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This paper discusses the first major implementation of two significant new cataloging models: IFLA's FRBR (International Federation of Library Associations' Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records) and event modeling (INDECS and Harmony). The paper refers briefly to the decision making processes leading to the adoption of these models, and outlines the implementation process, the benefits of the implementation, the practical and conceptual difficulties encountered in this implementation, and some observations on the future of these models in the library and information worlds. FRBR was published in 1998, and was widely accepted as providing a sound conceptual model for a new generation of bibliographic records which record and present the publishing history of information resources. The 2000 LC Cataloging conference included a number of papers on the requirement to add "event models" into cataloging. FRBR and Event Modeling are powerful tools for presenting bibliographic and other information in a richly contextual environment. Implementing the models presents significant challenges but is achievable, cost effective, offers many benefits to practitioners and should be considered by a range of information providers. (Contains 21 references.) (Author)

A truly global supply of bibliographic records and the emergence of online publishing put new challenges on the organization of bibliographic control. Three important cataloging codes are presently under revision, the AACR, the Italian RICA and the German RAK. The basis for a record, the carrier=content dichotomy, is one fundamental issue which has been particularly observed in the AACR revision process, strongly influenced by the IFLA report Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR), 1997. Is it possible to move from "Manifestation records" to "Work records"? The answer seems to be no, and the conclusion is that the Manifestation record is more needed than ever, but that information on Works and Expressions is urgently needed as well, and that authority information must be expanded considerably in order to give proper guidance to users. FRBR offers a model and a language which can help to bring about the common understanding which is the first prerequisite of information interoperability. (Contains 18 references.) (Author)

Recent penetration of the Internet in every aspect of society is remarkable. Along with various types of access methods being developed, information contents and services provided through them have also become available in a broad variety. The mobile phone systems capable of accessing the Internet have become very popular in Japan in the past three years, and the services dedicated to mobile Internet access show a rapid increase. Now library services appear to be within the scope of the mobile Internet. This paper summarizes the development of the mobile Internet, the "i-mode," in Japan which has made it the number one country in the world in this area, and introduces the typical library applications involved. Statistics indicate the trend of usage for "i-mode OPACs" or mobile access services to library catalogs. The expectation for the future expansion of library applications in the area is considered to formulate a vision for the innovative library services of the new century. Illustrations of the menu and sample screens of Toyama University Library's I-Book Service are provided. The document "Mobile Access to Libraries: Librarians and Users Experience for 'i-mode' Applications in Libraries" (which includes 34 "thumbnail" pages of illustrations, charts, figures and tables) is provided at the end of the paper. Includes four tables and one figure. (Contains eight references.) (Author/AEF)

This paper discusses two efforts that offer solution paths to interoperability of the Z39.50 standard protocol for information retrieval. The first section provides background on interoperability and Z39.50, identifying the categories of syntactic protocol interoperability, functional protocol interoperability, and semantic interoperability. The second section addresses Z39.50 profiles, including two motivations for developing profiles, i.e., prescribing how Z39.50 should be used in a particular application environment, and solving interoperability problems with existing Z39.50 implementations within a community or across two or more communities. The third section describes the Bath Profile, which identifies specifications for three applications: basic bibliographic search and retrieval with primary focus on library catalogs; bibliographic holdings search and retrieval; and cross-domain search and retrieval. The fourth section discusses extending the Bath Profile and describes two profiles that use the Bath Profile as a foundation: the ONE_2 Profile, being developed as part of the OPAC (Online Public Access Catalog) network in Europe; and the NISO (National Information Standards Organization) Profile, a U.S. national Z39.50 profile for library applications. The fifth section summarizes a project to design and demonstrate test methods and metrics to assess interoperability between systems using Z39.50. (Contains 15 references.) (MES)

