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5. EPN24, Global Collaboration and IntegrationDevelopment: Strategic Plan 2020–2024

Author

Cavalazzi, Barbara, primary, Heward, Anita, additional, Mason, Nigel, additional, Datta, Susmita, additional, Davis, Gareth R., additional, Walter, Nicholas, additional, L'Haridon, Jonas, additional, Franchi, Fulvio, additional, Hagos, Miruts, additional, Gomez, Fernando, additional, Yi, Keewook, additional, Chang, Hyejung, additional, Kim, Kyeong Ja, additional, and Liu, Yang, additional

Published
2022
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7. Diagenesis of Vera Rubin Ridge, Gale Crater, Mars, From Mastcam Multispectral Images

Author

Horgan, Briony H. N., primary, Johnson, Jeffrey R., additional, Fraeman, Abigail A., additional, Rice, Melissa S., additional, Seeger, Christina, additional, Bell, James F., additional, Bennett, Kristen A., additional, Cloutis, Edward A., additional, Edgar, Lauren A., additional, Frydenvang, Jens, additional, Grotzinger, John P., additional, L'Haridon, Jonas, additional, Jacob, Samantha R., additional, Mangold, Nicolas, additional, Rampe, Elizabeth B., additional, Rivera‐Hernandez, Frances, additional, Sun, Vivian Z., additional, Thompson, Lucy M., additional, and Wellington, Danika, additional

Published
2020
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8. Diagenesis of Vera Rubin ridge, Gale crater, Mars from Mastcam multispectral images

Author

Horgan, Briony Heather Noelle, primary, Johnson, Jeffrey R., additional, Fraeman, Abigail A., additional, Rice, Melissa Susanne, additional, Seeger, Christina, additional, Bell III, James F, additional, Bennett, Kristen, additional, Cloutis, Edward, additional, Frydenvang, Jens, additional, L'Haridon, Jonas, additional, Mangold, Nicolas, additional, Edgar, Lauren Ashley, additional, Grotzinger, John P., additional, Jacob, Samantha, additional, Rampe, Elizabeth B., additional, Rivera-Hernández, Frances, additional, Sun, Vivian Zheng, additional, Thompson, Lucy M, additional, and Wellington, Danika, additional

Published
2020
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9. Open System Alteration At Gale Crater, Using Chemcam, Onboard The Curiosity Rover

Author

Nicolas Mangold, Agnès Cousin, Erwin Dehouck, Olivier Forni, Abigael Fraeman, Jens Frydenvang, Olivier Gasnault, Jeffrey Johnson, Laetitia Le Deit, Haridon, Jonas L., Stéphane Le Mouélic, Sylvestre Maurice, Scott Mclennan, Pierre-Yves Meslin, Newsom, Horton E., William Rapin, Frances Rivera-Hernandez, Wiens, Roger C., Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement [Lyon] (LGL-TPE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory [Laurel, MD] (APL), Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique [UMR 6112] (LPG), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Meteoritics [Albuquerque] (IOM), The University of New Mexico [Albuquerque], Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement (LGL-TPE), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SDU.STU.PL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology
Abstract

International audience; We provide a summary of the chemical composition along the >300 m-thick pile of sedimentary rocks, encountered by Curiosity at Gale crater. The continuity in sedimentary deposition and chemical trends such as the high Chemical Index of Alteration indicate an environment of deposition that requires aqueous alteration in open system at the surface, over geologically long durations.

Published
2019

10. Diagenetic Processes in Sedimentary Rocks At Gale Crater, Mars, Using Chemcam, Curiosity Rover

Author

Haridon, Jonas L., Nicolas Mangold, Roger Wiens, Agnès Cousin, Gael David, Jeffrey Johnson, Abigail Fraeman, William Rapin, Jens Frydenvang, Erwin Dehouck, Susanne Schwenzer, Patrick Gasda, Nina Lanza, John Bridges, Briony Horgan, Christopher House, Pierre-Yves Meslin, Mark Salvatore, Olivier Gasnault, Sylvestre Maurice, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory [Laurel, MD] (APL), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement (LGL-TPE), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement [Lyon] (LGL-TPE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)

Subjects
[SDU.STU.PL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology
Abstract

International audience; We describe the chemistry of diagenetic features using the ChemCam instrument to understand the post-depositional history of aqueous sedimentary rocks at Gale crater. These new observations display the significant role played by groundwater circulation and diagenesis in the mobility and distribution of iron in the Vera Rubin Ridge, highlighted here by reducing fluids observed late in the sequence of diagenesis.

