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Collaboration, coteaching, and consultation are words that have overarching meanings in that they all involve people working together to solve a purpose or meet a goal. Individuals in public education must work together on collaborative initiatives to solve challenges. Professionals may make suggestions for short-term objectives and establish effective plans of action to address long-term problems because of their collaboration. Co-teachers must be able to provide instruction while working with others in a professional and efficient manner. Working together can be a difficult task for some while others find collaboration essential to navigating the 21st century classroom.

Primary cutaneous lymphomas are the second most common form of extra-nodal lymphomas. They have special characteristics compared with other lymphomas. They are most frequently of T-cell origin and they generally have a much more indolent course than lymphomas of similar histology in other locations. Mycosis fungoides is the most common type of cutaneous lymphoma. Primary cutaneous lymphomas remain confined to the skin for a long time. Skin-directed therapies are the main treatments; systemic treatments are not very effective for the skin lesions. Skin-directed therapies used for the early and thin lesions are topical corticosteroids, phototherapy and topical retinoids and, for the more widespread or thick lesions, topical nitrogen mustard and radiation. Radiation therapy is highly effective and is indicated in virtually all cases of localised disease. Radiation therapy may be given to the whole skin surface, so-called total skin electron beam therapy. However, if the disease spreads to other organs, systemic treatments are indicated, often combined with skin-directed therapies. Conventional cytotoxic therapy is less effective in cutaneous lymphomas. The commonly used therapies, such as interferon, enhanced anti-tumour immunity and the recent advances in immune therapies may improve our treatments for cutaneous lymphomas.

This paper discusses the process of retrieval and updating legacy data to allow on-line discovery and delivery. There are many pitfalls of institutional and non-institutional ecological data conservation over the long term. Interruptions to custodianship, old media, lost knowledge and the continuous evolution of species names makes resurrection of old data challenging. We caution against technological arrogance and emphasise the importance of international standards.We use a case study of a compiled set of continent-wide vegetation survey data for which, although the analyses had been published, the raw data had not. In the original study, publications containing plot data collected from the 1880s onwards had been collected, interpreted, digitised and integrated for the classification of vegetation and analysis of its conservation status across Australia. These compiled data are an extremely valuable national collection that demanded publishing in open, readily accessible online repositories, such as the Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (http://www.tern.org.au) and the Atlas of Living Australia (ALA: http://www.ala.org.au), the Australian node of the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF: http://www.gbif.org). It is hoped that the lessons learnt from this project may trigger a sober review of the value of endangered data, the cost of retrieval and the importance of suitable and timely archiving through the vicissitudes of technological change, so the initial unique collection investment enables multiple re-use in perpetuity.

Summary This study presents the first references available for Cynoponticus savanna length–weight relationships (LWR) as well as other biological information, based on its unique population in the South Atlantic Ocean, specifically, Todos os Santos Bay, on the Brazilian central coast. A total of 464 individuals were obtained from artisanal fishing landings between July 2012 and June 2013. Total lengths ranged from 14.5 to 139.6 cm. The length-weight relationship was BW = 0.716 TL3.31. Length at first maturity (Lm) was 48.9 cm. Reproduction began gradually in May, reaching a peak around December, with most individuals completing reproduction by January. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) was highest in January (GSI = 0.21) and lowest in March (GSI = 0.024). The male index (GSI = 0.073) was lower than in females (GSI = 0.10) (P

C-reactive protein (CRP) has a prognostic role in cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. Recent data suggest its pro-inflammatory effects in atherosclerotic lesion formation. This raises the hypothesis of whether or not CRP has pro-inflammatory effects on pulmonary vasculature by inducing the production of endothelin-1 (ET)-1, a potent vasoconstrictor and proliferative cytokine, and expression of adhesion molecules which could culminate in inflammatory cell recruitment and vascular injury. Human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAECs) were cultured and incubated with 25μg/ml of human recombinant CRP and with interleukin (IL)-1β 10ng/ml, a well-known activator of endothelial cells, which served as a positive control for 24 hours. Expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 was assessed by flow cytometry. Secretion of ET-1 from HPAECs was also evaluated. In this study we show that incubation of HPAECs with human recombinant CRP for 24 hours induced a significant increase in ICAM-1 expression (from 610 to 6553 mean fluorescence intensity, p < 0.005) and VCAM-1 expression (from 212 to 303 mean fluorescence intensity, p < 0.05), as compared to control. Adhesion molecule induction was similar to that observed in endothelial cells activated with IL-1β. Likewise, CRP potentiated the ET-1 production by HPAECs. The levels of ET-1 were significantly higher at 24 hours (control 19.94±3 vs CRP 46.54±18 pg/ml, p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study makes a novel observation that CRP induces expression of adhesion molecules and secretion of ET-1 in HPAECs. Our study provides the first evidence that CRP exerts direct proinflammatory effects on pulmonary artery endothelial cells.