The Colorado Digitization Project (CDP) commissioned the Library Research Service (LRS) of the Colorado State Library and the University of Denver Library and Information Science Program to evaluate user perceptions of the relative merits of the catalog (or database) and the exhibit approaches to providing access to digital information, especially digital images of artifacts, photographs, and other documents. The catalog approach is generally associated with libraries, while the exhibit approach is more common in museums. This evaluation combined PowerPoint and Web presentations with focus group interviews of three CDP clienteles: hobbyists, K-12 students, and general users. Each focus group interview was set up in a presentation/reaction format, beginning with a presentation of appropriate sample library and museum web sites, followed by the questions that comprised the focus group interview. Each group was presented with a scenario based on a specific assigned reason for utilizing digital resources. Relevance to needs, reasons for use, and impacts of virtual museum visits and of virtual library visits on actual visits are identified for each group. The conclusions of this evaluation were found to be consistent with three primary motivations of the Colorado Digitization Project: improving access to educational resources via digital format; aiding in the preservation of rare artifacts, photographs, and other documents; and encouraging users of museums in particular to visit in-person more often by attracting them with creative virtual exhibits. Focus group contacts are listed at the end of the report. (AEF)

This paper proposes changes in the use of the catalog and the model upon which it rests. The first section describes why these changes are necessary if the library is to transition effectively into the digital age, including: the disruptive context caused by technological change; the costs associated with the catalog; the changing nature of information, how it is delivered, and who takes responsibility for organizing and describing it; and dimensions in which metadata varies from the catalog record, e.g., specialization, decentralization, and democratization. The second section describes one dimension of a new data model--event-awareness--and why it must be an important component of a new cataloging model. This section focuses on the following issues: the move away from relatively fixed physical artifacts to generally fluid digital objects; the difficulty of establishing integrity, trust, and authenticity in the networked environment; and the decentralization and specialization of resource description and problems of mapping among these descriptive vocabularies. The third section provides the outline of an event model and how it might be used. (Contains 38 references.) (MES)

This paper describes the impact that technological change over the past few decades has had on a number of key interfaces to the library catalog, including the user, resource, abstract/index, and union catalog interfaces. Areas of focus for future development are then highlighted, including: (1) reassessing data requirements and conventions in order to ensure that the data recorded in the catalog is adaptable to the description of those resources and that it is adequate to support the various applications that will draw on it; (2) re-examining the interfaces to ensure that the requirements and interdependencies are fully understood; and (3) repositioning the catalog to meet the needs of its users. (MES)

This paper examines the potential of the library catalog to serve as a portal to the Internet. The first section provides an overview of the development of the catalog, including the emergence of the union catalog, standardization of cataloging practice, MARC format, and the insufficiency of resources to catalog all the titles acquired by libraries. The second section addresses catalogs in the new millennium, including the variety of formats cataloged, enhancements in online catalogs to improve the quality of access, gateways to networked resources, database aggregations, OCLC's CORC (Cooperative Online Resource Catalog) service, and creation of a digital library architecture that embraces different formats and permits crossfile searching. The third section covers portals and catalogs, including definition of an Internet portal, differences between portals and catalogs, and deficiencies and benefits of portals. The fourth section discusses catalogs as portals, including goals and arguments in favor of libraries providing access to Internet resources. The fifth section offers recommendations for the future. (Contains 15 references.) (MES)

This paper discusses bibliographic control in Thailand. The first section provides background, beginning with the compilation of the "Catalog of the Books of the Royal Vijirajan Library" in 1892; several papers on the history of Thailand's bibliographic control are listed. Recent changes due to the widespread use of information technology are addressed in the second section, including early database development, library automation, and the adoption of MARC format. The next section describes the following organizations that play important roles in compiling electronic resources in Thailand: the Thai National Documentation Center; the Thailand Information Center; and the Technical Information Access Center. The fourth section summarizes trends. A list of recommended library and government bibliographic World Wide Web sites in Thailand is appended. (MES)

