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Based on the analysis of economic and technical indicators of the efficiency of the flexible manufacture system (FMS), the criteria for choosing a cost-effective project of the hydraulic system were determined, taking into account the minimization of automated technical systems, technological equipment and increasing the productivity of the designed enterprise. The ranking method is used to decide the correct choice of the most effective FMS project. An algorithm is proposed to substantiate economic efficiency by minimizing the costs of the selected active elements and increasing the productivity of the investigated production. On the basis of a sequential, parallel and parallel-circular layout diagram of the production modules of the FMS, a study is carried out on their choice and economic justification. To determine specific comparative economic indicators from the point of view of minimizing the number of active elements and their temporal indicators of technological operations, an algorithm for choosing a layout diagram of a FMS production module is proposed. The developed algorithm makes it possible to evaluate the economic efficiency taking into account the number of active elements, their types and types of technological operations. The process of selection of the parallel-circular layout scheme of FMS depending on the number of finished products has been substantiated which ensures high performance of the parallel-circular layout scheme of FMS.

The article reviews creation of the departmental archive of the National Commissariat of the Navy (1937) and its functioning to this day. ‘The Statute of the Branch of the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (Archive of Navy)’ was adopted on February 20, 2013. According to this document the Archive of Navy became a subdivision of the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense, deployed separately and functioning independently. The departmental archive began its acquisition in September 1940. Satisfactory execution of functions by Archive was impeded by multiple changes in the structure of the Directorate of the Peoples’ Commissariat of the Navy, which complicated processing of documents entering the storage. Tasks of the Archive were reduced to the following: to control files condition and document destruction; to compile lists of documents with terms of their storage; to inspect the state of archiving in the Navy; to advise archives and records management offices of central directorates (departments) of the Peoples’ Commissariat of the Navy on formation and registration of files and their transfer to archive; to enter documents of the central directorates (departments) on storage; to track and safeguard documents. On the eve the Great Patriotic War transfer of document from fleet, flotillas, and naval bases was in its initial stage. The first months of the Great Patriotic War prompted evacuation of archival fonds from Moscow to Ulyanovsk (August 1941). By January 1945 these numbered 26550 files and 1234 bags of unsorted documents. At the end of war the Archive was relocated from Ulyanovsk to Leningrad, and then to Kronstadt (1947). In 1950s the Archive continued moving to new places — to Pushkin, to Leningrad, to Gatchina (1961). The fonds of the Archive store unique documents of the Peoples’ Commissariat and Ministry of the Navy, governing bodies under the Commander-In-Chief of the Navy, research establishments, Navy schools, river flotillas, materials on ships and submarines, air force, marines, coastal and anti-aircraft defense, rear, hydrographic, medical and sanitary, and other services. Of great interest for researchers are documents of the General Staff of the Navy.

Diffraction of the focused circularly polarized Gaussian beam passed through an undeformed homeotropic nematic liquid crystal is considered. The parameters of two coaxial Gaussian beams and two optical vortices formed behind the liquid-crystal layer are determined. The difference in the positions of foci of Gaussian beams and vortices appears in the experiment as interference ring patterns. The efficiency of the beam transformation to optical vortices is calculated.

It is demonstrated that an optical beam acquires a component with spiral dislocation of wave front (optical vortex) due to passage through a layer of homeotropically aligned nematic liquid crystal with light-absorbing admixture. The vortex is formed owing to the heating of liquid crystal and transition to isotropic phase in the irradiated region, which leads to the generation of axisymmetric field distribution of director at the interface of the isotropic channel and nematic liquid crystal.

International audience; The results of measurements of water-vapor vertical profiles in the upper troposphere and stratosphere on board a meteorological balloon with a FLASH-B optical fluorescent hygrometer (Russia) are presented. These data were obtained during two international field campaigns in West Africa (August 2006) and Central America (August 2007). Eleven high-resolution water-vapor vertical profiles measured in the course of these works make it possible to characterize the processes controlling humidity in the tropical tropopause region. Layers with increased humidity are detected in the lower stratosphere over West Africa to the level of the potential temperature 450 K. An analysis of satellite maps of the brightness temperature, balloon ozone measurements, and aerosol scattering, as well as trajectory modeling, display the relation between the observed layers with increased humidity and the phenomena of convective overshooting of the tropopause, as a result of which cold and ozone-depleted air penetrates into the lower stratosphere together with ice particles, which, rapidly sublimating, locally increase the water-vapor concentration. A comparison of the humidity data obtained in West Africa in 2006 and in Central America in 2007 reveals substantial distinctions in values and vertical structures of water vapor, both in the tropopause region and in the middle stratosphere.

