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Nuclear factor-Y (NF-Y) is an important transcription factor in the plant species, which potentially provides a higher level of functional diversity including for abiotic stress tolerance. The genome-wide study and expression analysis of NF-Y gene family in Ziziphus, an elite abiotic stress-tolerant species, assist bioprospecting of genes. Here, a total of 32 NF-Y (8 NF-YA, 15 NF-YB, and 9 NF-YC) genes were identified in genome-wide search of Z. jujuba genome. Physicochemical properties, cellular localization, gene structure, chromosomal location, and protein motifs were analyzed for structural and functional understanding. Identified 12 NF-Ys were responsible for the expansion of NF-Y gene family by tandem duplication in Z. jujuba. Phylogenetic and comparative physical mapping of Z. jujuba NF-Ys with its orthologs illustrated evolutionary and functional insights into NF-Y gene family. A total of 45 perfect microsatellites (20bp to 40bp) were extracted across the ZjNF-Y genes. The promoter and gene ontology study suggested that Z. jujuba NF-Y gene family is functionally diverse and could play a wide-ranging role in plant abiotic stress, development, and cellular processes. An expression study revealed that large numbers of the NF-Ys are differentially expressed in response to drought and salinity. The total 15 and 18 ZjNF-Y genes that are upregulated under drought and salinity stress, respectively, are the potential candidates for further functional analysis for development of climate-resilient crops. The present study established a base for understanding the role of NF-Ys in Z. jujuba under abiotic stress conditions and paved a way for further research.

Cloud Computing is a boon to the field of information and technology. The two major elements of client worries are Data security and Privacy Protection. Data may be revised and improved when client stores the information in the cloud so there might be danger of data loss. Therefore client information is moved to the data hub which cannot be controlled by the clients. Hence high safety efforts are required to secure data inside the cloud. Here data is divided into fragments and they are converted into encrypted file. This encrypted file is issued to arbitrarily chosen cloud service providers by the cloud data owners. Even after the successful attack, attackers do not get the meaning full information. If cloud data clients access to get any document that relating to encrypted file is regenerated from the fragments and clients must download it. When the applicant coordinates the strategy with the original details, then only file can be decoded. Therefore it demonstrates that prospective strategy improves the data integrity and confidentiality.

Risk estimates of depression and anxiety disorders in primary care patients was studied in 7017 patients from 71 primary health centres in Kerala, India. When compared to those without, patients with a single chronic medical illness had approximately 3-4-fold higher rates of depression and anxiety disorders; this increases to 6-fold when the number of medical illnesses is two or more. Patients with hypertension, diabetes, epilepsy, tuberculosis, asthma, and arthritis had higher odds of depression after controlling for socio-demographic variables and co-occurring medical illnesses. The findings were replicated for anxiety disorders except for tuberculosis. Findings highlight the need for integrated interventions.

Nuclear factor-Y (NF-Y) is an important transcription factor in the plant species, which potentially provides a higher level of functional diversity including for abiotic stress tolerance. The genome-wide study and expression analysis of NF-Y gene family in Ziziphus, an elite abiotic stress-tolerant species, assist bioprospecting of genes. Here, a total of 32 NF-Y (8 NF-YA, 15 NF-YB, and 9 NF-YC) genes were identified in genome-wide search of Z. jujuba genome. Physicochemical properties, cellular localization, gene structure, chromosomal location, and protein motifs were analyzed for structural and functional understanding. Identified 12 NF-Ys were responsible for the expansion of NF-Y gene family by tandem duplication in Z. jujuba. Phylogenetic and comparative physical mapping of Z. jujuba NF-Ys with its orthologs illustrated evolutionary and functional insights into NF-Y gene family. A total of 45 perfect microsatellites (20bp to 40bp) were extracted across the ZjNF-Y genes. The promoter and gene ontology study suggested that Z. jujuba NF-Y gene family is functionally diverse and could play a wide-ranging role in plant abiotic stress, development, and cellular processes. An expression study revealed that large numbers of the NF-Ys are differentially expressed in response to drought and salinity. The total 15 and 18 ZjNF-Y genes that are upregulated under drought and salinity stress, respectively, are the potential candidates for further functional analysis for development of climate-resilient crops. The present study established a base for understanding the role of NF-Ys in Z. jujuba under abiotic stress conditions and paved a way for further research.

Development and productivity of the plants are constantly threatened by abiotic and biotic stresses. Plants have in turn developed various strategies to combat these stressed conditions. Technological advancement has led to the integration of biology and computer science which has helped mankind significantly with various analytical advancements to understand plant system biology more precisely. Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics are collectively known as ‘omics’. These molecular tools help to integrate biological information encoded within the molecular system of the plants. These strategies act as powerful tools in deciphering the intricate, well-coordinated signalling pathways and understanding of plant phenotypic responses at cellular and molecular level towards various environmental stimuli. This chapter briefly addresses the current omics strategies used for deciphering the mechanisms involved in plant stress tolerance.

