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Various near-atom-thickness two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) crystals with unparalleled electromechanical properties have been explored for transformative devices. Currently, the availability of 2D vdW crystals is rather limited in nature as they are only obtained from certain mother crystals with intrinsically possessed layered crystallinity and anisotropic molecular bonding. Recent efforts to transform conventionally non-vdW three-dimensional (3D) crystals into ultrathin 2D-like structures have seen rapid developments to explore device building blocks of unique form factors. Herein, we explore a "peel-and-stick" approach, where a nonlayered 3D platinum sulfide (PtS) crystal, traditionally known as a cooperate mineral material, is transformed into a freestanding 2D-like membrane for electromechanical applications. The ultrathin (∼10 nm) 3D PtS films grown on large-area (cm

An in-situ analysis of local strain accommodation on transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) aided multi-phase steel was performed with a correlative application of characterization techniques such as digital image correlation (DIC), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and micro-mechanical testing. The local strain on the complex microstructure of the multi-phase steel was measured during a tensile test using an innovative DIC method (which does not employ artificial patterns), in conjunction with a scanning electron microscope. The constituent phases of the examined surface were identified by postprocessing implemented on the EBSD maps. This was further verified by nano-indentation, consequently enabling systematic and quantitative analyses of the strain partitioning between the phases. Soft acicular ferrite accommodated the largest strain with sites of intense strain localization around the hard, neighboring martensite. The retained austenite transformed gradually into martensite because of the applied strain and caused strain localization in the neighboring acicular ferrite. This verified that DIC method proposed in this study enables precise and effective data collection at the interfaces between different phases that could have certainly been blocked by the DIC patterns in the conventional method.

Sonication of gallium or gallium-based liquid metals in an aqueous solution of vinyl monomers leads to rapid free radical polymerization (FRP), without the need for conventional molecular initiators. Under ambient conditions, a passivating native oxide separates these metals from solution and renders the metal effectively inert. However, sonication generates liquid metal nanoparticles (LMNPs) of ∼100 nm diameter and thereby increases the surface area of the metal. The exposed metal initiates polymerization, which proceeds via a FRP mechanism and yields high molecular weight polymers that can form physical gels. Spin trapping EPR reveals the generation of free radicals. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry measurements confirm direct polymer bonding to gallium, verifying the formation of surface-anchored polymer grafts. The grafted polymers can modify the interfacial properties, that is, the preference of the metal particles to disperse in aqueous versus organic phases. The polymer can also be degrafted and isolated from the particles using strong acid or base. The concept of physically disrupting passivated metal surfaces offers new routes for surface-initiated polymerization and has implications for surface modification, reduction reactions, and fabrication of mechanically responsive materials.

Two-dimensional (2D) molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) layers are suitable for visible-to-near infrared photodetection owing to their tunable optical bandgaps. Also, their superior mechanical deformability enabled by an extremely small thickness and van der Waals (vdW) assembly allows them to be structured into unconventional physical forms, unattainable with any other materials. Herein, we demonstrate a new type of 2D MoS2 layer-based rollable photodetector that can be mechanically reconfigured while maintaining excellent geometry-invariant photo-responsiveness. Large-area (>a few cm2) 2D MoS2 layers grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) were integrated on transparent and flexible substrates composed of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOCNs) by a direct solution casting method. These composite materials in three-dimensionally rollable forms exhibited a large set of intriguing photo-responsiveness, well preserving intrinsic opto-electrical characteristics of the integrated 2D MoS2 layers; i.e., light intensity-dependent photocurrents insensitive to illumination angles as well as highly tunable photocurrents varying with the rolling number of 2D MoS2 layers, which were impossible to achieve with conventional photodetectors. This study provides a new design principle for converting 2D materials to three-dimensional (3D) objects of tailored functionalities and structures, significantly broadening their potential and versatility in futuristic devices.

Two-dimensional (2D) molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) with vertically aligned (VA) layers exhibits significantly enriched surface-exposed edge sites with an abundance of dangling bonds owing to its intrinsic crystallographic anisotropy. Such structural variation renders the material with exceptionally high chemical reactivity and chemisorption ability, making it particularly attractive for high-performance electrochemical sensing. This superior property can be further promoted as far as it is integrated on mechanically stretchable substrates well retaining its surface-exposed defective edges, projecting opportunities for a wide range of applications utilizing its structural uniqueness and mechanical flexibility. In this work, we explored VA-2D MoS2 layers configured in laterally stretchable forms for multifunctional nitrogen dioxide (NO2) gas sensors. Large-area (>cm2) VA-2D MoS2 layers grown by a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method were directly integrated onto a variety of flexible substrates with serpentine patterns judiciously designed to accommodate a large degree of tensile strain. These uniquely structured VA-2D MoS2 layers were demonstrated to be highly sensitive to NO2 gas of controlled concentration preserving their intrinsic structural and chemical integrity, e.g., significant current response ratios of ∼160-380% upon the introduction of NO2 at a level of 5-30 ppm. Remarkably, they exhibited such a high sensitivity even under lateral stretching up to 40% strain, significantly outperforming previously reported 2D MoS2 layer-based NO2 gas sensors of any structural forms. Underlying principles for the experimentally observed superiority were theoretically unveiled by density functional theory (DFT) calculation and finite element method (FEM) analysis. The intrinsic high sensitivity and large stretchability of VA-2D MoS2 layers confirmed in this study are believed to be applicable in sensing diverse gas species, greatly broadening their versatility in stretchable and wearable technologies.