Published
2019

11. Geologic mapping and stratigraphy of remote Martian outcrops using digital outcrop model and virtual reality: example of the Kimberley outcrop (Gale Crater, Mars)

Author

Le Mouélic, Stéphane, Caravaca, Gwénaël, Mangold, Nicolas, L'Haridon, Jonas, Le Deit, Laetitia, Massé, Marion, Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique [UMR 6112] (LPG), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Copernicus, and European Project: 776276,PLANMAP

Subjects
[SDU.STU.PL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology, [SDU.STU.ST]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Stratigraphy, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences
Abstract

International audience; Reconstruction of highly-resolved Digital Outcrop Model (DOM) using Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry is a low-cost but very effective method to explore and study remote planetary outcrops. Extensive data gathered by Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover Curiosity can be used to produce models of specific outcrops visited by the rover in the Gale Crater, on Mars. Integration into a Virtual Reality (VR) environment of these DOM enables one or several users to experience a reliable and realistic depiction of the actual geometries of the geological features, which is usually prevented by classic viewing methods on computer screens. Also, use of a VR environment authorizes the observation at real scale of various sedimentary series, structures and objects present at an outcrop, the same way they would on a real field. Moreover, this practice allows for a very precise and accurate characterization, description and therefore mapping of the features, as well as the contextualization of the sampling and remote analyses underwent by the Curiosity rover within their geological setting (e.g. ChemCam Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectrometer and Remote Micro-Imager data). Here, we focus on the Kimberley outcrop, traversed by Curiosity in 2014 between martian sols 603 and 630. This section presents a sedimentary succession with unusually high potassic content (Le Deit et al., JGR-Planets, 2016). However, poorly constrained stratigraphic relations between the series of the Kimberley Formation and its local to regional surroundings prevent further understanding of the exact extent of these accumulations and their significance within the broader Gale Crater paleoenvironmental scheme. Such questions highlight the need for a new finer mapping of, first, the outcrop itself to notably achieve precise characterization at the cm-scale of the Mount Remarkable butte; and then of the various structures present in the immediate vicinity of the outcrop. We therefore propose to use a custom true color highly resolved (up to the mm-scale) DOM of the Kimberley outcrop integrated into a VR environment to achieve precise and accurate mapping of the area and of the different geomorphological and sedimentological features (beds, structures and contacts alike). This represents a first step toward a better understanding of the intra-and inter-formational relations of the Kimberley series. We acknowledge the EU H2020 PlanMap project for supporting this work.

Published
2019
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12. Digital outcrop model reconstruction and virtual reality integration of the Kimberley outcrop (Gale Crater, Mars) for geological 'in situ' analysis

Author

Caravaca, Gwénaël, Le Mouélic, Stéphane, Mangold, Nicolas, L'Haridon, Jonas, Le Deit, Laetitia, Massé, Marion, Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique [UMR 6112] (LPG), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Copernicus, and European Project: 776276,PLANMAP

Subjects
[SDU.STU.PL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology, [SDU.STU.ST]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Stratigraphy, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, [INFO.INFO-GR]Computer Science [cs]/Graphics [cs.GR]
Abstract

International audience; Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry is an efficient, low-cost and powerful method to reconstruct Digital Outcrop Models (DOM) only from a set of overlapping photos. Apparent displacement of similar points across the set are used to determine the position of these points within a 3D space, and therefore recreate the tri-dimensional geometry (3D mesh) of the photographed objects. This method has recently been explored for remote planetary exploration such as that of the Gale Crater, Mars, thanks to the extensive imagery data from the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover Curiosity. Here, we reconstructed a DOM of the Kimberley outcrop, traversed by Curiosity between sols 603 and 630, based on a comprehensive set of multi-scale photos gathered by 3 different imaging instruments aboard Curiosity, namely the navigational cameras (NavCam, 530 photos), mast cameras (MastCam, 1443 photos) and the Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI, 32 photos). Despite the difference in resolution, colorization (greyscale vs full color), coverage and overlap parameters across these three different image data, we were able to compute a highly resolved full color DOM of the Kimberley outcrop using Agisoft PhotoScan software. Moreover, use of PhotoScan's embedded advanced geospatial features allowed us to obtain a geographically constrained DOM and a direct and proper scaling of the model (validated using the rover's tracks on the model). As the Kimberley outcrop presents a sedimentary succession with unusually high potassic content (Le Deit et al., JGR-Planets, 2016), the stratigraphic relations within this series and with its immediate to local surroundings are critical to understand the extent of these potassic accumulations and their signification from a paleoenvironmental point of view. We therefore integrated this high-resolution DOM into a collaborative Virtual Reality (VR) environment. VR lets one or several users observe at real scale the various sedimentary series and structures of the outcrop. This way, precise and accurate description, quantification and mapping of the outcrop is possible, allowing for more precise characterization and interpretation, as well as enabling contextualization within the local geological setting of the various data gathered by Curiosity (e.g. ChemCam Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectrometer and Remote Micro-Imager data). Collaborative VR exploration and characterization of photogrammetrically reconstructed reliable DOM is paving the way for remote geological exploration of Martian outcrops and other planetary bodies in near future. We acknowledge the EU H2020 PlanMap project for supporting this work.

