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Background: Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent malignant primary liver tumour in a cirrhotic liver. Liver transplantation and resection are the only curative treatment options in compensated liver cirrhosis, but liver resections are associated with increased perioperative morbidity and mortality., Patients: We identified 108 cirrhotic patients, who underwent liver resections at the University Hospital of Mainz between January 2008 and December 2019. During the same period, 185 liver resections were performed for HCC in non-cirrhotic livers. Furthermore, 167 liver resections served as control group, which were performed for colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) with comparable extent of resection to HCC in cirrhotic livers. Preoperatively, we assessed the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), MELD and Child scores in addition to the general patient characteristics. Perioperative morbidity was graded according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. Resections of HCC in cirrhosis and liver metastases were additionally compared by a matched-pair analysis., Results: The three groups were comparable in age. Preoperative liver function was best in patients with CRLM (p < 0.001). Resections for HCC in non-cirrhotic livers were more extended than in cirrhotic livers (p < 0.001). The overall morbidity (Clavien/Dindo stage III - IV) was higher after resections in cirrhotic livers than in CRLM resections (p = 0.026). Postoperative mortality was comparably low in all three groups (2.2%). Neither MELD nor Child score was predictive for postoperative morbidity or mortality (area under the curve: AUC < 0.6, each). Preoperative CCI was predictive for postoperative mortality (AUC = 0.78)., Conclusions: Liver resections in cirrhotic livers are feasible after adequate patient selection and limitation of the extent of surgery. Comorbidities additionally increase the postoperative mortality in addition to impaired liver function and should therefore always be included into the preoperative assessment of patients undergoing liver surgery., Competing Interests: Die Autorinnen/Autoren geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent primary liver malignancy, followed by intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). In addition, there is a mixed form for which only limited data are available. The aim of this study was to compare recurrence and survival of the mixed form within the cohorts of patients with HCC and ICC from a single center., Methods: Between January 2008 and December 2020, all patients who underwent surgical exploration for ICC, HCC, or mixed hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma (mHC-CC) were included in this retrospective analysis. The data were analyzed, focusing on preoperative and operative details, histological outcome, and tumor recurrence, as well as overall and recurrence-free survival., Results: A total of 673 surgical explorations were performed, resulting in 202 resections for ICC, 344 for HCC (225 non-cirrhotic HCC, ncHCC; 119 cirrhotic HCC, cHCC), and 14 for mHC-CC. In addition, six patients underwent orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) in the belief of dealing with HCC. In 107 patients, tumors were irresectable (resection rate of 84%). Except for the cHCC group, major or even extended liver resections were required. Vascular or visceral extensions were performed regularly. Overall survival (OS) was highly variable, with a median OS of 17.6 months for ICC, 26 months for mHC-CC, 31.8 months for cHCC, and 37.2 months for ncHCC. Tumor recurrence was common, with a rate of 45% for mHC-CC, 48.9% for ncHCC, 60.4% for ICC, and 67.2% for cHCC. The median recurrence-free survival was 7.3 months for ICC, 14.4 months for cHCC, 16 months for mHC-CC, and 17 months for ncHCC. The patients who underwent OLT for mHC-CC showed a median OS of 57.5 and RFS of 56.5 months., Conclusions: mHC-CC has a comparable course and outcome to ICC. The cholangiocarcinoma component seems to be the dominant one and, therefore, may be responsible for the prognosis. 'Accidental' liver transplant for mHC-CC within the Milan criteria offers a good long-term outcome. This might be an option in countries with no or minor organ shortage.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has changed medical teaching worldwide. Digital teaching and examinations are successful for cognitive learning objectives, whereas practical skills had to be carried out predominantly in person under strict hygiene standards., Aim: This study presents the opportunities and challenges of using a presence objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) at a distance with digital support., Method: Following surgical practical teaching an OSCE was conducted in presence, where students demonstrated practical skills in one room while the examiners were connected via videoconference from another room. Students were surveyed about the OSCE and sustained learning via a standardized online questionnaire after completion of the surgical teaching. Additionally, examiners were surveyed on their experiences., Results: In the online survey 40 students participated (25% of n = 157 students contacted) and 36 completed questionnaires were analyzed. Overall, the implementation of an OSCE even under pandemic conditions was perceived as very positive by the students (92% of students n = 33). In particular, the acquisition of practical skills was rated as very high. For 78% (n = 28) of