A number of implantable biomedical devices have been developed, and wireless power transfer (WPT) systems are emerging as a way to provide power to these devices without requiring a hardwired connection. Most of the WPT has been based on conventional conductive materials, such as metals, which tend to be less biocompatible and stiff. Herein, we describe a development of an ionic wireless power transfer (IWPT) system using hydrogel receivers that are soft and biocompatible. Although the hydrogel receiver has a lower conductivity than metal (ρ

We explored the feasibility of wafer-scale two-dimensional (2D) molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) layers toward futuristic environmentally friendly electronics that adopt biodegradable substrates. Large-...

Platinum diselenide (PtSe2) is an emerging class of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) crystals recently gaining substantial interests owing to its extraordinary properties ...

In this study, the relationship between viscosity of synthetic polymer rubberized gel (SPRG) used for waterproofing and adhesive strength on varying degrees of wetted surfaces is examined. First, SPRG specimens of different ratios of viscosity modifiers were prepared (3% to 10%, interval of 1% per specimen type). These specimens were installed onto substrate surfaces of varying degrees of humidity ratio (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 50%, 70% and 100%). Upon following the standard installation procedure of the SPRG specimens, standard pull-off tests were conducted. Results of the test showed that a consistent relationship exists between the viscosity of synthetic polymer rubberized gel (SPRG) and its adhesive strength on different degrees of wetted surfaces. Linear regression analysis and subsequent calculation of the respective coefficient of determination leads to the result that viscosity is a relevant factor for achieving stable adhesion when it comes to the usage of SPRG waterproofing. The findings of this study could have significant implications for the development and application of adhesive gel waterproofing materials in various industries.

Yield stress parameter derivation was conducted by stress-strain curve analysis on four types of grout injection leakage repair materials (GILRM); acrylic, epoxy, urethane and SPRG grouts. Comparative stress-strain curve analysis results showed that while the yield stress point was clearly distinguishable, the strain ratio of SPRG reached up to 664% (13 mm) before material cohesive failure. A secondary experimental result comprised of three different common component ratios of SPRG was conducted to derive and propose an averaged yield stress curve graph, and the results of the yield stress point (180% strain ratio) were set as the basis for repeated stress-strain curve analysis of SPRGs of up to 15 mm displacement conditions. Results showed that SPRG yield stress point remained constant despite repeated cohesive failure, and the modulus of toughness was calculated to be on average 53.1, 180.7, and 271.4 N/mm2, respectively, for the SPRG types. The experimental results of this study demonstrated that it is possible to determine the property limits of conventional GILRM (acrylic, epoxy and urethane grout injection materials) based on yield stress. The study concludes with a proposal on potential application of GILRM toughness by finite element analysis method whereby strain of the material can be derived by hydrostatic pressure. Comparative analysis showed that the toughness of SPRG materials tested in this study are all able to withstand hydrostatic pressure range common to underground structures (0.2 N/mm2). It is expected that the evaluation method and model proposed in this study will be beneficial in assessing other GILRM materials based on their toughness values.

Platinum ditelluride (PtTe2) is an emerging semimetallic two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) crystal with intriguing band structures and unusual topological properties. Despite much devoted efforts, scalable and controllable synthesis of large-area 2D PtTe2 with well-defined layer orientation has not been established, leaving its projected structure-property relationship largely unclarified. Herein, we report a scalable low-temperature growth of 2D PtTe2 layers on an area greater than a few square centimeters by reacting Pt thin films of controlled thickness with vaporized tellurium at 400 °C. We systematically investigated their thickness-dependent 2D layer orientation as well as its correlated electrical conductivity and surface property. We unveil that 2D PtTe2 layers undergo three distinct growth mode transitions, i.e., horizontally aligned holey layers, continuous layer-by-layer lateral growth, and horizontal-to-vertical layer transition. This growth transition is a consequence of competing thermodynamic and kinetic factors dictated by accumulating internal strain, analogous to the transition of Frank-van der Merwe (FM) to Stranski-Krastanov (SK) growth in epitaxial thin-film models. The exclusive role of the strain on dictating 2D layer orientation has been quantitatively verified by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) strain mapping analysis. These centimeter-scale 2D PtTe2 layers exhibit layer orientation tunable metallic transports yielding the highest value of ∼1.7 × 106 S/m at a certain critical thickness, supported by a combined verification of density functional theory (DFT) and electrical measurements. Moreover, they show intrinsically high hydrophobicity manifested by the water contact angle (WCA) value up to ∼117°, which is the highest among all reported 2D TMDCs of comparable dimensions and geometries. Accordingly, this study confirms the high material quality of these emerging large-area 2D PtTe2 layers, projecting vast opportunities employing their tunable layer morphology and semimetallic properties from investigations of novel quantum phenomena to applications in electrocatalysis.

