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Introduction: Paediatric gastrointestinal endoscopy (pGIE) has advanced significantly over the last decade, with increased diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Objectives: This study examines the current state of pGIE in Spain, changes in the field over 5 years, and the involvement of paediatric gastroenterologists (pGEs). Materials and methods: A structured self-administered questionnaire was distributed by the Endoscopy Working Group of the Spanish Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (SEGHNP) through the REDCap platform. The questionnaire included questions concerning techniques, sedation, indications, and organizational barriers. We compared the results with data from 2015. Results: Eighty-one of the 103 invited hospitals participated (66.4%). Paediatric gastroenterologists performed 71% of scheduled pGIEs and 24% of emergency pGIEs. Therapeutic endoscopies accounted for 72% of procedures, including foreign body removal (50%) and polypectomy (36%), and were performed by pGEs in 61% and 63% of cases, respectively. When it came to other procedures, pGEs performed 24% in the case of hydrostatic dilation, 20% in the case of variceal sclerotherapy and of haemoclip placement, and 18% in the case of endoscopic coagulation. None of the endoscopic ultrasound, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography or enteroscopy procedures were performed by pGEs. Sedation was administered by anaesthesiologists in 70% of cases. Compared to 2015, there was an increase in the scheduled endoscopies performed by pGEs (71% vs 54%), the performance of gastroscopies (>180 per year in 61% vs 24%) and colonoscopies (60−120 per year in 31% vs 12%) and the use of picosulfate for colonoscopy preparation (44% vs 10%). Conclusions: There has been a significant increase in the involvement of pGEs in pGIE in Spain, although of lesser magnitude in emergency and therapeutic endoscopy procedures. Resumen: Introducción: La endoscopia digestiva pediátrica (EDP) ha avanzado en la última década, con más aplicaciones diagnósticas y terapéuticas. Objetivos: Este estudio analiza la situación actual de la EDP en España, su evolución en cinco años y la participación del pediatra gastroenterólogo (PG). Material y métodos: Se distribuyó una encuesta estructurada para ser auto-completada a través de la plataforma REDCap enviada por el Grupo de Trabajo de endoscopia de la Sociedad Española de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica (SEGHNP). Los resultados se compararon con los datos recabados en el año 2015. Resultados: Participaron 81 de los 103 hospitales invitados (66,4%). El PG realizó el 71% de las EDP programadas y el 24% de las urgentes. Un 72% de los procedimientos incluyeron endoscopias terapéuticas, como extracción de cuerpo extraño (50%) y polipectomía (36%), realizadas por el PG en el 61% y 63% de los casos. Otros procedimientos, como dilatación hidroneumática, fueron realizados por el PG en el 24%, y técnicas como esclerosis de varices, hemoclips y coagulación en 20%, 20% y 18%. Ningún PG realizó ecoendoscopias, CPRE ni enteroscopias. La sedación fue administrada por anestesiólogos en el 70% de los casos. Comparado con 2015, aumentaron las endoscopias programadas por el PG (71% vs 54%), gastroscopias (>180 al año en 61% vs 24%) y colonoscopias (60−120 al año en 31% vs 12%), y el uso de picosulfato (44% vs 10%) para preparación de colonoscopia. Conclusiones: Ha aumentado la participación del PG en la EDP en España, aunque menos en la endoscopia urgente y terapéutica.

The aim of this study is to highlight the mutual benefits that the union between Iberian comparatism and feminism could generate in the studies in which they are applied within the area of the Humanities. The hypothesis from which we start is that they are a well-matched couple, despite the marginal presence of feminism in university syllabuses and teaching guides in Spain and Portugal. In order to defend their compatibility, we will focus on their multiple similarities, such as the fact that they are intrinsically trans-disciplinary, trans-border, inter-medial and have dealt with such challenges as their own heterogeneity and the criticisms received from post-colonialism. In this way, we will explore how Iberian comparatist studies could benefit from the rise of feminism as a social movement to gain academic appeal and relevance, while feminism would have a solid base to build on in order to achieve academic legitimization –that is different from domestication–. We consider this symbiosis not only desirable but necessary in to address the current discrediting of institutions and to stem the reactionary political tide that is rising at the European level.

