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The article is intended to stimulate the discussions on sustainable development and separate Sustainable Development Goals. It was initially prepared for the 21st session of the UN Committee of Experts on Public Administration “Transforming institutions and governance to build forward better towards 2030”. The article covers the progress, lessons learned and challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic and its impacts on the implementation of Goals 4, 5, 14 and 15 and on leaving no one behind, as well as reflections on the challenges of state-building. The authors suggest that building strong and effective public institutions is crucial for achieving the Goals and building forward better after the pandemic. This should be accompanied by investments in the public sector workforce to align competences and values with the challenges ahead. Supporting developing countries in making their public institutions, societal and physical infrastructure and economies more resilient and agile not only against COVID-19 but against all potential future shocks is crucial and in the interest of all nations. Global cooperation and solidarity are therefore critical, and all countries should work together to address the virus and ensure equitable vaccine distribution while also ensuring that no one – and no country – is left behind.

Summary Background Cost‐effective use of biologicals is important. As drug concentrations have been linked to clinical outcomes, monitoring drug concentrations is a valuable tool to guide clinical decision‐making. A concentration–response relationship for ustekinumab at trough is uncertain owing to the contradictory results reported. Objectives To investigate the relationship between 4‐week postinjection ustekinumab concentrations and clinical response in patients with psoriasis. Methods Forty‐nine patients with moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis treated with 45 mg or 90 mg ustekinumab every 12 weeks for ≥ 16 weeks were included. Ustekinumab serum concentrations and anti‐ustekinumab antibodies were measured at week 4 after injection and disease severity was assessed by Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI). Results At week 4 after injection, a significantly negative correlation was observed between ustekinumab concentrations and absolute PASI score up to 5·9 μg mL −1 (ρ = –0·357, P = 0·032). Ustekinumab concentrations were higher in optimal responders (PASI ≤ 2) than in suboptimal responders (PASI > 2) (4·0 vs 2·8 μg mL −1, P = 0·036). The ustekinumab concentration threshold associated with optimal response was determined to be 3·6 μg mL −1 (area under the curve 0·71, sensitivity 86%, specificity 63%). Only one patient (2%) had anti‐ustekinumab antibodies. Psoriatic arthritis was identified as an independent predictor of higher PASI scores and higher ustekinumab concentrations (P = 0·003 and P = 0·048, respectively). Conclusions A concentration–response relationship at week 4 after injection was observed for patients with psoriasis treated with ustekinumab. Monitoring 4‐week postinjection ustekinumab concentrations could timely identify underexposed patients who might benefit from treatment optimization. What's already known about this topic? Monitoring drug concentrations is a valuable tool that can guide clinical decision‐making when drug concentrations are linked to clinical outcomes.The presence of a concentration–response relationship for ustekinumab at trough is still debated owing to the contradictory results reported. What does this study add? A concentration–response relationship at week 4 after injection for ustekinumab‐treated patients with psoriasis was demonstrated.Monitoring 4‐week postinjection ustekinumab concentrations could timely identify underexposed patients who might benefit from treatment optimization.Based on the findings of this study, a treatment algorithm for patients with a suboptimal response is proposed., Linked Comment: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.18709. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.18709 available online

Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis (NEH) is a rare distinct entity that usually presents as asymptomatic erythematous papules that disappear spontaneously in 1-3 weeks. However, its appearance may be polymorphic, pruritic, recurrent or even chronic as is described in this case. The histological combination of neutrophilic infiltration in and necrosis of the eccrine secretory gland epithelium is highly characteristic for NEH. It typically occurs in patients receiving chemotherapeutic drugs for malignancies, but other associations have also been reported. To our knowledge, we report the first case of NEH in a patient with Behçet's disease (BD). Cutaneous manifestations of BD, an inflammatory systemic disorder of unknown origin, include neutrophilic dermatoses such as Sweet's syndrome and pyoderma gangrenosum, although these are unusual in BD. NEH could be another neutrophilic dermatosis related to BD. This observation suggests that NEH is not strictly related to chemotherapeutic drugs and malignancies. It appears to be a reactive dermatosis associated with other factors as well, including BD. Treatment was successful with dapsone 100 mg daily.

The case is presented of a man with allergic contact dermatitis and occupational asthma due to triglycidylisocyanurate (TGIC), which is used as a hardener in thermosetting powder paint. The contact dermatitis was confirmed by patch testing (TGIC 0.5% and 5% in petrolatum), and the occupational asthma was confirmed by bronchial provocation testing: two challenges to an aerosol of lactose containing TGIC (0.05% and 0.1%, w/w, each for 0.5+1+2+4 min) led to a maximal decrease in FEV1 of 22% and 31% after 6 and 4 h, respectively. Skin prick tests with unconjugated TGIC were possibly positive. This case confirms that exposure to TGIC in powder paints may cause not only contact dermatitis, but also occupational asthma.