This paper describes a project that is a joint effort sponsored by the Ameritech company involving the Akron Art Museum (Ohio), the University of Akron (its libraries, New Media Center, and education faculty), and the state-wide library and multimedia consortium, OhioLink. The project combines the machine-readable cataloging of the museum's library with the creation of a World Wide Web site that includes images of the museum's permanent art collection. The purpose of the grant was to find the necessary software to connect bibliographic information with image data in both the library's catalog, which it shares with the university, and the Web-based database. Once completed, parts of this art/library Web product can be refashioned into an important and accessible educational tool for use within the museum itself, out in the greater metropolitan area, and wherever Internet-based Web resources can reach. (MES)

E-Referencer is an expert intermediary system for searching library online public access catalogs (OPACs) on the World Wide Web. It is implemented as a proxy server that mediates the interaction between the user and Boolean OPACs. It transforms a Boolean OPAC into a retrieval system with many of the search capabilities of Web search engines. E-Referencer encapsulates some of the knowledge and searching expertise of experienced librarians. It processes the user's natural language query, maps the query words to Library of Congress subject headings, selects a suitable search strategy, and formulates an appropriate search statement to send to the library system. Based on the user's relevance feedback on the search results, it further selects a strategy for refining the search. (Author/MES)

Libraries faced with the challenge of cooperative cataloging must maintain a high degree of unification within the library network (consortium) without compromising local libraries' independence. This paper compares a traditional model for cooperative catalogs achieved by means of a Union Catalog that depends entirely on replication of data between the local libraries and the Union catalog, with a more advanced concept, the Virtual Cooperate Catalog (VCC) that includes an engine that enables a unified search and retrieval of records across diverse local library catalogs and systems. The two models are in fact complementary in their achievements. The ALEPH500 library information system contains a special component, the ALEPH-Net proposes a flexible model that can be tuned in order to achieve the best balancing between virtuality and the reality of data: a Network Cooperative Catalog (NCC). The basic conceptual and technological elements that underline the NCC consist of a distributed database design, links to other records, and an "Expand" option. (AEF)

The eLib (Electronic Libraries) Program in United Kingdom higher education began in the spring of 1995, as a result of the Follett Report (Joint Funding Councils' Libraries Review Group, 1993) that emphasized the need for higher education libraries to be involved in the development of information and communication technologies. A "clump" is a term that was coined at the third MODELS (Moving to Distributed Environments for Library Services) Workshop to describe an aggregation of library catalogs. The clump may be physical, in traditional terminology a union catalog, or it may be virtual, being created at the time of searching. The eLib clump projects are utilizing the Z39.50 bibliographic retrieval protocol to build gateways to library OPACs in the UK, creating virtual catalogs of university, national, and public libraries. The technology underlies increased collaborative activities between institutions in the clump consortia, and will open up the resources of the libraries to far greater numbers than at present. The different approaches to the issues of collaboration and cooperation taken by each clump are outlined. (Contains 15 references.) (Author/AEF)

This paper describes the Unisa (University of South Africa) Library's experience with cataloging remote electronic resources, including electronic journals, electronic text files, online databases, digital images, Unisa campus Web sites, and mailing list discussions. The first section discusses the decision to add bibliographic references for remote electronic resources to the OPAC (Online Public Access Catalog), policies and criteria supporting this decision, resulting changes in workflow, standards, and the bibliographic description of these resources. Providing access to the intellectual content of remote electronic resources is addressed in the second section, including subject headings, form/genre terminology, classification numbers, and summary notes. The third section covers keeping URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) up-to-date, including the use of a linkchecker, and the development of URNs (Uniform Resource Names), the PURL (Persistent URL), and the DOI (Digital Object Identifier). (MES)

Advances in computers and information technology have created huge potentials for cataloging staff to increase efficiency and accuracy, reorganize the work force, change the workflow, streamline costs, and provide better services to patrons. Based on the practices at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL), this paper discusses what a librarian can do to take the initiative and take advantage of new information technology in a cataloging environment. Now more than ever, cataloging depends on information technology such as integrated local networks, integrated information retrieval systems, and bibliographic utilities. Empowering cataloging staff with new technology also becomes critical to efficiently providing access to a wide range of information sources. The paper also discusses forced integration of new information technology to be able to utilize new cataloging utilities, promoting work-related learning by staff, migrating to a Windows environment, and reaping the benefits of the Internet. In the information age, empowering library staff with new information technology has become one of the key issues for the success of a library. (Author/SWC)