Large datasets play a crucial role in the progression of surgical robotics, facilitating advancements in the fields of surgical task recognition and automation. Moreover, public datasets enable the comparative analysis of various algorithms and methodologies, thereby assessing their effectiveness and performance. The ROSMA (Robotics Surgical Maneuvers) dataset provides 206 trials of common surgical training tasks performed with the da Vinci Research Kit (dVRK). In this work, we extend the ROSMA dataset with two annotated subsets: ROSMAT24, which contains bounding box annotations for instrument detection, and ROSMAG40, which contains high and low-level gesture annotations. We propose an annotation method that provides independent labels for the right-handed tools and the left-handed tools. For instrument identification, we validate our proposal with a YOLOv4 model in two experimental scenarios. We demonstrate the generalization capabilities of the network to detect instruments in unseen scenarios. On the other hand, for gesture segmentation, we propose two label categories: high-level annotations that describe gestures at a maneuvers level, and low-level annotations that describe gestures at a fine-grain level. To validate this proposal, we have designed a recurrent neural network based on a bidirectional long-short term memory layer. We present results for four cross-validation experimental setups, reaching up to a 77.35% mAP.

As non-professional and non-commercial magazines, zines have been informal witnesses to their social and cultural time. By means of these materials as an object of analysis, in this essay I aim to observe how the evolution of the movement and the queer theory has been gestated. Moreover, as this work has got an Iberian perspective as well, I also consider the flows and relations inside the peninsula. The question this article wants to answer is: does the iberocuir fanzine exist?

Illegal urbanism has been, and still is, an inherent aspect of the metropolitan fabric of many Spanish cities shaped throughout the twentieth century. The morphology of these complex spaces, with origins in organic growth processes, reflects illegal housing developments through discordant, poorly connected networks, often with significant landscape and environmental impacts. The metropolitan area of Seville, comprising almost 5000 km2 and more than 1,500,000 inhabitants, is a paradigmatic space where these facts can be traced, especially in its western sector, where the strong urbanisation dynamics of the last decades have reached and engulfed many of these housing developments. This work establishes an analysis and proposes typologies of the different repercussions of the process in this territory. It does so by drawing on, among other sources, two regional inventories on illegal urbanism, which allow the application of a diachronic perspective and fieldwork with information synchronised to the present time. The main conclusion is that, in addition to explaining the complex metropolitan networks in which they appear (justifying singular forms, asymmetries, and morphologies), the illegal housing developments analysed are an important element for weighing the sociopolitical characteristics of the municipalities in which they are inserted.

Los términos hospes/hospita presentan distintos significados en la epigrafía romana, relacionados en unos casos con la noción de extranjero, en otros con el hospedaje, e incluso con el concubinato. En este trabajo analizamos la presencia de estos vocablos en la epigrafía militar del Imperio romano, en la cual manifiestan una relación conyugal.

Desde hace varios decenios, numerosas investigaciones vienen poniendo de manifiesto los perniciosos efectos del turismo sobre los tejidos urbanos y sociales de las principales ciudades en la escala global, circunstancia que se ha evidenciado con especial dramatismo tras el estallido de la pandemia por la Covid-19. Entre las muchas consecuencias que esta situación está provocando en aquellos espacios donde el fenómeno se manifiesta con una cierta intensidad, está la expulsión de la población local, con especial incidencia en los estratos con menores recursos, y su sustitución por otra de carácter flotante. Vinculado a este proceso, se produce el reemplazo de los comercios tradicionales por establecimientos que tienen una orientación exclusiva al sector del turismo. En este contexto, el artículo tiene como objetivo explorar la utilización de fuentes complementarias a las oficiales que pueden ser de gran utilidad para el estudio de los ámbitos urbanos sometidos a procesos de turistificación que conllevan un desajuste y distorsión en la forma tradicional de habitar dichos espacios. Desde el punto de vista metodológico, la investigación parte de un análisis teórico donde se abordan, desde la teoría del turismo urbano y del paisaje, las potencialidades del estudio de las manifestaciones informales para la investigación de los procesos de turistificación en ámbitos urbanos sometidos a tensiones sociales y habitacionales entre la población local y la visitante. En este sentido, se acude al análisis de las imágenes que, en distintos contextos espaciales y bajo diferentes formatos, pero siempre de carácter informal y no institucionalizado, traslucen la existencia de procesos que tensionan la vida cotidiana de los habitantes y comercios tradicionales frente a un sector turístico predatorio. Las principales conclusiones de la investigación apuntan a que la aparición de este tipo de expresiones en determinados ámbitos de la ciudad manifiesta la existencia de un conflicto asociado a un proceso de turistificación.

