON XCO2 regression slope, standard deviation, correlation and determination coefficients, and global and station-to-station biases. The best agreements with TCCON measurements were detected for NIES 02.xx and RemoTeC. Next, the impact of atmospheric light scattering on XCO2 retrievals was estimated for each data product using scan by scan retrievals of light path modification with the photon path length probability density function (PPDF) method. After a cloud pre-filtering test, approximately 25% of GOSAT soundings processed by NIES 02.xx, ACOS B2.9, and UoL-FP: 3G and 35% processed by RemoTeC were found to be contaminated by atmospheric light scattering. This study suggests that NIES 02.xx and ACOS B2.9 algorithms tend to overestimate aerosol amounts over bright surfaces, resulting in an underestimation of XCO2 for GOSAT observations. Cross-comparison between algorithms shows that ACOS B2.9 agrees best with NIES 02.xx and UoL-FP: 3G while RemoTeC XCO2 retrievals are in a best agreement with NIES PPDF-D.

Published
2013
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12. Coordinated ground-based validation of ENVISAT atmospheric chemistry with NDSC network data : Commissioning phase report

Author

Lambert, Jean-Christopher, Soebijanta, Vincent, Orsolini, Yvan, Andersen, Signe, Bui Van, André, Burrows, John, Calisesi, Yasmine, Cambridge, Clare, Claude, Hans, de Backer-Barilly, Marie-Renee, de La Noë, Jérôme, de Maziere, Martine, Dorokhov, Valery, Fahre Vik, Aasmund, Godin-Beekmann, Sophie, Goutail, Florence, Hansen, Georg, Hochschild, Gerd, Hoiskar, Britt Ann, Johnston, Paul, Kämpfer, Niklaus, Kreher, Karin, Kyro, Esko, Leveau, Jean, Mader, Jorg, Milinevski, Genadi, Pommereau, Jean-Pierre, Quinn, Paul, Raffalski, Uwe, Richter, Andreas, Roscoe, Howard, Shanklin, Jonathan, Staehelin, Johannes, Stebel, Kerstin, Stubi, Rene, Suortti, Tuomo, Tornkvist, Kjersti, van Roozendael, Michel, Vaughan, Geraint, Wittrock, Folkart, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), Instituto de Pesquisas Meteorológicas (IPMet), Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho = São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institut für Umweltphysik [Bremen] (IUP), Universität Bremen, Institute of Applied Physics [Bern] (IAP), University of Bern, Department of Physics [Aberystwyth], Aberystwyth University, Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Groupe de spectrométrie moléculaire et atmosphérique (GSMA), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Central Aerological Observatory (CAO), Russian Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Roshydromet), Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] (NIWA), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Kiruna] (IRF), Institute of Environmental Physics and Remote Sensing [Bremen] (IUP/IFE), University of Bremen, British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Payerne Aerological Station, Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, H. Lacoste (ed.), and Cardon, Catherine

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph]
Abstract

International audience; In the framework of the coordinated project called CINAMON, a list of ground-based stations associated with the Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change (NDSC) contribute to the quasi-global validation of ENVISAT atmospheric chemistry data. This paper reports on such activities performed during the Commissioning Phase (CP) of the satellite. After a description of the correlative database generated during this period, preliminary ground-based studies relying on this database give a first picture of the quality of SCIAMACHY ozone and nitrogen dioxide columns, and GOMOS and MIPAS ozone profiles. Illustration of the global mapping of MIPAS ozone profile data is also presented. The paper concludes with perspectives for the Main Validation Phase of ENVISAT.

Published
2002

13. Effects of atmospheric light scattering on spectroscopic observations of greenhouse gases from space: Validation of PPDF-based CO 2 retrievals from GOSAT

Author

Oshchepkov, Sergey, Bril, Andrey, Yokota, Tatsuya, Morino, Isamu, Yoshida, Yukio, Matsunaga, Tsuneo, Belikov, Dmitry, Wunch, Debra, Wennberg, Paul, Toon, Geoffrey, O'Dell, Christopher, Butz, André, Guerlet, Sandrine, Cogan, Austin, Boesch, Hartmut, Eguchi, Nawo, Deutscher, Nicholas, Griffith, David, Macatangay, Ronald, Notholt, Justus, Sussmann, Ralf, Rettinger, Markus, Sherlock, Vanessa, Robinson, John, Kyro, Esko, Heikkinen, Pauli, Feist, Dietrich G, Nagahama, Tomoo, Kadygrov, Nikolay, Maksyutov, Shamil, Uchino, Osamu, Watanabe, Hiroshi, Oshchepkov, Sergey, Bril, Andrey, Yokota, Tatsuya, Morino, Isamu, Yoshida, Yukio, Matsunaga, Tsuneo, Belikov, Dmitry, Wunch, Debra, Wennberg, Paul, Toon, Geoffrey, O'Dell, Christopher, Butz, André, Guerlet, Sandrine, Cogan, Austin, Boesch, Hartmut, Eguchi, Nawo, Deutscher, Nicholas, Griffith, David, Macatangay, Ronald, Notholt, Justus, Sussmann, Ralf, Rettinger, Markus, Sherlock, Vanessa, Robinson, John, Kyro, Esko, Heikkinen, Pauli, Feist, Dietrich G, Nagahama, Tomoo, Kadygrov, Nikolay, Maksyutov, Shamil, Uchino, Osamu, and Watanabe, Hiroshi

Abstract

This report describes a validation study of Greenhouse gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) data processing using ground-based measurements of the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) as reference data for column-averaged dry air mole fractions of atmospheric carbon dioxide (X CO2). We applied the photon path length probability density function method to validate X CO2 retrievals from GOSAT data obtained during 22months starting from June 2009. This method permitted direct evaluation of optical path modifications due to atmospheric light scattering that would have a negligible impact on ground-based TCCON measurements but could significantly affect gas retrievals when observing reflected sunlight from space. Our results reveal effects of optical path lengthening over Northern Hemispheric stations, essentially from May-September of each year, and of optical path shortening for sun-glint observations in tropical regions. These effects are supported by seasonal trends in aerosol optical depth derived from an offline three-dimensional aerosol transport model and by cirrus optical depth derived from space-based measurements of the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) instrument. Removal of observations that were highly contaminated by aerosol and cloud from the GOSAT data set resulted in acceptable agreement in the seasonal variability of X CO2 over each station as compared with TCCON measurements. Statistical comparisons between GOSAT and TCCON coincident measurements of CO 2 column abundance show a correlation coefficient of 0.85, standard deviation of 1.80ppm, and a sub-ppm negative bias of -0.43ppm for all TCCON stations. Global distributions of monthly mean retrieved X CO2 with a spatial resolution of 2.5° latitude×2.5° longitude show agreement within∼2.5°ppm with those predicted by the atmospheric tracer transport model. © 2012 American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved

Published
2012

17. Lidar observation of spherical particles in a −65° cold cirrus observed above Sodankyla (Finland) during S.E.S.A.M.E.

Author

Guasta, Massimo Del, primary, Morandi, Marco, additional, Stefanutti, Leopoldo, additional, Balestri, Stefano, additional, Kyro, Esko, additional, Rummukainen, Markku, additional, Kivi, Rigel, additional, Rizi, Vincenzo, additional, Stein, Bernhard, additional, Wedekind, Carsten, additional, Mielke, Bernd, additional, Matthey, Renaud, additional, Mitev, Valentin, additional, and Douard, Mathilde, additional

Published
1998
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