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This article presents a case report on the cytopathological findings of granular cell glioblastoma (GCBG) in intraoperative squash smear preparations. GCBG is a rare and aggressive type of brain tumor that is difficult to diagnose. The article describes the microscopic features of GCBG, including the presence of large macrophage-like tumor cells with eosinophilic granular cytoplasm and distinct nucleoli. The authors emphasize the importance of caution in diagnosing GCBG and suggest communicating potential differential diagnoses to neurosurgeons. [Extracted from the article]

The current World Health Organization classification of gliomas is based on morphological, genetic, and molecular parameters. In this review, we intend to present the most relevant cytological features of these tumours, with a particular focus on their analysis during intraoperative studies. Rapid diagnosis is required in this context, and at present it is not possible to evaluate the genetic or molecular profile of a tumour intraoperatively. New terminology and diagnostic parameters have been introduced, but the essence of intraoperative recognition remains the same. The main challenge in astrocytoma IDH‐mutant, grade 2 is recognising the tissue as neoplastic. Since glioma grades 3 and 4 are assigned based on histological and genetic variables that are not necessarily measurable on cytology, the term high‐grade glioma is often used for intraoperative diagnosis. Oligodendroglioma, IDH‐mutant and 1p/19q‐codeleted shows peculiar cytological findings as well as the common subtypes of glioblastoma IDH‐wildtype (giant cell, epithelioid, gliosarcoma and small cell). Many of the paediatric‐type‐diffuse gliomas have been described very recently and there are no cytological reports of proven cases. Finally, pilocytic astrocytoma, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, chordoid glioma, and astroblastoma MN1‐altered constitute the group of circumscribed astrocytic gliomas. They are remarkable entities that the pathologist must be able to recognise since most are low‐grade neoplasms that can show atypical morphological features. The last world health organization classification of gliomas is based on morphologic, genetic, and molecular parameters. The latter have modified considerably our understanding and diagnosis of these tumors. In this review we intend to show their most relevant cytologic features, and it is especially aimed at their analysis during intraoperative studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite common histogenesis meningiomas have a wide morphologic spectrum, and the World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes 15 subtypes. They are the most common brain tumour in adults and typically have an extra‐axial location. Although there have been important advances in the molecular biology of meningiomas its diagnosis is based on histopathologic features. The great majority are benign WHO grade 1 tumours. There are specific criteria for assigning WHO grade 2 and 3 that can be applied to all meningioma subtypes. Regardless of these criteria, chordoid and clear cell morphologic subtypes are considered grade 2. WHO grade 3 tumours exhibit a very high mitotic index, frank anaplasia or specific molecular abnormalities. The impressive morphologic diversity shown by meningiomas makes them a diagnostic challenge, which can be even greater in intraoperative studies. The focus of this article is to describe and illustrate their main cytologic features, with emphasis on the most infrequent subtypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]