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Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest Outside the submitted work, Dr Nicole R. LeBoeuf is a consultant and has received honoraria from Bayer, Seattle Genetics, Sanofi, Silverback, and Synox Therapeutics. Daniel Kim is a scientific consultant at Verve Therapeutics and SeQure Dx. Catherina X. Pan, William C. Lau, Charles B. Lau, Rachael Rowley, Ruhi Kanwar, and Vinod E. Nambudiri have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Introduction: Elevated LDH levels have been extensively reported as a biomarker of poorer outcome in patients with melanoma during the chemotherapeutic era. The role of LDH level as a prognostic factor for treatment outcomes in patients with metastatic melanoma treated with immunooncological therapy has also been reported but requires further analysis., Objectives: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) among patients with metastatic and unresectable melanoma treated with pembrolizumab in terms of progression-free survival (PFS)., Methods: The study included 59 patients with unresectable and metastatic melanoma treated with pembrolizumab. A comparison was performed between patients with normal and elevated levels of LDH in terms of PFS, with subgroup analysis., Results: There was a significant reduction in PFS among patients with elevated levels of LDH compared with patients with normal levels of LDH (NR vs. 5 months; P=0.02). Patients with elevated LDH levels were older (P=0.01), with liver metastasis (P=0.004), and with less frequent CNS deposits (P=0.028)., Conclusion: Although novel agents improved outcomes in patients with melanoma, high levels of LDH persist as an independent prognostic biomarker of poor prognosis.

In recent years, the obese and overweight population has increased rapidly, which has become a worldwide public health problem. However, effective medication is lacking. Our previous study identified a novel peptide, PDBSN (GLSVADLAESIMKNL), that could significantly restrict adipocyte differentiation in vitro, but its in vivo function has not been determined. Thus, in this study, we encapsulated the peptide into liposomes attached with two ligands (visceral-adipose-tissue-targeting peptide and cell-penetrating peptide) to improve stability and specificity. We then tested the peptide's function in HFD (high-fat diet)-induced obese mice and found that PDBSN could reduce weight gain and improve insulin resistance as well as lipid homeostasis. These results suggest that PDBSN may be a potential candidate for anti-obesity drug discovery., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest about the article “Liposome-encapsulated peptide PDBSN ameliorates high-fat-diet-induced obesity and improves metabolism homeostasis”., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

There are over 120 types of brain tumor and approximately 45% of primary brain tumors are gliomas, of which glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive with a median survival rate of 14 months. Despite progress in our knowledge, current therapies are unable to effectively combat primary brain tumors and patient survival remains poor. Tumor metabolism is important to consider in therapeutic approaches and is the focus of numerous research investigations. Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) is a cytosolic enzyme, predominantly involved in anaerobic and aerobic glycolysis (the Warburg effect); however, it has multiple additional functions in non-neoplastic and neoplastic tissues, which are not commonly known or discussed. This review summarizes what is currently known about the function of LDHA and identifies areas that would benefit from further exploration. The current knowledge of the role of LDHA in the brain and its potential as a therapeutic target for brain tumors will also be highlighted. The Warburg effect appears to be universal in tumors, including primary brain tumors, and LDHA (because of its involvement with this process) has been identified as a potential therapeutic target. Currently, there are, however, no suitable LDHA inhibitors available for tumor therapies in the clinic., (© 2015 The Authors. Brain Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Neuropathology.)