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Monogenic diabetes mellitus, which is diabetes caused by a defect in a single gene that is associated with β cell function or insulin action, accounts for 1% to 6% of all pediatric diabetes cases. Accurate diagnosis is important, as the effective treatment differs according to genetic etiology in some types of monogenic diabetes: high-dose sulfonylurea treatment in neonatal diabetes caused by activating mutations in KCNJ11 or ABCC8; low-dose sulfonylurea treatment in HNF1A/HNF4A-diabetes; and no treatment in GCK diabetes. Monogenic diabetes should be suspected by clinicians for certain combinations of clinical features and laboratory results, and approximately 80% of monogenic diabetes cases are misdiagnosed as type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes. Here, we outline the types of monogenic diabetes and the clinical implications of genetic diagnosis.

This study compared and examined the effects of aroma gargling, cold water gargling, and wet gauze application on thirst, halitosis, and sore throat in patients after spine surgery. A quasiexperimental pretest/posttest control group design was employed. Samples were total 70 patients (aroma gargling: 24 samples, cold gargling: 24 samples, and wet gauze: 22 samples) after spine surgery in K Hospital in Seoul, Korea. The aroma gargle solution as an experimental intervention was prepared by blending peppermint, tea tree, and lemon oils at a ratio of 1:2:2. A 60 cc of aroma gargle solution was used 3 times for 15 to 20 seconds. The visual analog scale was used to measure the degrees of thirst and sore throat, and a portable device was used to examine the degree of halitosis. There were significant differences in the degrees of thirst, halitosis, and sore throat according to interaction between group and duration. In the comparison among 3 groups, aroma gargling provided better oral health by decreasing thirst, halitosis, and sore throat for patients with spine surgery. Aroma gargling can be utilized as an effective nursing intervention for decreasing thirst, halitosis, and sore throat for patients with spine surgery in clinical practice. Results suggest, therefore, that health professionals should consider an array of methods including aroma gargling for patients after spine surgery.

(Received: August 22, 2013; Revised: March 7, 2014; Accepted: March 17, 2014)Abstract : Preventive and therapeutic effects of egg yolk antibody, immunoglobulin Y (IgY), against canine parvovirus(CPV) was evaluated in 25 pups orally challenged with CPV-2a. Oral administration of IgY using powder, paste andcoated paste delivery systems was compared. Each type of IgY was administered orally for 17 days from 3 daysbefore challenge. The group of pups administered coated IgY showed mild symptoms such as a moderate decreasein total white blood cell count, no depression, vomiting and diarrhea when compared with other groups. The overallclinical score of the group of pups administered coated IgY was significantly lower than that of the challenge controlgroup. However, mortality did not differ among groups because not all pups received symptomatic treatment. Theseresults implied that oral treatment of coated IgY could improve therapeutic effects against CPV challenge if pupsreceived symptomatic treatment.Keywords : canine parvoviral enteritis, egg yolk antibody, immunotherapy, oral administration

Allylic chlorides are efficient reagents in the indium-mediated Barbier-type allylation reaction with various aldehydes and ketones in pure water under sonication or in a 1:1 mixture of H 2 O and t-BuOH. Also indium is effective in bisallylation reactions of the 2-pyridyl esters with allyl halides in pure water.