Modern electronics have been geared toward exploring novel electronic materials that can encompass a broad set of unusual functionalities absent in conventional platforms. In this regard, two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) semiconductors are highly promising, owing to their large mechanical resilience coupled with superior transport properties and van der Waals (vdW) attraction-enabled relaxed assembly. Moreover, 2D TMD heterolayers based on chemically distinct constituent layers exhibit even more intriguing properties beyond their mono-component counterparts, which can materialize only when they are manufactured on a technologically practical wafer-scale. This mini-review provides a comprehensive overview of recent progress in exploring wafer-scale 2D TMD heterolayers of various kinds. It extensively surveys a variety of manufacturing strategies and discusses their scientific working principles, resulting 2D TMD heterolayers, their material properties, and device applications. Moreover, it offers extended discussion on remaining challenges and future outlooks toward further improving the material quality of 2D TMD heterolayers in both material and manufacturing aspects.

Oil spills are a major threat to the marine ecosystem, requiring immediate solutions to remove spilled oil from oceanic environments. In this study, we report a superhydrophobic molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) coated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sponge and demonstrate its high proficiency in spilled oil recovery and oil spill detection based on oil-water separation ability. This novel oil sorbent is fabricated by a simple dip-coating to incorporate MoS2 flakes into PDMS sponge. The optimized MoS2-sponge displays a water contact angle of >152°, demonstrating excellent superhydrophobicity and high oil absorption (>97 wt%) for a variety of oils, including vegetable oil and fuel waste. Moreover, the material retains excellent oil absorption capability upon repetitive compression cycles. The versatility of this novel sorbent has been extended for the real-time spontaneous detection of oils by taking advantage of electrically conductive MoS2 layers.

Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) layers have gained increasing attention for a variety of emerging electrical, thermal, and optical applications. Recently developed metallic 2D TMD layers have been projected to exhibit unique attributes unattainable in their semiconducting counterparts; e.g., much higher electrical and thermal conductivities coupled with mechanical flexibility. In this work, we explored 2D platinum ditelluride (2D PtTe2) layers - a relatively new class of metallic 2D TMDs - by studying their previously unexplored electro-thermal properties for unconventional window applications. We prepared wafer-scale 2D PtTe2 layer-coated optically transparent and mechanically flexible willow glasses via a thermally-assisted tellurization of Pt films at a low temperature of 400 °C. The 2D PtTe2 layer-coated windows exhibited a thickness-dependent optical transparency and electrical conductivity of >106 S m-1 - higher than most of the previously explored 2D TMDs. Upon the application of electrical bias, these windows displayed a significant increase in temperature driven by Joule heating as confirmed by the infrared (IR) imaging characterization. Such superior electro-thermal conversion efficiencies inherent to 2D PtTe2 layers were utilized to demonstrate various applications, including thermochromic displays and electrically-driven defogging windows accompanying mechanical flexibility. Comparisons of these performances confirm the superiority of the wafer-scale 2D PtTe2 layers over other nanomaterials explored for such applications.

Nanostructured cellulose fabric with an air-bubble-enhanced anti-oil fouling property is introduced for quick oil-cleaning by water even with the surface fouled by oil before water contact under a dry state. It is very challenging to recover the super-hydrophilicity because once the surface is oil-fouled, it is hard to be re-wetted by water. Anti-oil-fouling under a dry state was realized through two main features of the nanostructured, porous fabric: a low solid fraction with high-aspect-ratio nanostructures significantly increasing the retracting forces, and trapped multiscale air bubbles increasing the buoyancy and backpressure for an oil-layer rupture. The nanostructures were formed on cellulose-based rayon microfibers through selective etching with oxygen plasma, forming a nanoscale open-pore structure. Viscous crude oil fouled on a fabric under a dry state was cleaned by immersion into water owing to a higher water affinity of the rayon material and low solid fraction of the high-aspect-ratio nanostructures. Air bubbles trapped in dry porous fibers and nanostructures promote oil detachment from the fouled sites. The macroscale bubbles add buoyancy on top of the oil droplets, enhancing the oil receding at the oil-water-solid interface, whereas the relatively smaller microscale bubbles induce a backpressure underneath the oil droplets. The oil-proofing fabric was used for protecting underwater conductive sensors, allowing a robot fish to swim freely in oily water.

A globally imminent shortage of freshwater has been demanding viable strategies for improving desalination efficiencies with the adoption of cost- and energy-efficient membrane materials. The recen...