Illegal parcellings are a unique case within urban sprawl processes. They are characterised by originating against urban planning and by a lack of basic infrastructure. It is a phenomenon that has not been studied in much depth, and its typological aspect has been the least discussed element. This article analyses the illegal parcellings in the municipality of Cordoba, Spain, where their area has reached 4,606.88 hectares—this, compared to the slightly more than 2,800 hectares occupied by the consolidated city, gives an idea of the significance of the process. The main objective is therefore to present its territorial scope and, secondly, to propose a methodology for its typological classification. Research shows that this issue is important for a correct assessment of the phenomenon and that it must be addressed appropriately by the relevant administrations.

The article reviews the phenomenon of illegal residential allotments developed in most of Spain since the 1960s. Bibliographic, statistical, cartographic and documentary sources are used, which is complemented with the field work developed in the municipality of Córdoba, chosen for empirical testing. It is argued that, given the long trajectory of the process and the socioeconomic vicissitudes, many of these settlements have mutated from their original destination for leisure and second residence towards common residential areas. Based on these sources and the field work, it is verified that, despite the classification as urban or developable land of many of the plots, these have not been legalized; and, on the other hand, the gradual conversion into common residential areas without having been solved the problem of supply shortage, has developed into emergent configurations of precarious urban settlements.

Abstract The hybrid design of the Pierre Auger Observatory allows for the measurement of the properties of extensive air showers initiated by ultra-high energy cosmic rays with unprecedented precision. By using an array of prototype underground muon detectors, we have performed the first direct measurement, by the Auger Collaboration, of the muon content of air showers between $$2\times 10^{17}$$ 2×1017 and $$2\times 10^{18}$$ 2×1018 eV. We have studied the energy evolution of the attenuation-corrected muon density, and compared it to predictions from air shower simulations. The observed densities are found to be larger than those predicted by models. We quantify this discrepancy by combining the measurements from the muon detector with those from the Auger fluorescence detector at $$10^{{17.5}}\, {\mathrm{eV}} $$ 1017.5eV and $$10^{{18}}\, {\mathrm{eV}} $$ 1018eV . We find that, for the models to explain the data, an increase in the muon density of $$38\%$$ 38% $$\pm 4\% (12\%)$$ ±4%(12%) $$\pm {}^{21\%}_{18\%}$$ ±18%21% for EPOS-LHC, and of $$50\% (53\%)$$ 50%(53%) $$\pm 4\% (13\%)$$ ±4%(13%) $$\pm {}^{23\%}_{20\%}$$ ±20%23% for QGSJetII-04, is respectively needed.

El modo de crecimiento de las ciudades de los últimos decenios ha derivado en una profunda transformación de su estructura urbana. En el ámbito latinoamericano, este proceso ha estado marcado por el predominio de la autoconstrucción y de desarrollos informales bajo distintos modelos; entre ellos el de Producción Social del Hábitat. En España, dicho crecimiento se ha manifestado a partir de procesos de dispersión urbana con la particularidad de haber acogido, junto a desarrollos planificados, otros realizados al margen del planeamiento. Asociados a estos, las urbanizaciones ilegales tuvieron una especial incidencia en la década de los setenta y ochenta del siglo pasado. En este contexto, el objetivo del artículo es establecer un análisis de dos formas de producción de ciudad que, aunque se manifiestan en contextos espaciales y socioeconómicos diferentes, presentan ciertos elementos comunes. Metodológicamente, la investigación se plantea desde una doble perspectiva; de carácter teórico, a partir del análisis de fuentes secundarias poniendo en diálogo dos tradiciones conceptuales de procesos similares en regiones distintas. Y la segunda, de tipo empírico, centrada en el estudio del alcance espacial de las urbanizaciones ilegales en España. Los resultados apuntan a que estas mantienen una importante presencia en las periferias de las principales ciudades del país. Y, en segundo término, que los cambios de modelo lo han convertido en un modo de producción del espacio desarrollado al margen de los canales oficiales y, en cierto sentido, no alienado por el Estado, rasgos que lo aproximan a la Producción Social del Hábitat.