India, a country with manifold multicultural bonds and relationships often witnesses a gross number of conflicted marital relationships. The plight in the frequency of marital abuse reporting in India has called gross public health attention globally. Multiple factors contribute to this arena in which, when we analyse can find out females submissiveness to report and or react to such kind of abusive incidences. The objective of this article is to review recent literature on female submissiveness in marital abuse. This narrative review is carried out to depict various perspectives that initiate abusive relationships and certain factors that prevent women from being subjected to rapid response. Literature relevant to the topic which was published within twenty years in prominent journals, newspapers, and websites has been reviewed thoroughly while writing this paper. Keywords for literature search included terms such as domestic violence, intimate partner violence/abuse, spouse abuse, married woman/female submissiveness, abusive marital relationships, and marital abuse. There is a paucity of studies analysing psychological and socio-demographic determinants of this submissiveness within such relationships in India. Several factors such as cultural, psycho-social, environmental attributes may prompt submissiveness among females in abusive marital relationships, which often leads to psychopathology and physical ailments. It is important to understand the need for a multidisciplinary approach to preventing marital abuse as a public health issue. By preventing and modulating such factors public health and women's well-being can be preserved in various domains.

The main objective of present study is to develop and validate a new, simple, precise and accurate RP-HPLC method for the determination of Darifenacin Hydrobromide (DFH) in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The separation and quantification of the drug was achieved on a RP C18 column (250×4.6mm, 5μm) using a mobile phase of acetonitrile: buffer (50:50), pH 3.0 ± 0.2 at a flow rate of 1 mL/min with detection of analyte at 287 nm. The separation was achieved with in 4.0 ± 0.3 min. The method showed good linearity in the range of 10-100 μg/mL. The intra and inter day RSD ranged from 0.20-0.58%. The recovery (mean ± SD) of low, medium and high concentrations were 98.50 ± 0.20, 100.27 ± 0.15 and 100.90 ± 0.09 respectively. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.31 and 0.61 μg/mL, respectively. It can be concluded that the present method could be superior over the methods which were reported earlier. Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and TechnologyVol. 13, No. 1, 2017, Page: 36-44

The use of social media to disseminate major communications, particularly for campaigns related to days of health importance, is becoming much popular. The use of Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook is gaining an integral place in public life online with hashtag campaigns.The objectives of this study were to assess the characteristics of hashtag campaigns related to health in social media and to compare three different campaigns in three commonly used social media platforms, namely, Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook.This was a cross-sectional study which analyzed contents of three health-related campaigns in Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter. The campaigns were #let's talk (World Health day 2017), Hands up #HIV prevention (World AIDS day 2016), and #No tobacco (World No Tobacco Day 2017). Public posts related to each were searched from three platforms and assessed separately. Source, publicity, credibility, reach outs, and other characteristics were assessed among each campaign and comparison was also done among the three social media.Out of 812 posts, 507 (62.4%) were related to the study. Facebook posts were more related (67.33%), popular (45.05%), and authenticated (28.22%). Among the campaigns, # let's talk was more credible (96.33%) and authenticated (33.94%). Also in that, 57.79% from individual source and 79.82% were awareness related.Posts in social media related to hashtag campaigns are more credible, related, and less popular. These factors have to be considered for the campaigns to become an effective tool.

Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is defined as a convolute of abnormally connected arteries and veins, where the capillary bed is missing. Intracranial cerebral AVMs are 20 times more common than extracerebral. Focal lingual artery AVMs, especially at carotid bifurcation are rarely reported in the literature. Magnetic resonance imaging, angiography, digital subtraction angiography are the current modalities of diagnosis. Surgical resection can be an effective treatment for vascular malformation; however, the potential for large volume blood loss poses a challenge. In addition, the inability to identify the surgical margins of the nidus can result in recurrence. Present case was diagnosed based on radiological imaging as lingual AVM at the bifurcation of carotid artery. The paper discusses the case of a AVM of the tongue in a 23-year-old female patient at the level of carotid bifurcation. The paper further discusses the various imaging modalities used to diagnose the condition and review the latest literature on the current management concepts. Utmost care needs to be exercised when AVMs are suspected. Radiological investigations are must to know the location and extent of the lesion before attempting surgical intervention like biopsy or excision, which poses life-threatening complications like massive hemorrhage and damage to vital structures.

Objectives: To study the prevalence of chronic perinatal pain among mothers who had infants between the ages of 13–25 months in the State of Kerala, India and to report its correlates in the socio-...

