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Copyright of Ayer: Revista de Historia Contemporánea is the property of Asociacion de Historia Contemporanea and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science Technology & Industry is the property of Chinese Society of Technology Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Worker education is crucial for developing alternative perspectives and collective responses to the socio-economic and ecological challenges facing the working class. This paper summarises findings of research commissioned by the Worker Education Committee of the Human Resources Development Council on the nature and provision of worker education. The research was conducted with trade unions, labour service organisations and institutions involved in worker education. The research process collectively defined worker education as education for workers, controlled by workers and their organisations for their own needs and purposes, and oriented towards building collective organisation to advance workers' struggles. Worker education includes the employed (in both precarious and "standard" employment) and the unemployed. Key challenges include the lack of sustainable financing of worker education, the lack of time-off for workers to access education, and fragmented worker education initiatives. The revitalisation of worker education requires a reassertion of the historical character of worker education, organically linked to working class struggles and union organising, rather than narrowly focused on skills acquisition for individual advancement. Revitalising worker education cannot solve the problems facing the labour movement on its own. Rebuilding worker organisation and relationships of solidarity and collective action within and between organised and unorganised workers is integral to the revitalisation of worker education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gerundium is the property of University of Debrecen and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract In order to enhance the effectiveness of the research on the new-type business management of online labour service crowdsourcing effect based on sharing economy, this paper proposes an online labour service crowdsourcing effect analysis method based on linear discriminant regression. Firstly, it relies on knowledge service and business combination to promote the selection coordination of public users and crowdsourcing website in sharing value-driving and spacial technology, wherein, the value chain of crowdsourcing is the value network composed of infrastructure and operation process, it promotes the communication technology product or technical service through the product flow, service flow, information flow and capital flow of value network and establishes the research model; secondly, based on linear discriminant regression, it measures and tests the relationship between online labour service crowdsourcing effect and single class by aid of the nearest subspace classifier, based on the relationship between test effect and training effect obtained from the farthest subspace classifier, finally, it verifies the effectiveness of the algorithm through simulated experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We experimentally investigate the effects of a mandatory increase in education on the market for professional labor services when several service qualities are assumed to exist. We show that when suppliers have insufficient incentives to offer high-quality services in a free market, an increase in mandatory education can improve the coordination of supplier decisions and increase efficiency. If suppliers voluntarily provide a sufficient quantity of high-quality services, an education constraint can have the opposite effect. In both instances, however, an increase in the mandatory level of education can be expected to reduce the price of high-quality services while increasing the price of lower service qualities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proportion of middle-aged and aging workers is increasing year by year in the construction industry. Affected by their physical functions and other conditions, the death rate of aging construction workers is higher than that of the workers in other age groups, which brings higher risks to the safety of the industry. Therefore, the paper aims to determine the main risk factor of safety brought on by the aging construction workers, and the degree of influence of safety risk factor on aging construction workers. Through the design of the questionnaire, the number and type of index to be studied are selected. The 6 first-level indexes and 30 second-level indexes were selected from 100 indexes. The AHP method was used to evaluate the influence of aging construction workers on the safety risk factor. The classification of work contents of aging construction workers in different age groups is proposed to reduce safety risks and provide an effective basis for management. The significance of this study is as follows: (1) The concrete analysis of index affecting the safety risk of aging construction workers has enriched the existing academic research; (2) the quantitative risk index system in the study, provides a reference value for further research in the academic circle; (3) The study of this paper has certain reference significance for construction companies and government regulatory departments to formulate policies and measures, such as job classification of aging workers in different ages and restrictive conditions for high-risk work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although policy‐makers and scholars have directed increasing attention towards collaborative innovation and knowledge development between frontline agencies and workers and other stakeholders such as citizens and researchers, empirical research has not focused on the (varying) assessment of collaborators regarding what knowledge is "appropriate" to develop. In this article, we examine such knowledge assessments by drawing on a comparative case study of two local innovation projects conducted by the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration (NAV) in