Este estudio pone el foco de atención en las mujeres que aparecen en la epigrafía militar de Britannia. A través del análisis de estas inscripciones tratamos de acercarnos a cuestiones tales como la origo, el estatuto jurídico o el papel de la mujer en la esfera de relaciones de los militares romanos. No se debe pasar por alto la visibilización de la mujer en la Historia, agente histórico y sujeto de estudio junto con el varón. Abstract This paper is focused on the women who appear in the military inscriptions of Roman Britain. We analyse these inscriptions in order to resolve issues such as the origo, the legal status or the roles of the women in the relationships of Roman military. We cannot overlook the role of the women in History, historical agent and subject of study together with the me

El inicio de las parcelaciones ilegales suele situarse coincidiendo con la crisis económica de los años setenta. Unos autores vinculan su comienzo y rápido desarrollo con los efectos de dicha crisis sobre el fenómeno de las urbanizaciones de segunda residencia, cuyos promotores buscarían ahora extender la oferta hacia una demanda más amplia. Otros, además, apuntan a la excesiva rigidez del nuevo marco normativo vigente tras la aprobación de la Ley del Suelo de 1975. Partiendo de las características iniciales de las parcelaciones ilegales, el artículo se centra en el estudio de las localizadas en el municipio de Córdoba, y se plantea, primero, si tras el rápido desarrollo inicial, el proceso ha tenido un comportamiento similar en los siguientes períodos de crisis que han seguido a los ciclos expansivos de la economía. Y, segundo, si las nuevas parcelaciones mantienen las mismas características o, por el contrario, estas han mutado. Se acude a la bibliografía científica para identificar dichos elementos; se añaden las fuentes documentales, estadísticas y cartográficas, en este caso, referidas al municipio de Córdoba. El trabajo concluye que se asiste a una nueva etapa del fenómeno parcelario que apunta hacia la necesidad de actualizar las características que lo definen.

BackgroundWe have focused on the alteration of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in celiac disease and discussed the roles of the PD1 pathway in regulating the immune response. We explored the idea that the altered mRNA splicing process in key regulatory proteins could represent a novel source to identify diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic targets in celiac disease.MethodsWe characterized the PD1 mRNA variants’ profile in CD patients and in response to gluten peptides’ incubation after in vitro experiments. Total RNA from whole blood was isolated, and the coding region of the human PD-1 mRNA was amplified by cDNA PCR.ResultsPCR amplification of the human PD-1 coding sequence revealed an association between the over-expression of the sPD-1 protein and the PD-1Δex3 transcript in celiac disease. Thus, we have found three novel alternative spliced isoforms, two of which result in a truncated protein and the other isoform with a loss of 14 aa of exon 2 and complete exon 3 (Δ3) which could encode a new soluble form of PD1 (sPD-1).ConclusionsOur study provides evidence that dietary gluten can modulate processes required for cell homeostasis through the splicing of pre-mRNAs encoding key regulatory proteins, which represents an adaptive mechanism in response to different nutritional conditions.

Abstract Elves are a class of transient luminous events, with a radial extent typically greater than 250 km, that occur in the lower ionosphere above strong electrical storms. We report the observation of 1,598 elves, from 2014 to 2016, recorded with unprecedented time resolution (100 ns) using the fluorescence detector (FD) of the Pierre Auger Cosmic‐Ray Observatory. The Auger Observatory is located in the Mendoza province of Argentina with a viewing footprint for elve observations of 3·106 km 2, reaching areas above the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, as well as the Córdoba region, which is known for severe convective thunderstorms. Primarily designed for ultrahigh energy cosmic‐ray observations, the Auger FD turns out to be very sensitive to the ultraviolet emission in elves. The detector features modified Schmidt optics with large apertures resulting in a field of view that spans the horizon, and year‐round operation on dark nights with low moonlight background, when the local weather is favorable. The measured light profiles of 18% of the elve events have more than one peak, compatible with intracloud activity. Within the 3‐year sample, 72% of the elves correlate with the far‐field radiation measurements of the World Wide Lightning Location Network. The Auger Observatory plans to continue operations until at least 2025, including elve observations and analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this observatory is the only facility on Earth that measures elves with year‐round operation and full horizon coverage.

The centurion was the backbone of the Roman army. The article aims at analysing the centurion social relationships during the High Roman Empire through the epigraphic sources in Hispania. We focus on the family nucleus creation as well as the patronage relations formation as some of the core social indicators to be considered in centurions.

This paper proposes the design and development of a telescope network scheduler for the GLORIA telescope network. This telescope network, which main objective is helping users to get involved in astronomy research, is composed by 18 heterogeneous telescopes located in different countries. These telescopes are managed by the scheduler to execute the observations requested by the users. A key module of this scheduler is the telescope decision algorithm which objective is to avoid serving an observation to a telescope that cannot execute it. This paper proposes two different algorithms: the first one is based on weather forecast, and the other one is based on fuzzy logic. Both algorithms were deployed and used into the GLORIA network, an analysis of the results and a performance comparative between both algorithm are shown in this paper. As well, the scheduler architecture based on a hybrid distributed-centralised schema is detailed.