Two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenide (2D TMD) layers are highly attractive for emerging stretchable and foldable electronics owing to their extremely small thickness coupled with extraordinary electrical and optical properties. Although intrinsically large strain limits are projected in them (i.e., several times greater than silicon), integrating 2D TMDs in their pristine forms does not realize superior mechanical tolerance greatly demanded in high-end stretchable and foldable devices of unconventional form factors. In this article, we report a versatile and rational strategy to convert 2D TMDs of limited mechanical tolerance to tailored 3D structures with extremely large mechanical stretchability accompanying well-preserved electrical integrity and modulated transport properties. We employed a concept of strain engineering inspired by an ancient paper-cutting art, known as kirigami patterning, and developed 2D TMD-based kirigami electrical conductors. Specifically, we directly integrated 2D platinum diselenide (2D PtSe2) layers of controlled carrier transport characteristics on mechanically flexible polyimide (PI) substrates by taking advantage of their low synthesis temperature. The metallic 2D PtSe2/PI kirigami patterns of optimized dimensions exhibit an extremely large stretchability of ∼2000% without compromising their intrinsic electrical conductance. They also present strain-tunable and reversible photoresponsiveness when interfaced with semiconducting carbon nanotubes (CNTs), benefiting from the formation of 2D PtSe2/CNT Schottky junctions. Moreover, kirigami field-effect transistors (FETs) employing semiconducting 2D PtSe2 layers exhibit tunable gate responses coupled with mechanical stretching upon electrolyte gating. The exclusive role of the kirigami pattern parameters in the resulting mechanoelectrical responses was also verified by a finite-element modeling (FEM) simulation. These multifunctional 2D materials in unconventional yet tailored 3D forms are believed to offer vast opportunities for emerging electronics and optoelectronics.

A practical dual-scale finite element model is developed to enable the formability prediction in the hole expansion of a hyper-burring steel sheet. This numerical approach resorts to the isotropic macroscale hole expansion simulation for calculating the deformation histories near the hole edge, since they are known to be the potential fracture initiation site. The deformation histories are used as boundary conditions in the lower microscale model for calculating the local fracture of the steel sheet. The microscale simulation utilizes the dislocation density based constitutive model and a microstructure-based representative volume element (RVE), with realistic grain morphology taken from experimental microscopy. The fracture initiation at the hole edge region is evaluated from the microscale simulation using four frequently employed uncoupled ductile fracture models, which enable the definition of the critical fracture strain. The proposed dual-scale model can better predict the failure initiation and location near the hole edge when the modeling parameters are calibrated taking into account not only the deformation histories of the hole edge, but also the local stress triaxiality. Moreover, the proposed dual-scale model is applied to analyze the microstructure effect on the hole expansion ratio by providing the insights into the effect of grain size and grain boundary characteristics.

Two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDs) in the form of MX2 (M: transition metal, X: chalcogen) exhibit intrinsically anisotropic layered crystallinity wherein their material properties are determined by constituting M and X elements. 2D platinum diselenide (2D PtSe2) is a relatively unexplored class of 2D TMDs with noble-metal Pt as M, offering distinct advantages over conventional 2D TMDs such as higher carrier mobility and lower growth temperatures. Despite the projected promise, much of its fundamental structural and electrical properties and their interrelation have not been clarified, and so its full technological potential remains mostly unexplored. In this work, we investigate the structural evolution of large-area chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown 2D PtSe2 layers of tailored morphology and clarify its influence on resulting electrical properties. Specifically, we unveil the coupled transition of structural-electrical properties in 2D PtSe2 layers grown at a low temperature (i.e., 400 °C). The layer orientation of 2D PtSe2 grown by the CVD selenization of seed Pt films exhibits horizontal-to-vertical transition with increasing Pt thickness. While vertically aligned 2D PtSe2 layers present metallic transports, field-effect-transistor gate responses were observed with thin horizontally aligned 2D PtSe2 layers prepared with Pt of small thickness. Density functional theory calculation identifies the electronic structures of 2D PtSe2 layers undergoing the transition of horizontal-to-vertical layer orientation, further confirming the presence of this uniquely coupled structural-electrical transition. The advantage of low-temperature growth was further demonstrated by directly growing 2D PtSe2 layers of controlled orientation on polyimide polymeric substrates and fabricating their Kirigami structures, further strengthening the application potential of this material. Discussions on the growth mechanism behind the horizontal-to-vertical 2D layer transition are also presented.

When a crack occurs under an installed waterproofing material and moves due to environmental effects (freeze–thaw, settlement, vibration, dead load, etc.), waterproofing materials without adequate elongation or tensile strength properties may break and tear. To enable the selection of materials with proper response against the strain that occur during crack movement, this study proposes and demonstrates a new evaluation method for determining and comparing strain concentration of waterproofing materials under the effect of concrete crack movement. For the proposed testing method and demonstration, three common types of waterproofing material types were selected for testing, poly-urethane coating (PUC), self-adhesive asphalt sheet (SAS) and composite asphalt sheet (CAS). Respective materials are installed with strain gauges and applied onto a specimen with a separated joint that undergoes concrete crack movement simulation. Each specimen types are subject to repeated movement cycles, whereby strain occurring directly above the moving joint is measured and compared with the strain occurring at the localized sections (comparison ratio which is hereafter referred to as strain concentration ratio). Specimens are tested under four separate movement length conditions, 1.5 mm, 3.0 mm, 4.5 mm and 6.0 mm, and the results are compared accordingly. Experimental results show that materials with strain concentration ratio from highest to lowest are as follows: PUC, SAS and CAS.