a four‐year service innovation programme. Although they responded to the same call, the projects involved development of two very distinct types of knowledge; one dealt with practice‐based knowledge and the other with evidence‐based knowledge. We show that whereas the former knowledge type was contested and difficult to transform into practice, the latter prompted few (if any) challenges and was implemented on a relatively large scale. These two projects point to the possible existence of a hierarchy of knowledge in labour and welfare services, where evidence‐based forms of knowledge and methods are regarded as more legitimate and appropriate than forms of knowledge placed "lower" in the hierarchy. We discuss the reasons for and implications of this apparent hierarchy of knowledge for frontline labour and welfare services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Many statistical agencies use the sum of hours worked when measuring labour services. This implies that all workers provide work of equal quality. Various indices for adjusting for labour quality have been employed in a large body of literature. However, this literature has not yet addressed the issue of how to quality‐adjust the impact of workers entering and exiting the labour market. We outline a theoretical framework for dealing with quality adjustment of labour services caused by workers entering and exiting employment. To illustrate the theoretical framework, we use the case of Norway in the period 1997–2013. The impact on labour services due to our quality adjustment of net entry is found to be cyclical. While the adjustment for the quality of net entry amounts to about −0.3 percentage points annually during expansions, it is offset by about the same magnitude during contractions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The participation of ethnic minority communities in the development of local tourism is usually based on the family unit Senior citizens can not only provide labor services within their reach, but inherit and defend local culture and landscape, playing an important social role. Their living conditions are tied to the rest of the family, and affect the sustainability of the entire community. Through field visits to ethnic minority communities in Wolong National Nature Reserve in Sichuan, authors of the paper summarized the status and problems of elderly people's participation in tourism development, and put forward specific suggestions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudos Avancados is the property of Instituto de Estudos Avancados da Universidade de Sao Paulo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examines the role of job insecurity as a moderator that may trigger destructive responses by employees to perceived outsourcing of labor services. Although some studies have suggested that outsourcing might not be viewed favorably by the hotel staff, the article first argues that because outsourcing of labor can be a useful strategy for the effective functioning of a hotel, mere perceptions of outsourcing by internal employees should lead them to react favorably to the hotel in the form of citizenship (organizational citizenship behavior-organization [OCB-O]) and decreased deviance (deviant workplace behavior-organization [DWB-O]). We invoke unitarism theory, which emphasizes the shared interests of all the members of an organization. The article then argues that these reactions to outsourcing may become negative when internal employees note the presence of job insecurity, triggering decreased OCB-O and DWB-O. Data were collected from 215 in-house employees working concurrently with outsourced employees at 14 hotels in Gran Canaria (Spain). Structural equation modeling (SEM) results suggest that, contrary to expectations, perceived outsourcing leads employees to significantly increase their DWB-O, but not vary their OCB-O. Unlike OCB-O, these DWB-O reactions to perceived outsourcing became stronger among employees who were high rather than low in job insecurity. The findings suggest that job insecurity plays an expendable, but relevant, role in reactions to outsourcing that harm their success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lists of rents are extremely important sources for the study of rural lordship during the high Middle Ages. Therefore, this essay examines an inventory which was issued in the Vallombrosan monastery of S. Michele in Passignano during the last quarter of the 12th century. Its aim is to combine palaeographic and historical observations, in order to provide a proper understanding of the duties with which some dependent peasants had to comply, with specific regard to labour-services (operae). Moreover, such a method makes it possible to reflect on the differences between the content of rentals on the one hand, and of lease charters on the other. In its turn, this improves our knowledge of forms of land management around the abbey of S. Michele in the examined period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

VAT rates have gradually become an important fiscal policy tool of of EU member states. This paper quantifies the influence on the VAT revenue of the potential transfer of selected labour intensive services from the standard to a reduced VAT rate in the Czech Republic. The data used for the analysis were obtained by a questionnaire, as well as through research performed at the General Financial Directorate and the Czech Statistical Office. To analyze the data, a comparison analysis and descriptive statistical methods were used. The change in VAT rate would cause a decrease in VAT revenue up to 1.6 billion CZK per year, but it would also bring positive effects, especially in the business development of the suppliers of labor intensive services. It could also prevent a price increase during the planned introduction of the e-sales system in restaurants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Due to sustained export of labor service, the left-behind children/ adolescents in rural areas of China have become a group that can no longer be neglected. However, even up to this day, little is known about the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of