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Although studies have demonstrated that several specific brain lesions are related to the severity of functional outcomes, the effects of specific brain lesions are not yet clear. This study investigated the effects of hemorrhagic stroke lesions on motor recovery. Eleven subjects with hemorrhagic stroke were assessed. Using the Fugl-Meyer Assessment and functional ambulation category, clinical motor and sensory impairments were tested four times in total: initially within 2 weeks and 1, 3, and 6 months after the onset of stroke. Brain lesions and size were evaluated using MRIcron, SPM8, and Talairach Daemon software. Trunk control, motor function in the lower limbs, and sensory function improved significantly within 3 months, after which the change was no longer significant. Upper limb function and gait were unchanged within 1 month but improved significantly 3 months after onset and continued to improve for 6 months. Involvement of the anterior putamen, internal capsule, thalamus, periventricular white matter, and premotor cortex was related to poor upper limb recovery in patients with hemorrhagic stroke. These results should be useful for planning rehabilitation strategies and understanding the prognosis of hemorrhagic stroke.

This study conducted experiments on the reclaimed land of Saemangeum located in Jeongrabuk-do in order to gain basic information about growth characteristics and yield ability according to soil salinity. Having soil excluding salt as a control group, this study adjusted the specimens’ soil salinity to level 4 and then planted four varieties including Ilmichal Corn to investigate the growth or grain yield according to salinity. About the corn establishment rate according to soil salinity, over 97% up to 3.2 dS m -1 was established, and then, it was reduced gradually according to the increase of concentration. According to the salt concentration of soil more required growth duration from seeding to heading comparing to non-treatment salt was delayed, at 1.6 dS m -1 , two days were delayed, at 3.2 dS m -1 , four to six days were delayed differently by varieties, and at 4.8 dS m -1 , six to 10 days were delayed. About the plant fresh weight according to soil salinity, Chalok 4 and Eolrukchal indicated 93%~97% or so compared with the salt-free one at 1.6 dS m

This study was conducted to investigate the germination and growth response by Salinities of Spergularia marina Griseb grown in the western coastal region in South Korea. The germination was investigated for 10 days at temperature 10℃, 15℃, 20℃, 25℃ in order to examine the germination of Spergularia marina Griseb by NaCl concentration 0.0, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0%. The germination of NaCl concentration 0.0~1.0% was 90% over at 15℃ treatment, but the germination of NaCl concentration 2.0% was 0% at all temperature treatments. To identify the growth response of Spergularia marina Griseb according to the salinity, Spergularia marina Griseb was cultivated for 8 weeks in Hoagland culture medium and sea water. In nutrient solution culture, growth was best in NaCl 50mM among 0∼400 mM concentrations and in 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100% of sea water, growth was best in 12.5% (dilution ratio with fresh water) treatment. Spergularia marina Griseb's inorganic component contents according to salinity showed that Na + content increased, but contents of K + , Ca + , Mg + decreased. As a result, appropriate condition for Spergularia marina Griseb's germination is considered to be maintained at 15℃ and in less than NaCl 1.0% of salinity. When nutrient solution culture, NaCl 0.3% of treatment level is considered to be the optimum salinity.

In order to verify the applicability of buckling restrained braces (BRB`s) and fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets to the seismic strengthening of a low-rise RC building having the irregularities of a soft/weak story and torsion at the ground story, a series of earthquake simulation tests were conducted on a 1:5 scale RC building model before, and after, the strengthening, and these test results are compared and analyzed, to check the effectiveness of the strengthening. Based on the investigations, the following conclusions are made: (1) The BRB`s revealed significant slips at the joint with the existing RC beam, up-lifts of columns from RC foundations and displacements due to the flexibility of foundations, and final failure due to the buckling and fracture of base joint angles. The lateral stiffness appeared to be, thereby, as low as one seventh of the intended value, which led to a large yield displacement and, therefore, the BRB`s could not dissipate seismic input energy as desired within the range of anticipated displacements. (2) Although the strengthened model did not behave as desired, great enhancement in earthquake resistance was achieved through an approximate 50% increase in the lateral resistance of the wall, due to the axial constraint by the peripheral BRB frames. Finally, (3) whereas in the original model, base torsion was resisted by both the inner core walls and the peripheral frames, the strengthened model resisted most of the base torsion with the peripheral frames, after yielding of the inner core walls, and represented dual values of torsion stiffness, depending on the yielding of core walls.

Now in Korea, halophytes such as Salicornia herbacea and Spergularia marina are being cultivated as new income crops in southwestern coastal regions. So basis studies on halophytes’ growth characteristics is needed for developing a standard cultural practices of them. This study was carried out to investigate on cultivation of Salicornia herbacea, representative halophytes at new reclaimed land. First, in order to examine the characteristics of Salicornia herbacea germination by salinity (NaCl concentration 0 ~ 3%), germination tests were carried out. At the low-temperature 10C, germination of Salicornia herbacea was slow but lasted for 15 days at all salinities, and final germination rates were of 78 ~ 90%. At higher than 20C, maximum germination rate was showed within four days. Germination inhibition by salt was showed at NaCl concentration 3% and 30C. The second, to investigate on the growth characteristics of Salicornia herbacea by nitrogen fertilization, port experiments were conducted at the greenhouse. Salicornia herbacea’s buds began to be found after five days after sowing. Salicornia herbacea growth such as plant height, number of braches, etc. increased with increasing nitrogen fertilization. In order to investigate the growth characteristics by salinities, cultivation test of Salicornia herbacea was conducted in nutriculture with different salinities. In the plot without NaCl, the growth of Salicornia herbacea was very low, and it began to wither within one month. In plots with NaCl, the growth of Salicornia herbacea was well until concentrations of NaCl 500mM, and optimum NaCl concentration was 200mM for growth of Salicornia herbacea. Field verification experiments about the effect of nitrogen fertilization on transplanted Salicornia herbacea were conducted at the Saemangeum reclaimed land in Korea. There was a tendency to increase number of branches and plant length with increasing nitrogen fertilization. Amount of P2O5 and mineral element such as CaO, Na2O, K2O and MgO tended to increase with increasing nitrogen fertilization. However, there was no statistically significant difference.