Facility walls with high relative humidity, such as bathrooms or kitchens installed with tiles by spot-bonding methods, become far more prone to defect or adhesion failure when using large or heavy tiles and insufficient application area of adhesive but is still continued to be practiced due to their low costs in the material. Most importantly, if this practice is to be continued, the changes in adhesion strength of the tiles based on different adhesive application areas of adhesives must be clarified such that the very least secure application can be achieved even by using spot-bonding methods. In this regard, an experiment was conducted in this study where tile-adhered specimens with different adhesive-applied area ratios (AR) of 60 ± 2%, 80 ± 2%, and 100% were prepared. Tile adhesion strength was subsequently measured, after sectioning the entire surface of the tile into 40 pieces. Experimental results showed that the adhesion strength above the standard criteria could be achieved for about 75% of the entire tile with AR 100% conditioning, followed by 30% of the entire tile with AR 80 ± 2% conditioning, and 20% of the entire tile for AR 60 ± 2% conditioning. Further analysis showed that with AR 80 ± 2% and AR 60 ± 2% conditions, the overall adhesion strength decreased by the range of about 59–67% compared to the AR 100% application conditions. The results of the study intended to provide an analytical basis of guidelines and risks with the potential usage of spot-bonding and should only be used if AR 100% application is planned.

Two-dimensional (2D) molybdenum disulfide (MoS

Liquid metals adhere to most surfaces despite their high surface tension due to the presence of a native gallium oxide layer. The ability to change the shape of functional fluids within a three-dimensional (3D) printed part with respect to time is a type of four-dimensional printing, yet surface adhesion limits the ability to pump liquid metals in and out of cavities and channels without leaving residue. Rough surfaces prevent adhesion, but most methods to roughen surfaces are difficult or impossible to apply on the interior of parts. Here, we show that silica particles suspended in an appropriate solvent can be injected inside cavities to coat the walls. This technique creates a transparent, nanoscopically rough (10-100 nm scale) coating that prevents adhesion of liquid metals on various 3D printed plastics and commercial polymers. Liquid metals roll and even bounce off treated surfaces (the latter occurs even when dropped from heights as high as 70 cm). Moreover, the coating can be removed locally by laser ablation to create selective wetting regions for metal patterning on the exterior of plastics. To demonstrate the utility of the coating, liquid metals were dynamically actuated inside a 3D printed channel or chamber without pinning the oxide, thereby demonstrating electrical circuits that can be reconfigured repeatably.

Two-dimensional (2D) molybdenum disulfide (MoS

Dynamic factor evaluation method calculation methods outlined by Eisenmann (DAFEisenmann) and the American Railway Engineering Association (DAFArea) are used to calculate the dynamic factor during design and for trackside measurement, respectively, in nations where the construction of concrete track structures is relatively new. In this situation, dynamic factor calculation methods may be incorrect, and this is demonstrated by comparison of the respective track types&rsquo, total spring constant. A finite element analysis of a standard design railway track is conducted, and the design total spring constant (TSC, or K) obtained from the time history function analysis is compared to the TSC of existing tracks through trackside measurement results. The comparison result shows that TSC obtained by finite element analysis result is 22% higher than that of the trackside measurement value, indicating that the TSC is conservative in the current track design. Considering the proportional relationship between TSC and dynamic factor, it is estimated that the dynamic factor currently being applied in track design is also conservative. Based on these findings, an assessment of the applicability of different dynamic factors (DAFEisenmann and DAFArea), theoretical calculation and field measurement (DAFField) using the probabilistic analysis of wheel loads from the field measurement data is conducted. A correlative analysis between DAFEisenmann and DAFArea shows that DAFEisenmann and DAFArea were estimated to be higher by 33% and 27% in ballasted track and by 39% and 30% in concrete track than the dynamic factor derived from field measurement, respectively, which indicates that the dynamic factor currently in use can potentially lead to over-estimation in track design and maintenance.

Countries such as Korea adopt design codes, evaluation criteria and specifications from standards originating abroad, this leads to a lack of distinction of the separate applications of dynamic stability evaluation parameters between various track structures of different track moduli. This paper discusses the applicability of the dynamic stability evaluation method of railway track structures by assessing 10 different types of railway track sections of a newly constructed railway operation line (5 ballasted and 5 concrete type track structures) by field instrumentation testing. Parameters of track support stiffness (TSS), wheel load fluctuation, derailment coefficient, and rail displacement are measured. The respective results are first compared to the standard criteria (design specification) and comparisons between the different track types are presented as ratios. Findings show that while all of the tracks satisfy the design specification requirements, each track type measurement result varies by a noticeable degree, particularly when comparing between concrete and ballast type track structures. Results of the study demonstrate that using the same dynamic stability evaluation criteria can lead to an incorrect assessment of the track performance evaluation of track structure, and a separate evaluation parameter for ballasted and concrete track structures is required.