the left-behind children/adolescents, particularly in Midwest China. This study aims at investigating their living condition and analyzing the influential factors of their HRQoL. Methods: A cross-sectional study based on households was conducted and 1363 children or adolescents from rural areas of 6 provinces in China, among whom 608 were left-behind and 755 were non-left-behind, were enrolled in a multistage sampling. HRQoL was revealed using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL). Differences in scores were analyzed using rank sum tests, and multivariate analyses were conducted with multiple linear regression. Results: There was a total of 608 (44.61%) left-behind children or adolescents, and they scored significantly lower in terms of the HRQoL synthesis scores (F = 6.14, P < 0.05), Physical Functioning (H = 33.18, P < 0.05), Emotional Functioning (H = 24.99, P < 0.05) and Social Functioning (H = 12.24, P < 0.05), compared with the non-left-behind. Multiple linear regressions indicated that age and mother's final academic qualification were in positive correlation with the HRQoL of the left-behind children, while mother's longer migrant working time and less frequent visits, and being reared by uncle/aunt etc., were potential risk factors for the left-behind children. Conclusions: The HRQoL scores of left-behind children or adolescents were significantly lower than those of their counterparts both in the physical and the psychological domains. Influential factors should be considered when relevant policies are being made and intervening practices are being undertaken in the future, so as to improve the HRQoL of the left-behind children or adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural labor service economy is a method turning rural surplus human resources to economic resources, to realize increase of social wealth. Developing the rural labor service economy has profound influence on promoting transfer and employment of rural surplus labor, and speeding up innustrialization and urbanization. Rural labor service economy is a huge and complex systematic project for promoting urban and rural integrated development and increasing farmers' income. This paper firstly analyzed importance and urgency of accelerating the development of rural labor service economy. From the perspective of urban and rural integration, it came up with pertinent recommendations, including establishing security mechanism and improving rural labor security mechanism, creating preferental conditions and encouraging farmers to return to hometown, exploring potential and promoting nearby labor tansfer to promote rapid economic development, improving public employment service system, and cultivating and developing labor market. It is expected to provide certain references. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principal source of instability in the employment/non-employment distinction is neither imprecision in the legal tests nor the disjuncture between static legal categories and the changing organization of work away from industrial forms since the 1970s. Rather, it is the contradiction between equality and servitude embedded within the employment contract. The employment contract in the United States is a product of the nineteenth century incorporation of master-servant status relations into contracts for labor services. The legal rendering of master-servant authority as a "contract " collapses a fundamental distinction on which contemporary decision makers rely to differentiate employment from other work relationships--the distinction between whether the alleged employer has a right to control the "means and manner " of the work, the process, as opposed to only a right to control the "ends " of the work, the product. It creates an ambiguity in employment between contracting (regarding the ends) and production (the means), or between contractual formation and performance. One manifestation of the collapse of the means/ends distinction due to the contradiction between servitude and equality in employment is judicial discord over the phenomenon of upfront contractual specification (UCS). In several legal disputes over whether certain work relationships are "employment" relationships, the written contract governing the work includes detailed and somewhat comprehensive rules. The alleged employer claims that the contractual rides describe the "results " and not the "work. " It may even suggest that the rules are probative of non-employment because they limit its authority. The workers claim that the contractual rules are an exercise of control over their work, thus demonstrating an employment relationship. The contracting/producing ambiguity poses intractable interpretative problems when evaluating claims of control over the work relationship based on UCS. The contracting/producing ambiguity is constant and permanent. The distinction between employment and non-employment depends on the institutionalization of employment as a social practice. Legal decision makers help to stabilize the distinction by constructing institutional markers that signify employment or non-employment, such as the bureaucratic and temporal markers of industrial work. This Article proposes that decision makers often construct and interpose the written contract, and practice of signing it, as an institutional referent that signifies non-employment by purporting to separate contracting from producing and to defend a sphere of independence in production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Çankırı Karatekin University Journal of the Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences is the property of Cankiri Karatekin University, Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article sheds light on the French Labour Law, with particular focus on the prohibition of detachment labour or temporary work assignment hiring. It informs that the procedures for making such labour services simultaneously available with other measures grouped under the general principles of sub-contracting, wherein a business enterprise out-sources services to another contractor for the partial completion of a task for which the former is liable.