the students, the acquisition of competencies through the practical examination was particularly sustainable. The vast majority of students and examiners felt safe regarding infection control because of the hygiene concept (92%, n = 33). Overall, 80 students achieved grade 1 (51%), 71 students grade 2 (45.2%) and 6 students grade 3 (3.8%) (grade 1 = very good, grade 6 = very bad)., Conclusion: Practical examinations are essential for checking practical learning objectives and can be implemented at a distance with a well-developed hygiene concept and digital support., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Liver cirrhosis is the most common risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, 10 to 15% of all HCC arise in a non-cirrhotic liver. Few reliable data exist on outcome after liver resection in a non-cirrhotic liver. The aim of this single-centre study was to evaluate the outcome of resection for HCC in non-cirrhotic liver (NC-HCC) and to determine prognostic factors for overall (OS) and intrahepatic recurrence-free (RFS) survival. From 2008 to 2020, a total of 249 patients were enrolled in this retrospective study. Primary outcome was OS and RFS. Radiological and pathological findings, such as tumour size, number of nodules, Tumour-, Nodes-, Metastases- (TNM) classification and vascular invasion as well as extent of surgical resection and laboratory liver function were collected. Here, 249 patients underwent liver resection for NC-HCC. In this case, 50% of patients underwent major liver resection, perioperative mortality was 6.4%. Median OS was 35.4 months (range 1-151 months), median RFS was 10.5 months (range 1-128 moths). Tumour diameter greater than three centimetres, multifocal tumour disease, vascular invasion, preoperative low albumin and increased alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) values were associated with significantly worse OS. Our study shows that resection for NC-HCC is an acceptable treatment approach with comparatively good outcome even in extensive tumours.

Background: Education of medical students in surgery not only consists of knowledge about diseases and their treatment but also of practical skills like i.e. suturing. In the clinical training of medical students, professional interaction and communication with patients is a key component. Due to the circumstances of distancing and reduced exposure to patients during the COVID-19 pandemic, clinical training of medical students has been challenging. To combat these restrictions, digital modern teaching concepts had to be implemented., Material and Methods: Surgical education of medical students was reorganised during the summer semester 2020 and winter semester 2020/2021 and the necessary adjustments, as well as their evaluation by students, were analysed. Results were compared to the pre-COVID evaluations of the summer semester 2019. Furthermore a survey of all university surgical departments in Germany (n = 39) was conducted to compare the different approaches to handling this very new situation., Results: All participating centres were performing surgical education with medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, digital teaching methods were well accepted by students and teachers, even though short-term changes were necessary during the second wave of the pandemic. Both students and teachers missed the direct mutual interaction as well as with patients (summer semester 2020 36%, winter semester 2020/2021 40%). Modern and digital teaching concepts were assessed positively (summer semester 2020 45%, winter semester 2020/2021 40%) and long term implementation was desired by students and teachers (winter semester 2020/2021 60%)., Conclusion: Training of practical surgical skills, as well as communication skills, can only be taught in presence. Digital learning concepts can support, but not replace, surgical courses held in presence, including contact to patients and manual training. Blended learning concepts facilitate a leap towards modern teaching concepts and increase the quality of classes spent in presence., Competing Interests: Die Autorinnen/Autoren geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Background: Laparoscopic liver surgery (LLS) is increasingly utilized worldwide due to several potential advantages over open liver surgery., Objective: Analysis and presentation of the advantages and disadvantages of LLS in comparison to open surgery., Material and Methods: Analysis of clinically relevant factors of minimally invasive liver surgery in comparison to open liver surgery in the current literature., Results: In addition to obvious cosmetic advantages, the current literature shows advantages regarding length of hospital stay and quality of life after LLC. In contrast to major liver resections, parenchyma-preserving resections often appear cost-neutral due a shorter postoperative hospital stay compared to conventional liver resections. In addition to particular personnel requirements, LLS also has technical prerequisites, such as a dedicated intraoperative ultrasound system. Furthermore, contrast-enhanced laparoscopic examinations are possible and ultrasound information can be fused with preoperative imaging. Virtual reality technology and 3‑dimensional printing are currently under investigation to improve the intraoperative anatomical orientation of LLS., Conclusion: The current literature reveals significant advantages for LLS so that this procedure should be further developed in Germany in order to offer this technique to as many patients as possible.