Objectives To study the prevalence and clinical correlates of insomnia among a sample of primary care attendees, in the state of Kerala, India. Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting Primary care. Participants 7017 adult patients [18–60 years] attending 71 primary health centers selected by cluster random sampling. Measurements Patients were assessed for insomnia using the Insomnia Severity Index. In addition to self-reported socio-demographic and chronic medical illness details, structured instruments were used to assess for mental disorders, disability and life satisfaction. Results Subclinical insomnia and clinical insomnia were reported by 17.7% and 4.7% subjects, respectively. Subjects with subclinical and clinical insomnia when compared to those without insomnia had higher odds of having older age, female gender, urban background, lower education, chronic medical and mental disorders, greater disability and poor life satisfaction. Subjects with clinical insomnia when compared to the subclinical group had higher odds of having older age, urban background, lower education, mental disorders and greater disability. Among mental disorders, depressive disorder was correlated with both clinical and subclinical insomnia. Conclusions Clinical and subclinical insomnia is common among primary care attendees and both are associated with significant morbidity. This study highlights that it is a major public health concern, albeit neglected, which needs to be dealt as a priority.

Background: Laryngopharyngeal reflux disease is an under diagnosed condition due to unavailability of the diagnostic tool that is dual probe pH monitoring and is on the rise in adult population according to El Serag by 4% every year since 1976.Methods: Adult patients coming to the outpatient department between April 2017 to April 2018 were evaluated using reflux symptom index score (RSI). Score greater than 13 were suggestive of laryngopharyngeal reflux and patients underwent 24 hours ambulatory dual probe pH monitoring. 7 or more reflux events in study period were diagnostic of laryngopharygeal reflux. Results: 3000 adult patients were screened for RSI and 1756 (58.3%) had scored greater than 13. Among these patients 893 patients had 7 or more reflux events in pH monitoring. We found a prevalence of 29.76% in our study population.Conclusions: Prevalence laryngopharyngeal reflux disease needs to assess periodically at regular intervals to create more awareness of the disease and patient education thus preventing from causing chronic illnesses.

The paper reports a green chemistry approach for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using hypericin-rich shoot cultures of Hypericum hookerianum as reducing agent. Normal green shoot cultures deficient in hypericin and red-pigmented shoot cultures rich in hypericin (3.01% DW) were raised in Murashige and Skoog nutrient medium containing 1.0 mg/L kinetin (KIN) and 0.2 mg/L naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), respectively. Dried powder extracts of whole shoots were used for AgNPs formation. The effect of temperature on the formation of AgNPs is investigated. The nanoparticles obtained were characterised using UV–Vis spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The UV–Vis spectra of AgNPs gave surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at 440 nm. The synthesised AgNPs were effective against different multidrug-resistant human pathogens such as Bacillus subtillis (Gram positive) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram negative) speci...

Trivalent samarium ions doped borotellurite glasses (TRZNB) with the composition of 10TeO 2 + 15RO + 5ZnO + 10Nb 2 O 5 + 59B 2 O 3 (where R = Mg, Ca and Sr) have been prepared by the melt quenching technique and investigated by the FT-IR, FT-Raman, optical absorption, photoluminescence and decay curve analysis. The FT-IR spectra and FT-Raman studies reveal the presence of [BO 3 ], [BO 4 ] and [TeO 3 ], [TeO 4 ] bridging and non-bridging oxygen as well as strong OH bonds in the prepared glasses. The experimental oscillator strengths were determined from the absorption spectra and have been used to determine J–O intensity parameters Ω λ ( λ = 2, 4 and 6). Using the J–O intensity parameters as well as from the emission and lifetime measurements, various radiative parameters such as calculated branching ratios ( β R ), measured branching ratios ( β m ), transition probabilities ( A R ), radiative lifetimes ( τ R ), measured lifetimes ( τ m ), effective band-width (Δ λ p ), and stimulated emission cross sections σλ p have been calculated for the excited 4 G 5/2 luminescent level. The decay profiles were found to be single exponential in all the three glasses. Based on these results, the effectiveness of Sm 3+ ions doped borotellurite glasses as a laser active substance in the visible region is discussed.

Aim:To assess the role of red cell distribution width as a marker to predict tumor burden in gallbladder cancer (GBC).Methods:One hundred and twenty-eight patients with newly diagnosed GBC were included in the study. Peripheral blood samples were obtained, and red cell distribution width (RDW) was assessed. Tumor markers and other biochemical parameters were also recorded.Statistical Analysis: Quantitative variables were summarized using mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range based on the normality of the distribution. The association of RDW with stage of tumor was analyzed using Chi-square test. All statistical tests were interpreted for significance using a cutoff value of P< 0.05.Results:RDW showed a positive correlation with total bilirubin, total leukocyte count, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (P< 0.002), but not with platelet count (P< 0.643). RDW showed a significant correlation with tumor markers CA 19-9 (P< 0.003), carcinoembryonic antigen (P< 0.003), and CA 125 (P< 0.002). In Stage IVB, there were significantly more patients with high RDW (78%) than normal RDW (21.8%). However, the results were not statistically significant (P< 0.073).Conclusion:In the present study, we have utilized RDW for correlation with tumor markers in carcinoma gallbladder and as a predictor of stage. We demonstrated higher levels of RDW with advanced stages of GBC. Overall, the study suggested that RDW may be utilized as a surrogate biomarker to predict tumor burden and disease in patients with GBC.