The physical and chemical properties of soil in the Mangyeong and Dongjin river basin had been investigated in order to establish the most optimum soil improvement plan on the reclaimed land. The total soil area by reclamation in Saemangeum basin is 113,971 ha. The classification by the distribution of soil series and soil texture is as following. 13 soil series including Chonnam, Buyong and Chonbuk series are period-unknown areas. Regarding the soil texture, they are fine silty ~ clayey very fine. From 1920s to 1960s, Mangyeong, Gwanghwal and Chonbuk series had coarse silty textured soil. After the 1970s, Mangyeong, Gwanghwal, Munpo, Yeompo, Poseung, Gapo and Hasa series have more sandy soil ~ moderately coarse loamy textured soil. Regarding the chemical properties, the concentrations of EC, Exch. , , and pH are high regardless of the time of reclamation. On the other hand, organic matter (OM) of top soil were 3.3~16.1 g . The organic matter contents were very low though the soil had been farmed for a long time. Furthermore, the deep soil had almost no organic matter with 5.6~1.1 g . The reason is believed that there had not been any movement of OM and clay because pressure or induced pans had been formed by large agricultural machineries and poor vertical drain. Regarding the forming of illuvial horizon (B layer) which tells the development extent of soil, only in the Hwapo reclaimed area where rice had been cultivated for past 90 years, Fe and Mn from top soil are deposited at underground 20~30 cm with 7~8 cm thickness by the movement of clay. It is believed that it had been possible because the earthiness is silty clay loam soil with relatively high content of clay. The soils are soil with concern of damage from sea water, soil on flimsy ground and sandy soil. Therefore, soil improvement for stable crop production can be expected; if the water table would be lowered by subsurface drainage, the water permeability would be enhanced by gypsum and organic matter, and the sandy soil would be replaced by red soil with high content of clay.

This paper presents the results of shaking table tests on a 1:5 scale 10-story R.C. wall-type residential building model. The following conclusions are drawn based on the test results. (1) The model responded linear elastically under the excitations simulating an earthquake with a return period of 50 years, and showed a nonlinear response under the excitations simulating the design earthquake of Korea. (2) The model showed a significant strength drop under the maximum considered earthquake, with a return period of 2400 years. (3) The major portion of the resistance to lateral inertia forces came from the walls used for the elevator and stair case. (4) Finally, the damage and failure modes appear to be due to the flexural behavior of walls and slabs. A significant deterioration of stiffness and an elongation of the fundamental periods were observed under increased earthquake excitations.

The purpose of this study was to develop an efficient process in the design and construction of a 1:5 scale 10-story R.C. apartment building model for an earthquake simulation test. The reduction ratio of the specimen was determined by the size () and pay load (600kN) of the available shaking table and the availability of model reinforcements. For efficiency and quality control of the reinforcement work, prefabrication was used. Construction was conducted in two steps, the wall in one step, and another step for the slab, because it was impossible to remove the formwork of a wall if the walls and slabs in a story were constructed in one step. The slip form construction method was used repetitively for walls. The formwork of a wall was made with veneer and acryl plate on each side, so it was possible to check the quality of the concrete placing. To construct this model, it took roughly six months with five full-time research assistants, for a total of 602 man days of labor in construction.

This paper presents the seismic responses of a 1:5-scale five-story reinforced concrete building model, which represents a residential apartment building that has a high irregularity of weak story, soft story, and torsion simultaneously at the ground story. The model was subjected to a series of uni- and bi-directional earthquake simulation tests. Analysis of the test results leads to the following conclusions: (1) The model survived the table excitations simulating the design earthquake with the PGA of 0.187 g without any significant damages, though it was not designed against earthquakes; (2) The fundamental mode was the torsion mode. The second and third orthogonal translational modes acted independently while the torsion mode showed a strong correlation with the predominant translational mode; (3) After a significant excursion into inelastic behavior, this correlation disappeared and the maximum torsion and torsion deformation remained almost constant regardless of the intensity of the two orthogonal excitations; And, (4) the lateral resistance and stiffness of the critical columns and wall increased or decreased significantly with the large variation of acting axial forces caused by the high bidirectional overturning moments and rocking phenomena under the bi-directional excitations.

The purpose of this experimental study is to evaluate the seismic performance of a 2 story RC shear wall system by the static reversal loading test. The lower 2 stories of the prototype structure were selected, and the specimens of this study were comprised of a T-type wall with an opening. The specimens were reduced to about 60% of the full scale size and were constructed to measure the result of the experimental variable regarding the existence of a lintel beam. To perform this study, the static repeated loading test was performed. According to the existence or absence of a lintel beam, the structural capacities and behavioral differences of the shear wall system were compared. The test results of this study showed that the specimen with a lintel beam underwent the seismic performance with an ultimate strength and ductility capacity better than the specimen without a lintel beam.