In Turkey regional development studies have been going on since the founding of the republic. The idea of establishing the regional development agencies (RDA) coincide with the 1930s. The purposes of establishment of the RDAs are, developing the cooperation of public sector, private sector and NGOs, ensuring on-site and the efficient use of resources, accelerating regional development, ensuring the sustainability of regional development, reducing development disparities within the region. In globalized world and in new economic regulation, in changing technology and competition conditions, firms must constantly change and adopt to the conditions. This means a necessary change and development. In this study, as investigating Eastern and Southeastern Anatolian regions's socıo-economical development, two topic will be elaborated. First, making analysis of regions socıo-economy and the second developing analysis of sectors. Sectoral analysis will be examined under agricultura, ındustry, constraction, trade and labor services subtopics,and we will emphasis importance of Development Agencies at development of those sectores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation's study object is a restrospective analysis about the formation of nutricionist professional in Brazil, starting at a historical account of the events and study worked out. In less than a century, in nutricion history, a lot of discussion about the formation of this professional, who fought to get their recognition in society happened. It begins in a brief introduction about the formation of nutricionist, describing their professional way, contrasting the role of the Federal Council and the Regional Councils of Nutrition and in the end marking the large space where this professional picked up in sale services until now. This place picked up by category owes from creation of programes wich helped in recognition and appreciation by others heathly professionals. It's clear that new challenges have to be named, according to changes that are happening in the profile brazilian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consequences of intersectoral factor immobility for optimal monetary policy are examined in a 'New Open Economy Macroeconomics' framework. When labor cannot be reallocated between tradable and nontradable goods production, this rigidity generates a welfare loss, which increases as the sectors become more different. When prices are predetermined, the model becomes a monetary 'specific factor' model. Intersectoral factor immobility complicates the optimal monetary policy problem by creating a tradeoff between stabilizing tradable and nontradable sector labor. When labor is mobile between sectors, policy coordination can significantly reduce labor volatility. When it is not mobile, coordination results in less volatility in tradable sector labor, but increased nontradable sector labor volatility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces the development of state financial provision for unemployed people in Britain in the period of persistently high unemployment between the First and Second World Wars; the measures taken to extend the duration of unemployment benefit entitlement beyond the period justified by contributions, undermining the finances of the insurance scheme and leading to the creation of a separate system of means-tested assistance; and the problems encountered in introducing such a system based on a uniform national assessment of needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With China's economic development and capital accumulation in the industrial sectors, the human capital level of the labours moving from the rural areas could no longer meet the demand of the industrial sectors. Therefore, 'structural shortage of technical labour' emerged in the labour market as a result of excess of demand for high-skilled workers. Previous literature mostly focused on the relationship between rural human-capital level and labour movement, income change and economic growth, but in this article, the authors focus on the study of the relative disparity of urban and rural human capital and labour movement, as well as the effect of the change of urban-rural human capital gap on industrial output, profit and social welfare. This article shows that bridging the urban-rural gap in respect of human capital level could not only improve the situation of the 'structural shortage of technical labour,' but also have a positive effect on the general social welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the manner in which labour services are modelled in the aggregate production function, concentrating on the relationship between numbers employed and average hours worked. It argues that numbers employed and hours worked are not perfect substitutes and that conventional estimates of total factor productivity which, by using total hours worked as the measure of labour services, assume they are perfect substitutes, will be biased when there are marked changes in average hours worked. The relevance of the theoretical argument is illustrated using data for the United States and the United Kingdom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subfield that is the sociology of service labor continues to generate vibrant internal dialogue. It was the author’s original intent to push forward the frontier of theory within this field, by performing an ethnography of service work in a non-American context (that of post-apartheid South Africa). Once in the field, however, he found himself moving backward as he was forced to problematize basic assumptions concerning the very category of service. In brief, the author discovered that managers in a competitive tourism industry refused to label their employees’ interactive labor as “service,” whereas workers themselves actively advocated for such a designation. To document the interplay between material and symbolic politics of production, the author turned to the work of Pierre Bourdieu—especially his theory of political representation and the accompanying concept of nomination struggles. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Business cycle models with sticky prices and endogenous firm entry make novel predictions on the transmission of shocks through the extensive margin of investment. I test some of these predictions using a VAR with model-based sign restrictions. I find a positive and significant response of firm entry to expansionary shocks to productivity, aggregate spending, monetary policy, and entry costs. The estimated response to a monetary expansion does not support the monetary policy transmission mechanism proposed by the model. Insofar as firm startups require labor services, wage stickiness is needed to make the signs of the model responses consistent with the estimated ones. The shapes of the empirical responses suggest that congestion effects in entry make it harder for new firms to survive when the number of startups rises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the effect of the global economic crisis in 2008-2009 on the foreign trade of China. An overview of China's growth in international trade particularly after it joined the World Trade Organization in 2001 is presented which was interrupted after the U.S. subprime mortgage crisis began in 2008 causing a decline in China's export trade where its economic growth depends. It notes that the decline in exports affect the labor services, textile manufacturer, and apparel.

This paper examines the manner in which labour services are modelled in the aggregate production function, concentrating on the specification of the relationship between the number of persons employed and average hours worked. We argue that, given the presence of quasi-fixed costs of employment, hours of work and the number of employees cannot be perfect substitutes. We then show that estimates using total hours worked as the measure of labour input implicitly assumes that they are perfect substitutes and this false assumption results, inter alia, in biased estimates of the rate of labour and multifactor productivity growth in Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]