Published
2019
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13. 3D Digital Reconstruction of the Kimberley Outcrop (Gale Crater, Mars) from Photogrammetry using Multi-Scale Imagery from Mars Science Laboratory

Author

Caravaca, Gwénaël, Le Mouélic, Stéphane, Mangold, Nicolas, L'Haridon, Jonas, Le Deit, Laetitia, Massé, Marion, Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique [UMR 6112] (LPG), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and European Project: 776276,PLANMAP

Subjects
[SDU.STU.PL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology, [SDU.STU.ST]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Stratigraphy, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences
Abstract

International audience; Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photo-grammetry is an efficient, low-cost and powerful method to reconstruct Digital Outcrop Models (DOM) and/or specific geological object, only from a set of pho-tos [1]. This method is particularly well-suited in remote planetary exploration such as that of Gale Crater, Mars, using extensive imagery data from the Curiosity rover mission [2]. Using a set of multi-scale images from 3 different instruments aboard Curiosity, we were able to compute a high-resolution and highly-detailed full color DOM of the Kimberley outcrop (sols 603-630), that was then integrated into a Virtual Reality (VR) environment for visualization and geological characterization.

Published
2019
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14. Diagenesis of Vera Rubin Ridge, Gale Crater, Mars, From Mastcam Multispectral Images

Author

Horgan, Briony H.N., Johnson, Jeffrey R., Fraeman, Abigail A., Rice, Melissa S., Seeger, Christina, Bell, James F., Bennett, Kristen A., Cloutis, Edward A., Edgar, Lauren A., Frydenvang, Jens, Grotzinger, John P., L'Haridon, Jonas, Jacob, Samantha R., Mangold, Nicolas, Rampe, Elizabeth B., Rivera-Hernandez, Frances, Sun, Vivian Z., Thompson, Lucy M., Wellington, Danika, Horgan, Briony H.N., Johnson, Jeffrey R., Fraeman, Abigail A., Rice, Melissa S., Seeger, Christina, Bell, James F., Bennett, Kristen A., Cloutis, Edward A., Edgar, Lauren A., Frydenvang, Jens, Grotzinger, John P., L'Haridon, Jonas, Jacob, Samantha R., Mangold, Nicolas, Rampe, Elizabeth B., Rivera-Hernandez, Frances, Sun, Vivian Z., Thompson, Lucy M., and Wellington, Danika

Abstract

Images from the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission of lacustrine sedimentary rocks of Vera Rubin ridge on “Mt. Sharp” in Gale crater, Mars, have shown stark color variations from red to purple to gray. These color differences crosscut stratigraphy and are likely due to diagenetic alteration of the sediments after deposition. However, the chemistry and timing of these fluid interactions is unclear. Determining how diagenetic processes may have modified chemical and mineralogical signatures of ancient Martian environments is critical for understanding the past habitability of Mars and achieving the goals of the MSL mission. Here we use visible/near-infrared spectra from Mastcam and ChemCam to determine the mineralogical origins of color variations in the ridge. Color variations are consistent with changes in spectral properties related to the crystallinity, grain size, and texture of hematite. Coarse-grained gray hematite spectrally dominates in the gray patches and is present in the purple areas, while nanophase and fine-grained red crystalline hematite are present and spectrally dominate in the red and purple areas. We hypothesize that these differences were caused by grain-size coarsening of hematite by diagenetic fluids, as observed in terrestrial analogs. In this model, early primary reddening by oxidizing fluids near the surface was followed during or after burial by bleaching to form the gray patches, possibly with limited secondary reddening after exhumation. Diagenetic alteration may have diminished the preservation of biosignatures and changed the composition of the sediments, making it more difficult to interpret how conditions evolved in the paleolake over time.