Canine atopic dermatitis is a common disease and is considered as an animal model of the human disease. Immunomodulation by helminths is reported in several species. The aim of this study was to determine whether nematodes have an immunomodulatory effect on atopic dermatitis in dogs. In the pilot study, 12 atopic dogs were infected with either embryonated eggs of Trichuris vulpis (500 and 2500 eggs in 3 dogs each) or L3 larvae of Uncinaria stenocephala (100, 500 and 2500 eggs in 2 dogs each), respectively, for 3 months. Pruritus was evaluated with visual analogue scales and clinical lesions with the canine atopic dermatitis extent and severity index (CADESI). Skin biopsies were obtained for histopathology at the beginning and end of the study. In the subsequent placebo-controlled, double-blinded, randomised study, 21 dogs received either 2500 embryonated T. vulpis eggs or placebo and were evaluated similarly. In addition, allergen-specific serum IgE concentrations were determined. All dogs in the pilot study improved in their lesion scores, most in their pruritus scores. The cutaneous inflammatory infiltrate did not change significantly. In the subsequent randomised study, there was no significant difference between placebo and Trichuris administration in regard to pruritus or CADESI. IgE concentrations also did not change significantly. Infection with T. vulpis did not significantly change clinical signs of canine atopic dermatitis.

It is widely accepted that group-living animals alter their behaviour towards a conspecific depending on whether it is known or unknown. To distinguish between group members and strangers in an efficient way, it would be adaptive for an animal to categorize conspecifics on the basis of familiarity. We investigated whether pigeons, Columba livia, are able to learn this categorization in a concept-like manner when trained with 2D images of conspecifics. Two of the six experimental pigeons were able correctly to classify test photographs of aviary mates which they had never seen as photographic stimuli before. Control animals, which had no real-life experience of the pictured conspecifics, all failed. This is a cognitively demanding task; not only are there no consistent visual features among group members, but photographic stimuli also present a much degraded version of the depicted pigeons. Further tests revealed that the familiarity concept could be transferred to nonconspecifics and that 24. h of exposure was enough for another pigeon to be classed as familiar. In sum, the findings show that pigeons (1) interpreted computer stimuli as representations of real entities, (2) possessed the ability to form a concept of familiarity and (3) were able to distinguish between social partners and strangers in nature. © 2010 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

F. d’Amore1, P. Gaulard2, L. Trumper3, P. Corradini4, W.-S. Kim5, L. Specht6, M. Bjerregaard Pedersen1 & M. Ladetto7, on behalf of the ESMO Guidelines Committee* Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Pathology, Hopital Henri Mondor, Creteil, France; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg August University, Gottingen, Germany; Department of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea; Department of Oncology and Hematology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Divisione di Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Santi Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy

The A-01 wetland treatment system (WTS) is a surface flow wetland planted with giant bulrush [Schoenoplectus californicus (C.A. Mey.) Palla] that is designed to remove Cu and other metals from the A-01 National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) effluent at the Savannah River Site near Aiken, SC. Copper, Zn, and Pb concentrations in water were usually reduced 60 to 80% by passage through the treatment system. The Cu concentrations in the wetland sediments increased from about 4 to 205 and 796 mg kg(-1), respectively, in the organic and floc sediment layers in cell 4A over a 5-yr period. Metal concentrations were higher in the two top layers of sediment (i.e., the floc and organic layers) than in the deeper inorganic layers. Sequential extraction was used to evaluate remobilization and retention of Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, and Fe in the wetland sediment. Metal remobilization was determined by the potentially mobile fraction (PMF) and metal retention by the recalcitrant factor (RF). The PMF values were high in the floc layer but comparatively low in the organic and inorganic layers. High RF values for Cu, Zn, and Pb in the organic and inorganic layers indicated that these metals were strongly bound in the sediment. The RF values for Mn were lower than for the other elements especially in the floc layer, indicating low retention or binding capacity. Retention of contaminants was also evaluated by distribution coefficient (Kd) values. Distribution coefficient (Kd) values were lower for Cu and Zn than for Pb, indicating a smaller exchangeable fraction for Pb.

Benthic macroinvertebrate samples were collected from natural substrates in disturbed and undisturbed South Carolina upper coastal plain streams to determine if taxa richness and other bioassessment metrics were significantly related to stream size as predicted by the River Continuum Concept (RCC). Linear, quadratic, and lognormal regression models indicated that stream width was positively related to total number of taxa; number of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) taxa; and total number of organisms. Linear regression showed that the expected number of taxa at undisturbed sites ranged from 35 in 2.0 m wide streams to 64 in 16.0 m streams. Comparable values were 8–20 for EPT and 109–261 for number of organisms. Stream width was inversely related to biotic index values indicating a decrease in average organism tolerance with increasing stream size. ANCOVA showed that the effects of stream size were similar for disturbed and undisturbed sites. Rank correlations and multidimensional scaling (MDS) showed that Lepidoptera and Trichoptera were more abundant in larger streams and Annelida in smaller streams. Stream size related changes in benthic macroinvertebrate community composition are often ignored in bioassessment protocols; however, failure to adjust metrics for stream size can lead to erroneous conclusions. Adjustments are possible by analyzing regression residuals stripped of stream size related variance, dividing the area beneath the maximum taxa richness line into equal size units for metric scoring, or scaling metrics based on predicted reference values.