Processes of mass exchange through the tropopause at extratropical latitudes are studied. For this purpose, balloon data on ozone and water vapor obtained during the LAUTLOS field campaign were analyzed and a trajectory model was used to analyze the origin of air masses and to calculate fluxes through the tropopause. The results of observations and trajectory modeling showed that tropospheric air masses penetrated into the stratosphere by no more than ∼2.5 km above the tropopause level during the campaign. Both tropospheric and stratospheric particles are present in this mixing layer. Backward trajectories showed that, at the anticyclone boundary, tropospheric air penetrates into the stratosphere in the form of fine fibrous structures (filaments). The fluxes through the tropopause were also quantitatively estimated by the Wei method with the use of forward and backward trajectories. The spatial structure of the fluxes through the tropopause coincides with the regions of the tropopause inclination and its folds. The absolute values of the fluxes calculated with the use of the Wei method decrease, depending on the length of trajectories at the expense of the filtering-out of a shallow reversible exchange. It is shown that the exchange depth can be controlled by both vertical fluxes in the troposphere and changes in the level of the tropopause itself. The use of isentropic and three-dimensional trajectories made it possible to estimate the contribution of nonadiabatic processes to the stratosphere-troposphere exchange.

Balloon-borne water vapour measurements during January and February 2004, which were obtained as part of the LAUTLOS campaign at Sodankylä, Finland, 67° N, were used to analyse the water vapour distribution in the wintertime Arctic lowermost stratosphere. A 2.5 km thick layer (or 30 K in the potential temperature scale) above the tropopause is characterized by a significant water vapour variability on a synoptic timescale with values between stratospheric and tropospheric, which is in good agreement with previously reported measurements. A cross-correlation analysis of ozone and water vapour confirms that this layer contains a mixture of stratospheric and tropospheric air masses. Some of the flights sampled laminae of enhanced water vapour above the tropopause. Meteorological analyses and backward trajectory calculations show that these features were related to filaments that had developed along the flanks of cut-off anticyclones, which had been active at this time over the Northern Atlantic. The role of the filaments was however not to transport water vapour from the troposphere to the stratosphere but rather to transport it within the stratosphere away from regions where intensive two-way stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) was identified. Intensive STE occurred around cut-off anticyclones in regions of strong winds, where calculations suggest the presence of clear-air turbulence (CAT). Evidences that CAT contributes to the troposphere-to-stratosphere transport (TST) are presented. However, statistically, relation between TST and CAT during the studied period is weak.

We present high-resolution measurements of water vapour, aerosols and clouds in the Arctic stratosphere in January and February 2010 carried out by in situ instrumentation on balloon sondes and high-altitude aircraft combined with satellite observations. The measurements provide unparalleled evidence of dehydration and rehydration due to gravitational settling of ice particles. An extreme cooling of the Arctic stratospheric vortex during the second half of January 2010 resulted in a rare synoptic-scale outbreak of ice polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) remotely detected by the lidar aboard the CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation) satellite. The widespread occurrence of ice clouds was followed by sedimentation and consequent sublimation of ice particles, leading to vertical redistribution of water inside the vortex. A sequence of balloon and aircraft soundings with chilled mirror and Lyman- α hygrometers (Cryogenic Frostpoint Hygrometer, CFH; Fast In Situ Stratospheric Hygrometer, FISH; Fluorescent Airborne Stratospheric Hygrometer, FLASH) and backscatter sondes (Compact Optical Backscatter Aerosol Detector, COBALD) conducted in January 2010 within the LAPBIAT (Lapland Atmosphere-Biosphere Facility) and RECONCILE (Reconciliation of Essential Process Parameters for an Enhanced Predictability of Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Loss and its Climate Interactions) campaigns captured various phases of this phenomenon: ice formation, irreversible dehydration and rehydration. Consistent observations of water vapour by these independent measurement techniques show clear signatures of irreversible dehydration of the vortex air by up to 1.6 ppmv in the 20–24 km altitude range and rehydration by up to 0.9 ppmv in a 1 km thick layer below. Comparison with space-borne Aura MLS (Microwave Limb Sounder) water vapour observations allow the spatiotemporal evolution of dehydrated air masses within the Arctic vortex to be derived and upscaled.