Published
2020

17. Diagenesis of Vera Rubin ridge, Gale crater, Mars from Mastcam multispectral images

Author

Horgan, Briony Heather Noelle, primary, Johnson, Jeffrey R., additional, Fraeman, Abigail A., additional, Rice, Melissa Susanne, additional, Seeger, Christina, additional, Bell III, James F, additional, Bennett, Kristen, additional, Cloutis, Edward, additional, Frydenvang, Jens, additional, L'Haridon, Jonas, additional, Mangold, Nicolas, additional, Edgar, Lauren Ashley, additional, Grotzinger, John P., additional, Jacob, Samantha, additional, Rampe, Elizabeth B., additional, Rivera-Hernández, Frances, additional, Sun, Vivian Zheng, additional, Thompson, Lucy M, additional, and Wellington, Danika, additional

Published
2019
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18. Chemical Composition of Aqueous Sedimentary Rocks at Gale Crater, Mars

Author

Nicolas Mangold, Agnès Cousin, Erwin Dehouck, Olivier Forni, Abigael Fraeman, Jens Frydenvang, Olivier Gasnault, Jeffrey Johnson, Laetitia Le Deit, Haridon, Jonas L., Stéphane Le Mouélic, Sylvestre Maurice, Scott Mclennan, Pierre-Yves Meslin, Newsom, Horton E., William Rapin, Frances Rivera-Hernandez, Mark Salvatore, Susanne Schwenzer, Roger Wiens, Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement [Lyon] (LGL-TPE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory [Laurel, MD] (APL), Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique [UMR 6112] (LPG), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Meteoritics [Albuquerque] (IOM), The University of New Mexico [Albuquerque], Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement (LGL-TPE), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SDU.STU.PL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology
Abstract

International audience; The Curiosity rover has traversed 20 km from its landing to the layered rocks of Mt. Sharp (formally named Aeolis Mons), spending >2270 sols (Martian days) at the surface of Mars. In this overview, we provide a summary of the chemical composition along the Murray formation, a >300 m-thick pile of sedimentary rocks present at the base of Mt. Sharp, and dominated by mudstones and fine-grained sandstones interpreted as predominantly lacustrine deposits (Grotzinger et al., Science, 2015). The ChemCam instrument is a laser ablation spectrometer capable of measuring local chemistry (scale of 0.5 mm). Bulk chemistry is derived from the average of several observation points of a given target (after removal of points on soils and diagenetic features). ChemCam is also powerful for identifying the composition of diagenetic features (veins, nodules, concretions, etc.). Along the Murray section, especially the Karasburg and Sutton Island members (sols 1350-1650), the bulk chemistry of Murray Formation presents a low abundance of CaO of 1-2 wt.%, well below the average Mars crust (7-8 wt.%). The Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) ranges from 50 to 63, suggesting a substantial weathering (as is the case for CIA>50), in agreement with the presence of di-octahedral smectites indicative of surface conditions (from CheMin data, Bristow et al., Science Advances, 2018). These observations indicate weathering in an open system, at or near the surface, contrasting with the results at Yellowknife Bay where mudstones formed in closed system (McLennan et al., Science, 2014). On sol 1750, Curiosity reached the Vera Rubin Ridge (VRR), which is associated with "red hematite" in orbital spectral data (Fraeman et al., JGR, 2013). At this location, ChemCam did not identify a significant enhancement in bulk FeOT abundance. ChemCam detects anomalously high iron abundances (>40 wt.% FeOT) on dark-toned nodules/veins/crystals, locally associated with light-toned Ca-sulfate veins, highlighting their diagenetic origin (i.e., formed during burial). Locally, some of these high-Fe locations have a crystal shape, highlighting the pseudomorphism of pre-existing crystals, likely gypsum. No detection of volatiles (S, H or C) was observed, limiting the potential mineralogical phases to iron oxides. ChemCam passive reflectance spectra (no laser) show only weakly ferric signatures associated with these features contrasting with typical hematite-like spectra associated with VRR host rocks, suggesting these features are composed of iron oxide phases other than red hematite (e.g. magnetite, specular hematite). In addition, bleached halos depleted in FeO (

20. Chemical Composition of Aqueous Sedimentary Rocks at Gale Crater, Mars.

Author

Mangold, Nicolas, Cousin, Agnès, Dehouck, Erwin, Forni, Olivier, Fraeman, Abigael, Frydenvang, Jens, Gasnault, Olivier, Johnson, Jeffrey, Deit, Laetitia Le, L'Haridon, Jonas, Mouélic, Stéphane Le, Maurice, Sylvestre, McLennan, Scott, Meslin, Pierre-Yves, Newsom, Horton E., Rapin, William, Rivera-Hernandez, Frances, Salvatore, Mark, Schwenzer, Susanne, and Wiens, Roger

Published
2019

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