The deep lateritic earths that cap the serpentinite outcrop in the Rockhampton - Marlborough area on the Tropic of Capricorn in Central Queensland have been eroded to expose the underlying ultramafic rock. Water-holding capacity of these nutrient-poor soils increases in a gradient from the skeletal soils to the deep lateritic earths and results in a continuum of structural formations from open-woodland to woodland to open-forest. A couple of closed-forest (rainforest) stands have developed where seepage into Marlborough Creek occurs throughout the year. Aerodynamic fluxes (frictional, thermal and evaporative) in the atmosphere as it flows over and through the vegetation influence the annual foliage growth in all strata in the continuum from skeletal soils to deep lateritic earths. The lateral growth of each plant is abraded so that the sum of the foliage projective covers of overstorey (FPCo) and understorey (FPCu) strata - that is £ (FPCo + FPCu) - remains constant throughout the serpentinite soil catena. As more water becomes available in the soil catena, the mineral nutrient levels in overstorey leaves increase, making developing leaves more vulnerable to insect attack. Although the number of leaves produced annually on each vertical foliage shoot in the overstorey increases along the soil-water gradient, Σ(FPCo + FPCu) remains constant in all stands. The carbon isotope ratios (a measure of stomatal resistance) and leaf specific weights (LSWs) (a measure of the proportion of structural to cytoplasmic content in a leaf) of overstorey and understorey strata, however, are constant throughout the continuum. The well-watered rainforest pockets - where seepage occurs - form the end point of this serpentinite continuum. LSWs and carbon isotope ratios of the canopy trees are similar to those in the sheltered understorey in the eucalypt communities. A gradient of foliage attributes is observed from evergreen canopy trees (12 m) to subshrubs (2 m) in the sunlit life forms that compose the complex structure of the rainforest stands in the humid to subhumid climate of Central Queensland. As alpha diversity (number of species per hectare) is correlated with annual shoot growth per hectare, species richness along the serpentinite continuum is almost half that of nearby plant communities on medium-nutrient soils. The one to two eucalypt species per hectare are about a tenth of the number recorded on adjacent medium-nutrient soils.

The A-01 wetland treatment system (WTS) was designed to remove metals from an industrial effluent at the Savannah River Site, Aiken, SC. Sequential extraction data were used to evaluate remobilization and retention of Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, and Fe in the wetland sediment. Remobilization of metals was determined by the Potentially Mobile Fraction (PMF) and metal retention by the Recalcitrant Factor (RF). The PMF, which includes water soluble, exchangeable, and amorphous oxides fractions, is the contaminant fraction that has the potential to enter into the mobile aqueous phase under fluctuating environmental conditions. PMF values were low for Cu, Zn, and Pb (13-27 %) and high for Fe and Mn (62-70 %). The RF, which includes crystalline oxides, sulfides or silicates and aluminosilicates, is the ratio of strongly bound fractions to the total concentration of elements in sediment. RF values ranged from 73-87 % for Cu, Zn, and Pb, indicating high retention in the sediment and from 30-38 % for Fe and Mn, indicating low retention. Contaminant retention, which is determined by solid phase metal speciation, determines the potential mobility and bioavailability of captured metals in wetland sediments; hence, their likelihood of being released if chemical, physical, or biological conditions within the wetland change.

A full-scale constructed wetland treatment system consisting of four pairs of wetland cells (3.2 ha total area) with water flowing through a pair of cells in series prior to discharge was investigated. A retention basin provided stable water flow to the system. Water retention time in the wetland system was approximately 48 hours, and the wetland cells operated at circumneutral pH. Vegetation development within the cells has been excellent. Copper removal efficiency was greater than 75 % from the start-up of the system, while mercury efficiency improved with maturation of the treatment cells. Sampling of the water course through the wetlands conducted during the fourth year of operation validated continued performance, and assessed the fate of a larger suite of metals present in the water. Copper and mercury removal efficiencies were still very high, both in excess of 80 % removal from the water after passage through the wetland system. Mercury removal continued along the entire water course through the system, while copper was removed almost immediately upon entering the wetland cells. Lead removal from the water by the system was 83 %, zinc removal was 60 %, and nickel was generally unaffected. Organic carbon in the water was also increased by the system and reduced the bioavailability of some metals. Operation and maintenance of the system continued to be minimal, and mainly consisted of checking for growth of the vegetation and free flow of the water through the system. The system was entirely passive, relying on gravity as the power source of water flow. No reportable permit exceedances have been experienced since the wetland began treating an outfall discharge.