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A. Introduction. – B. Articulation. – C. The substantive rules: legal basis and rationale. – D. Grounds and type of creditor’s liability. – E. The burden of proof: 1. The general rule and its exceptions; 2. Failure to initiate proceedings as to the substance of the claim; 3. Failure to request the release of over-preserved amounts; 4. Failure to comply with the obligations relating to parallel applications; 5. Failure to comply with the obligations in respect of service and translation. – F. The role of domestic rules on the creditor’s liability: 1. Liability issues left with the applicable national law; 2. Domestic rules aimed at reinforcing the protection of the debtor. – G. The special conflict-of-laws rules. – H. Jurisdiction.

The purpose of this analysis is to establish a correspondence of design policies with the innovation measurement framework of the Oslo Manual (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD, 2005). Its importance lies in the fact that, although among academics and professionals design has been recognized as an engine of economic development at both micro and macro levels, it is not recognized by policymakers; which implies that innovation policies are an established academic field while design policies remain as an emerging one. This study includes the analysis of six design policies from European countries or regions, which led to the identification of different strategies that are influenced by infrastructure and institutional framework, design promotion, education systems, etc. Those strategies were categorized into twelve groups using methodologies of qualitative content analysis. Afterwards, a SWOT analysis developed for each of the twelve categories allowed to established a relation between them and the stakeholders of the Oslo Manual’s framework, in addition to the possibility to compare its implementation in each of the six-analyzed countries or regions. This graphical correlation showed that the existing links between the stakeholders of the system are the same links that exist between categories; therefore, the strategies of the different categories reinforce the links and ties between the different stakeholders of a system of Innovation from a country/region. This methodology can be adapted to analyze the design policy of any region. Replicate the results of this research would enable to standardize Latin American design policies in a global context by allowing them to be compared with systems from leading countries. © 2018 Universidad Diego Portales. All rights reserved.

This analysis is part of the doctoral thesis project "The Design System in the Mediterranean Arc Euroregion: priorities for the characterization of a strategic model". Its purpose is to make a comparison between different design policies in Europe. This study started with a bibliographical review on the implementation of policies for strategic design in different countries and regions of Europe, as well as the analysis of competitiveness corporate ladder, competitiveness in design, innovation performance, etc. Because of these analyses, five countries and one region were selected: United Kingdom, Finland, Denmark, Norway, Estonia and Flanders. Information coding was conducted following the grounded theory research. Segments of analysis in the literature review, which were not preconceived prior to the initiation of this investigation, were identified and grouped into categories. Subsequently, matrix analyses and relationship networks or concept maps were used to visually demonstrate and compare the strategies that make up the design policies in each country/region. In addition, a relationship between competitiveness corporate ladder, growth of competitiveness and performance in innovation with the maps of the strategies could be established. The countries in the top 15 of the different rankings are those that have a higher chromatic brand because they have a higher number of strategies that promote design as a strategy. This comparative analysis can be used in different types of design policies of any territory in order to carry out an initial detection of existing strategies and to know the complexity of a specific design policy.

The purpose of this analysis is to establish a correspondence of design policies with the innovation measurement framework of the Oslo Manual (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD, 2005). Its importance lies in the fact that, although among academics and professionals design has been recognized as an engine of economic development at both micro and macro levels, it is not recognized by policymakers; which implies that innovation policies are an established academic field while design policies remain as an emerging one. This study includes the analysis of six design policies from European countries or regions, which led to the identification of different strategies that are influenced by infrastructure and institutional framework, design promotion, education systems, etc. Those strategies were categorized into twelve groups using methodologies of qualitative content analysis. Afterwards, a SWOT analysis developed for each of the twelve categories allowed to established a relation between them and the stakeholders of the Oslo Manual’s framework, in addition to the possibility to compare its implementation in each of the six-analyzed countries or regions. This graphical correlation showed that the existing links between the stakeholders of the system are the same links that exist between categories; therefore, the strategies of the different categories reinforce the links and ties between the different stakeholders of a system of Innovation from a country/region. This methodology can be adapted to analyze the design policy of any region. Replicate the results of this research would enable to standardize Latin American design policies in a global context by allowing them to be compared with systems from leading countries. © 2018 Universidad Diego Portales. All rights reserved.

This analysis is part of the doctoral thesis project "The Design System in the Mediterranean Arc Euroregion: priorities for the characterization of a strategic model". Its purpose is to make a comparison between different design policies in Europe. This study started with a bibliographical review on the implementation of policies for strategic design in different countries and regions of Europe, as well as the analysis of competitiveness corporate ladder, competitiveness in design, innovation performance, etc. Because of these analyses, five countries and one region were selected: United Kingdom, Finland, Denmark, Norway, Estonia and Flanders. Information coding was conducted following the grounded theory research. Segments of analysis in the literature review, which were not preconceived prior to the initiation of this investigation, were identified and grouped into categories. Subsequently, matrix analyses and relationship networks or concept maps were used to visually demonstrate and compare the strategies that make up the design policies in each country/region. In addition, a relationship between competitiveness corporate ladder, growth of competitiveness and performance in innovation with the maps of the strategies could be established. The countries in the top 15 of the different rankings are those that have a higher chromatic brand because they have a higher number of strategies that promote design as a strategy. This comparative analysis can be used in different types of design policies of any territory in order to carry out an initial detection of existing strategies and to know the complexity of a specific design policy.

Contains fulltext : 220051.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access), Congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt (CEPS) or Abernethy malformation is a rare condition in which splanchnic venous blood bypasses the liver draining directly into systemic circulation through a congenital shunt. Patients may develop hepatic encephalopathy (HE), pulmonary hypertension (PaHT), or liver tumors, among other complications. However, the actual incidence of such complications is unknown, mainly because of the lack of a protocolized approach to these patients. This study characterizes the clinical manifestations and outcome of a large cohort of CEPS patients with the aim of proposing a guide for their management. This is an observational, multicenter, international study. Sixty-six patients were included; median age at the end of follow-up was 30 years. Nineteen patients (28%) presented HE. Ten-, 20-, and 30-year HE incidence rates were 13%, 24%, and 28%, respectively. No clinical factors predicted HE. Twenty-five patients had benign nodular lesions. Ten patients developed adenomas (median age, 18 years), and another 8 developed HCC (median age, 39 years). Of 10 patients with dyspnea, PaHT was diagnosed in 8 and hepatopulmonary syndrome in 2. Pulmonary complications were only screened for in 19 asymptomatic patients, and PaHT was identified in 2. Six patients underwent liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma or adenoma. Shunt closure was performed in 15 patients with improvement/stability/cure of CEPS manifestations. Conclusion: CEPS patients may develop severe complications. Screening for asymptomatic complications and close surveillance is needed. Shunt closure should be considered both as a therapeutic and prophylactic approach.