Summary Two-dimensional (2D) layered materials and their heterostructures have recently been recognized as promising building blocks for futuristic brain-like neuromorphic computing devices. They exhibit unique properties such as near-atomic thickness, dangling-bond-free surfaces, high mechanical robustness, and electrical/optical tunability. Such attributes unattainable with traditional electronic materials are particularly promising for high-performance artificial neurons and synapses, enabling energy-efficient operation, high integration density, and excellent scalability. In this review, diverse 2D materials explored for neuromorphic applications, including graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, hexagonal boron nitride, and black phosphorous, are comprehensively overviewed. Their promise for neuromorphic applications are fully discussed in terms of material property suitability and device operation principles. Furthermore, up-to-date demonstrations of neuromorphic devices based on 2D materials or their heterostructures are presented. Lastly, the challenges associated with the successful implementation of 2D materials into large-scale devices and their material quality control will be outlined along with the future prospect of these emergent materials., Graphical Abstract, Electronic Engineering; Materials Science; Electrical Property

A joint- or crack-opening resistance evaluation method for the selection of optimal waterproofing material for a railroad bridge deck is proposed. The joint opening range (mm) for the evaluation, and a typical load case of a high-speed double-track railroad bridge structure deck, is analyzed through the finite element method (FEM) and the results of analysis are used to calculate the minimum opening range. The evaluation method is then demonstrated with 4 commonly used waterproofing types of cementitious membrane system: a polyurethane coating system, self-adhesive asphalt sheet system and synthetic polymerized rubber gel composite asphalt sheet system. Five specimens of each type are subjected to continuous joint opening under 4 different joint width range conditions (1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 mm), and the joint-opening resistance performance is compared. The proposal for the evaluation criteria and the specimen test results demonstrate how the evaluation method is pertinent for future selection of waterproofing membranes for the sustainability of high-speed railroad bridge deck structures.

The pitcher plant has evolved its hierarchically grooved peristome to enhance a water-based slippery system for capturing insects with oil-covered footpads. Based on this, we proposed a hierarchically porous oil scoop (HPOS) with capillary-induced oil peel-off ability for repeatable spilled oil recovery. As the HPOS scoops oil-water mixture, water passes through the hole while the oil is confined within a curved geometry. The filter in HPOS has three levels of porous structures; (1) 3D-printed mesh structure with sub-millimeter scale hole to filter out oil from an oil–water mixture, (2) internal micropore in fibers enhancing capillarity and water transport, (3) O2 plasma-induced high-aspect-ratio nanopillar structures imposing anti-oil-fouling property with capillary-induced oil peeling. As the oil-contaminated HPOS makes contact with water, water meniscus rises and peels off the oil immediately at the air-water interface. The oil-peel-off ability of the HPOS would prevent pores from clogging by oils for reuse. The study demonstrated that the HPOS recovers highly viscous oil (up to 5000 mm2·s–1) with a high recovery rate (>95%), leaving the filtered water with low oil content (

We explored the feasibility of wafer-scale two-dimensional (2D) molybdenum disulfide (MoS

Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) layers have gained increasing attention for a variety of emerging electrical, thermal, and optical applications. Recently developed metallic 2D TMD layers have been projected to exhibit unique attributes unattainable in their semiconducting counterparts; e.g., much higher electrical and thermal conductivities coupled with mechanical flexibility. In this work, we explored 2D platinum ditelluride (2D PtTe2) layers - a relatively new class of metallic 2D TMDs - by studying their previously unexplored electro-thermal properties for unconventional window applications. We prepared wafer-scale 2D PtTe2 layer-coated optically transparent and mechanically flexible willow glasses via a thermally-assisted tellurization of Pt films at a low temperature of 400 °C. The 2D PtTe2 layer-coated windows exhibited a thickness-dependent optical transparency and electrical conductivity of106 S m-1 - higher than most of the previously explored 2D TMDs. Upon the application of electrical bias, these windows displayed a significant increase in temperature driven by Joule heating as confirmed by the infrared (IR) imaging characterization. Such superior electro-thermal conversion efficiencies inherent to 2D PtTe2 layers were utilized to demonstrate various applications, including thermochromic displays and electrically-driven defogging windows accompanying mechanical flexibility. Comparisons of these performances confirm the superiority of the wafer-scale 2D PtTe2 layers over other nanomaterials explored for such applications.

High capacity all-solid-state Li-ion battery anodes were prepared using an industrially scalable solution coating process. Employing commercially available polyacrylonitrile as a mixed conducting binder, we have demonstrated stable cycling, high capacity electrodes with large mass loadings of tin active material. This is, to our knowledge, the first time a high capacity lithium-alloying material has been utilized in a slurry-coated sheet-style all-solid-state Li-ion battery anode. Optimization of this new electrode architecture resulted in a sheet-style anode capable of retaining an electrode specific capacity of 643.5 mAh/g after 100 charge-discharge cycles at a 0.1C rate. We believe that this work represents a step forward for slurry-coated electrodes intended for use with sulfide solid electrolytes and that the continued development of these high capacity sheet-style anodes will be critical to the commercialization of the all-solid-state Li-ion battery.