Two corticosteroid-treated patients with cutaneous cryptococcal infection are described. One patient had pustulous lesions on the back of his left hand and cellulitis of his left forearm, the other patient had ulcerous lesions of the right forearm and cellulitis of the right lower leg. In both cases diagnosis was suggested by histopathological examination of a biopsy and confirmed by culture. One patient may have had disseminated cryptococcal disease as suggested by a positive cryptococcal capsular antigen test, the other had no evidence of dissemination. Treatment consisted of oral fluconazole for six weeks. One patient died of an unrelated cause after four weeks treatment. Secondary antifungal prophylaxis was not given. Cutaneous cryptococcal infections are described in AIDS patients, but only seldom observed in other immunocompromised patients. Early recognition of the cutaneous lesions is important, as they can be the first sign of disseminated cryptococcosis. Untreated, the mortality of this disease is high. Therapy consists of amphotericin B with or without flucytosine. Fluconazole may be valuable alternative. The optimal treatment regimen and duration are not defined yet. Contrary to AIDS patients with cryptococcal infection, who need life-long secondary antifungal prophylaxis in order to prevent relapses, suppressive treatment is not indicated for immunocompromised non-AIDS patients.

Topical ketoprofen (KP) is widely used because of its anti-inflammatory effect. However, photocontact dermatitis is a side-effect. Between May 2001 and June 2002, the Belgian Contact & Environmental Dermatitis Group conducted a prospective, open patch and photopatch test study in 20 patients suspected of KP dermatitis. Severe skin symptoms requiring systemic corticotherapy occurred in 47%. 5 patients were hospitalized. 1 patient showed prolonged photosensitivity. All patients were tested with KP and the other constituents of KP gel. Attribution to KP was demonstrated in all cases. Patch and photopatch tests with KP 2% in petrolatum showed contact photoallergy in 17 patients, contact allergy in 1 patient and photoaggravated contact allergy in 2 patients. 5 patients also reacted to the fragrance components lavender (Lavandula augustifolia) oil and/or neroli (Citrus aurantium dulcis) oil 5% in alcohol. However, in 4 of these, irritant reactions to the ethanolic dilutions could not be ruled out. Additional tests with 3 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs without benzophenone structure ibuprofen, naproxen and diclofenac identified only 1 contact allergic reaction to diclofenac. Cross-reactivity to the substituted benzophenones, oxybenzone and sulisobenzone occurred only to the first in less than 30% of the patients. A high frequency (69%) of contact allergy to fragrance mix was found. Dermatologists should be aware of the severity of photoallergic reactions to KP and the risk of cross-sensitization.

Numerical simulations of soliton transmission are presented. The optical pulses are delivered by a gain-coupled DFB laser using a gain-switching technique. The important source features are reviewed, and a study of the timing jitter is described.

In the past few years, thalidomide is experiencing a revival in many different fields as a last therapeutic option, because of the potential severe adverse drug reactions (ADR) induced by this drug (teratogenicity, peripheral neuropathy and sedation). Taking into consideration the increased use, we should focus on the prevalence of these and other ADR as well on their management. We describe a patient with multiple myeloma who presented with a morbilliform rash induced by thalidomide. Reintroduction of the drug confirmed the diagnosis. Nevertheless we continued the thalidomide treatment, although combined with methylprednisolone 64 mg. There was no recurrence of the cutaneous drug reaction (CDR). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case showing that systemic steroids can help to ‘treat through’ a thalidomide CDR.

Theoretical research and design for bistability and dynamic flip-flopping behavior of nonlinear DFB fiber grating structure combined with Fabry-Perot cavity are presented. Much lower switching thresholds of this structure are obtained, compared with uniform grating and phase-shifted grating.

These last years numerous experiments with Dispersion Compensating Fibres (DCF) have been carried out. These experiments have shown that the DCF’s are promising components to upgrade optical fibre links previously designed to work in the second window. A lot of these experiments are dedicated to high distance multi-gigabit links and the possible implementation of DCF in sub-marine systems1,2,3,4,5. These are the reasons why we would like to propose to discuss the possible use of DCF so as to upgrade second window Optical Access Networks (OAN). First, we fully characterise a commercial DCF. We measure optogeometrical parameters such as Mode Field Diameter (MFD) or refractive index profile difference. We use a home made Transmitted Near Field technique6. From these measurements, we calculate that connection with connectors as well as fusion splices give losses higher than one dB7. We observe a lower loss value with an Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) analysis8. In a second time, we characterise the DCF parameters such as length, attenuation8 and chromatic dispersion9. We get a Figure-Of-Merit (FOM) of about 204 ps/(nm.dB) 1. From these results we estimate that our fibre could be used to compensate standard fibre lengths of about 5 km. Finally, we dynamically test the DCF associated with a Standard Single-mode Fibre (SSF) in a single link using a 1.55 μn Fabry-Perot laser modulated up to 500 Mbit/s. We observe a significant improvement of the transmission with the DCF. We apply the same set-up to a point-to-multipoint link by using a conventional splitter. In this case the compensation is also achieved with success. All these experimental results are compared to theoretical calculations.

We have demonstrated bistability and dynamic transients as well as the modelling method in active optical fibre gratings with active medium where both non-linear Kerr interaction and chromatic dispersion are considered. The calculated results of the transmitted versus incident powers exhibit optical bistability for the static operation and transient oscillations for the dynamic operation. Higher optical gain causes smaller switching power and stronger bistable behaviour. (6 pages)

We have developed and tested a new configuration of Er-doped fibre amplifier (EDFA), which enables one to efficiently amplify high and low power level signals. The key component of the set-up is a fibre loop mirror built with a variable-ratio coupler. The splitting ratio is adjusted in such a way that low power level signals are reflected for double pass amplification and extracted thanks to an optical circulator, whereas high power level signals are directly extracted from the EDFA after one single pass in the doped fibre. This new configuration is thus a double-output EDFA with each output dedicated to a particular regime.