The possible impact of deep convective overshooting over land has been explored by six simultaneous soundings of water vapour, particles and ozone in the lower stratosphere next to Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCSs) during the monsoon season over West Africa in Niamey, Niger in August 2006. The water vapour measurements were carried out using a fast response FLASH-B Lyman-alpha hygrometer. The high vertical resolution observations of the instrument show the presence of accumulation of enhanced water vapour layers between the tropopause at 370 K and the 420 K level. Most of these moist layers are shown connected with overshooting events occurring upwind as identified from satellite IR images over which the air mass probed by the sondes passed during the three previous days. In the case of a local overshoot identified by echo top turrets above the tropopause by the MIT C-band radar also in Niamey, tight coincidence was found between enhanced water vapour, ice crystal and ozone dip layers indicative of fast uplift of tropospheric air across the tropopause. The water vapour mixing ratio in the enriched layers exceeds frequently by 1–3 ppmv the average 6 ppmv saturation ratio at the tropopause and by up to 7 ppmv in the extreme case of local storm in coincidence with the presence of ice crystals. The presence of such layers strongly suggests hydration of the lower stratosphere by geyser-like injection of ice particles over overshooting turrets. The pile-like increase of water vapour up to 19 km seen by the high-resolution hygrometer during the season of maximum temperature of the tropopause, suggests that the above hydration mechanism may contribute to the summer maximum moisture in the lower stratosphere. If this interpretation is correct, hydration by ice geysers across the tropopause might be an important contributor to the stratospheric water vapour budget., European Commission (EC SCOUT-O3 Integrated Project (505390-GOCE-CT-2004)), International Association for the Promotion of Co-operation with Scientists from the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union (INTAS YSF 05-109-4955 grant), International Association for the Promotion of Co-operation with Scientists from the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union (ISTC #3093 project), International Association for the Promotion of Co-operation with Scientists from the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union (RFBR #07-05-00486 grant)

Balloon-borne water vapour measurements during January and February 2004, which were obtained as part of the LAUTLOS campaign at Sodankylä, Finland, 67° N, were used to analyse the water vapour distribution in the wintertime Arctic lowermost stratosphere. A 2.5 km thick layer (or 30 K in the potential temperature scale) above the local tropopause is characterized by a significant water vapour variability on a synoptic timescale with values between stratospheric and tropospheric, which is in good agreement with previously reported measurements. A cross-correlation analysis of ozone and water vapour confirms that this layer contains a mixture of stratospheric and tropospheric air masses. Some of the flights sampled laminae of enhanced water vapour above the tropopause. Meteorological analyses and backward trajectory calculations show that these features are related to filaments that had developed along the flanks of cut-off anticyclones, which had been active at this time over the Northern Atlantic. Cross-tropopause mass fluxes calculated following the Wei method are used to identify regions and processes that are important for stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) in high-latitudes. Intensive STE occurs around cut-off anticyclones in regions of strong winds, where calculations suggest the presence of developed clear-air turbulence. The decay of the filaments is also shown to be important for STE.

The amorphous alloys Fe81Si7B12, Fe81Si4B13C2, Fe64Co21B15, Fe73.5Cu1Nb3Si13.5B9, and Fe5Co70Si15B10 prepared as strips by fast melt quenching on the rotating Cu disc were examined. The strips were 6–12 mm wide and 25–40 μn thick. The structure, coercivity and friction coefficient of these amorphous alloys after plastic deformation by tension, rolling, shear pressure, and dry sliding friction were analyzed. The samples underwent mechanical loading at 293 K in air at rates excluding heating of the material. Coercivity was shown to increase by a factor of ten or more at all types of deformation. The electron microscopic study of the structure of deformed strips revealed the presence of crystalline precipitates 2 to 50 nm in size having a relatively equiaxed shape in the amorphous matrix of the Fe-based alloys and a nearly plate shape in the Co-based alloys. The phases were identified from electron microdiffraction patterns of the alloys.

Under conditions of acid methanolysis, the stereoisomeric 4β-chloro-3α,10- and 3β,10-epoxycaranes form addition products with predominant cleavage of the oxide ring at the C10-0 bond, while on alkaline catalysis they form products with cleavage of the C3-0 bond.

The reaction of dimethylaminomethyl derivatives Me2NCH2X with dimethyl sulfite proceeds by analogy with the Arbuzov rearrangement under mild conditions. The yield of the rearrangement product increases with increasing nueleophilicity of (X).