We report a novel strategy to assemble wafer-scale two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) layers of well-defined components and orientations. We directly grew a variety of 2D TMD layers on "water-dissoluble" single-crystalline salt wafers and precisely delaminated them inside water in a chemically benign manner. This manufacturing strategy enables the automated integration of vertically aligned 2D TMD layers as well as 2D/2D heterolayers of arbitrary stacking orders on exotic substrates insensitive to their kind and shape. Furthermore, the original salt wafers can be recycled for additional growths, confirming high process sustainability and scalability. The generality and versatility of this approach have been demonstrated by developing proof-of-concept "all 2D" devices for diverse yet unconventional applications. This study is believed to shed a light on leveraging opportunities of 2D TMD layers toward achieving large-area mechanically reconfigurable devices of various form factors at the industrially demanded scale.

Platinum diselenide (PtSe

A simple, inexpensive and scalable method to prepare silicon‑carbon composite particles for use in all-solid-state Li-ion battery anodes is presented. The composite's electrochemically active soft-carbon matrix is formed through the pyrolysis of coal-tar-pitch, an abundant industrial waste material. Various techniques are used to characterize the physical and electrochemical properties of this pitch derived carbon. Optimization of the Si-C composite anode resulted in an all-solid-state Li-ion half-cell displaying stable specific capacities of 653.5 mAh/g (per mass electrode) and 1089.2 mAh/g (per mass Si-C composite) after 100 discharge-charge cycles. Cross sectional images of cycled electrodes, prepared via FIB milling, were taken in order to investigate the effect of silicon particle expansion on their composite microstructures.

We investigated the semiconductor-catalyzed formation of semiconductor nanowires (NWs) – silver sulfide (Ag2S)-catalyzed zinc sulfide (ZnS) NWs – based on a vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth mechanism through metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) with a Ag thin film. The Ag2S-catalyzed ZnS NWs were confirmed to have a wurtzite structure with a width and length in the range of ∼30 nm to ∼80 nm and ∼1 μm, respectively. Using extensive transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses from plane and cross-sectional viewpoints, the ZnS NWs were determined to have a c-axis, [0001] growth direction. In addition, the catalyst at the top of the ZnS NWs was determined to consist of a Ag2S phase. To support the Ag2S-catalyzed growth of the ZnS NWs by a VLS reaction, an in situ heating TEM experiment was conducted from room temperature to 840 °C. During the experiment, the melting of the Ag2S catalyst in the direction of the ZnS NWs was first observed at approximately 480 °C along with the formation of a carbon (C) shell. Subsequently, the Ag2S catalyst melted completely into the ZnS NWs at approximately 825 °C. As the temperature further increased, the Ag2S and ZnS NWs continuously melted and vaporized up to 840 °C, leaving only the C shell behind. Finally, a possible growth mechanism was proposed based on the structural and chemical investigations.

A voidless Cu/PET substrate is fabricated by producing a superhydrophilic PET surface comprised of nanostructures with large width and height and then by Cu electroless plating. Effect of PET surface nanostructure size on the failure mechanism of the Cu/PET substrate is studied. The fabricated Cu/PET substrate exhibits a maximum peel strength of 1300 N m −1 without using an interlayer, and virtually no increase in electrical resistivity under the extreme cyclic bending condition of 1 mm curvature radius after 300 k cycles. The authors find that there is an optimum nanostructure size for the highest Cu/PET adhesion strength, and the failure mechanism of the Cu/PET flexible substrate depends on the PET surface nanostructure size. Thus, this work presents the possibility to produce flexible metal/polymer electronic substrates that have excellent interfacial adhesion between the metal and polymer and high fatigue resistance against repeated bending. Such metal/polymer substrates provides new design opportunities for wearable electronic devices that can withstand harsh environments and have extended lifetimes.

This study demonstrates the application of Si/C composite fibers as anode materials for all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries. Using polyacrylonitrile as the carbon precursor, Si/C fibers were prepared through electrospinning and subsequent heat-treating processes. To investigate the correlation between fiber diameter and electrochemical performance, we prepared three electrodes (A, B, C), containing Si/C fibers with ~2 μm, ~1 μm and ~0.1 μm diameters, respectively. Our results revealed that although the composition of all three electrodes was nearly the same, the Si/C fiber based electrodes exhibited better capacity retention when their fiber diameters were smaller. Normalized to the total mass of electrode composite, the solid-state half-cell prepared with the smallest diameter (~0.1 μm) Si/C fibers achieved a reversible specific capacity of ~700 mAh g−1 (normalized to electrode mass) over 70 cycles. We believe that this report can serve as an informative approach toward the utilization of electrospun Si/C fibers as anode materials for all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries.

A new solid-state Li ion conductor composed of LiBH4 and Al2O3 was synthesized by a simple ball-milling process. The element distribution map obtained by transmission electron microscopy demonstrates that the LiBH4 and Al2O3 are well mixed and form a large interface after ball-milling. The ionic conductivity of the mixture reaches as high as 2 × 10–4 S cm–1 at room temperature when the volume fraction of Al2O3 is approximately 44%. The ionic conductivity of the interface between LiBH4 and Al2O3 was extracted by using a continuum percolation model, which turns out to be about 10–3 S cm–1 at room temperature, being 105 times higher than that of pure LiBH4. This remarkable rise in conductivity is accompanied by the lowered activation energy for the Li ion conduction in the mixture, indicating that the interface layer facilitates Li ion conduction. Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure analysis reveals the presence of B–O bondings in the mixture, which was not detected by X-ray diffraction. This disruptio...

Nanostructured transparent glass surfaces with self-cleaning and anti-fogging properties were fabricated using a non-lithographic, anisotropic etching technique. The superhydrophilic glass surface was achieved by nanostructuring pre-deposited SiO2 film in a glow discharge chamber. For superhydrophobicity, the surface energy of the nanostructured glass was lowered by treatment with 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl trichlorosilane. The self-cleaning and anti-fogging behavior was compared for glasses with different wettabilities by measuring the optical transmittance as well as the surface morphology and contact angles. In measuring the anti-fogging behavior, we included the effects of air flow impinging on the glass surface to emulate many practical situations. The superhydrophobic glass was superior to the superhydrophilic glass when considering both the self-cleaning and anti-fogging behavior with durability, particularly under air flow. The work can be used to fabricate transparent glass products for which minimizing surface contamination is crucial, e.g., eyeglasses, solar cells, and optical instruments.

The aging behavior and orientation relationships in Fe–31.4Mn–11.4Al–0.89C low-density steel were investigated with respect to constituent phases and precipitates, including γ-austenite matrix, β-Mn, and α-precipitate. After aging treatment at 550 °C for various periods of time, the microstructural changes and corresponding mechanical response were characterized by Vickers hardness measurement combined with EBSD and TEM observations. The precipitation sequence during the aging treatment showed that nano-sized κ-carbides firstly precipitated within the γ-austenite matrix at the incipient stage of aging, and induced the primary age hardening. After aging for 300 min, the lath-type β-Mn phase was formed, leading to the dramatic secondary hardening response. The α-precipitates with partial D0 3 order were subsequently produced at the β-Mn interior, grain/phase boundary region, and the γ-austenite interior after further aging over 10,000 min. The misorientation-angle distribution, Rodrigues–Frank vector space, and orientation relationship stereogram (OR stereogram) from EBSD measurements were employed for analyzing γ-matrix/β-Mn and β-Mn/α-precipitate interphase boundaries, respectively. The OR stereograms showed that the preferred orientation relationships were represented as ( 111 ) γ / / ( 221 ) β − M n , ( 01 1 ¯ ) γ / / ( 01 2 ¯ ) β − M n , ( 2 ¯ 11 ) γ / / ( 5 ¯ 42 ) β − M n for γ-matrix/β-Mn interface, and ( 012 ) β − M n / / ( 001 ) α , ( 02 1 ¯ ) β − M n / / ( 010 ) α , ( 100 ) β − M n / / ( 100 ) α for β-Mn/α-precipitate interface, respectively. The orientation relationships obtained from the OR stereograms were clarified by checking the deviation angle distributions of interface segments from the ideal orientation relationships, as well as the TEM diffraction patterns at the interface boundaries. In addition, the misorientation distribution between γ-matrix and α-precipitate was examined and compared to conventional fcc/bcc orientation relationships.

The tensile deformation behavior of Al-Mg-Si alloy under a pulsed electric current has been investigated. Specimens subjected to three types of heat treatment, solution treatment, natural aging, and artificial aging, are prepared. In solution treated specimens, elongation and flow stress increase when pulsed electric current is applied during plastic deformation; also, the Portevin–Le Chatelier (PLC) phenomenon, which is observed in the tensile test without electric current, nearly disappears when the pulsed electric current is applied. In naturally aged specimens, the flow stress decreases and the elongation significantly increases when pulsed electric current is applied during the tensile test. In artificially aged specimens, both elongation and flow stress decrease under pulsed electric current. The result of XRD analysis shows that thermal and electric current–induced annealing occurs in all specimens subjected to the electric current. Especially in the solution treated specimen, the formation of early stage precipitates from a supersaturated state might be accelerated by the electric current, in an effect distinct from Joule heating; this effect would explain the observed increase in flow stress and the disappearance of the PLC phenomenon. Microstructural observation shows that electric current accelerates the formation of microvoids around the precipitates at the grain boundary, resulting in earlier fracture in the artificially aged specimen. A constitutive model based on dislocation density model and precipitation hardening model is proposed to describe the uniaxial tensile behavior for the age hardening alloys. Based on the experimental findings, the proposed constitutive model is modified to describe the upper boundary of the ratchet shape stress-strain curve under a pulsed electric current. Thermal and electric current-induced annealing with precipitation hardening is considered simultaneously in the modified constitutive model. Phenomenological descriptions of each parameter are demonstrated considering the microstructural features observed in experiments. The modified model is capable of predicting the experimental results very well.

Platinum ditelluride (PtTe