The author argues that traditional library cataloging (MARC) and the online public access catalog (OPAC) are in collision with the world of the Internet because items in electronic formats undergo MARC cataloging only on a very selective basis. Also the library profession initially isolated itself from World Wide Web development by predicting no real need for universal access, by ignoring large areas of human creativity, and by de-emphasizing "ephemeral" resources. This paper recommends a constructive merger of the best of both worlds--the full text analysis provided by web search engines and the controlled vocabularies found in library OPACs. The Congressional Research Service (CRS) is being used as a testbed to examine relevant techniques. Three of the major text analysis technologies are natural language processing, case-based reasoning, and adaptive learning. As part of "the new OPAC," the Experimental Search System (ESS) is one of the Library of Congress' first efforts to make selected cataloging and digital library resources available over the World Wide Web by means of a single, point-and-click interface. Perhaps even more promising is the idea of using large MARC databases to generate word clusters associated with controlled vocabulary terms and classifications. Six commercial text analysis software products are reviewed in the Appendix, using a comparative table. These tools, many of them associated with major search engine vendors, may support automatic classification and document analysis, thereby increasing cataloger productivity. (AEF)

The Music Materials Center (MMC) of the James White Library at Andrews University (Berrien Springs, Michigan) is organized to assist in such projects as: participating in the cataloging work flow, evaluating and processing gifts, creating and maintaining specialized lists, ordering new materials, updating printed reference sources, OPAC music authority cleanup and record enhancement, research assistant tasks for the music librarian, non-music data entry in OPAC, and others. Student assistants are assigned to increasingly complex tasks commensurate with their experience with music and data management. Working with the library system as a whole decreases the isolation of the branch library staff. Utilizing the assistants' time efficiently justifies a higher wage; this and the expanded responsibilities given the student assistants has resulted in increased job satisfaction and loyalty to the library system. Other information includes: music materials, services and statistics; staff profiles; a job description of the music librarian; supervisory and evaluation information; MMC staff contributions; floor plan; and examples of a training document and department policies and procedures. (Contains 17 references.) (Author/AEF)

The Electronic Resources Team at the University of Rochester (New York) River Campus Libraries pursued the concept of one-stop shopping as a component of their new integrated library system Voyager, which debuted in January 1997. Faced with a growing variety of electronic resources with no single guide to their existence and access, the Team dealt with a number of issues to create a unified group of Web pages providing information and, where possible, desktop access to the University of Rochester community. These pages are accessible within Voyager through the Windows client in the libraries and the World Wide Web gateway for remote users. Issued included logical presentation through a single interface of such disparate resources as both licensed and unrestricted remote Web and Telnet resources, some requiring CGI scripting, as well as CD-ROMs on standalone workstations and on local area networks (LANs). These resources are spread across eight separate libraries and the Internet. Content includes bibliographic indexes, electronic journals, and full-text and numeric databases. This paper covers specific elements in the development of the one-stop shopping concept, with considerations relevant for other institutions, including: resource formats; audience; access; security; web page design and maintenance; layering for individual choice; user support; specific achievements and barriers faced at the University of Rochester; and implications for future development. (Author/SWC)

Advanced level keyword and subject searching of library catalogs and CD-ROMs is a skill that requires an effective strategic approach. In this project developed at the University of Southern Queensland (Australia), video and computer assisted learning (CAL) materials were developed that would model the search process, provide experience to the learner in the process of analysis, evaluation and reconceptualization critical to effective searching, and provide practical experience of the types of outcomes that may result from keyword searching. Key elements of instructional design and strategy that underpinned the design and development of the video and the CAL (computer assisted learning) package are: (1) information theory; (2) level of performance; (3) expert analysis; (4) knowledge type; and (5) situated learning. The first stage of the project concentrated on strategies for finding references that were known to the student and provides hands-on experience of all skills that the learner must be able to carry out. The second part of the project dealt with searching for information in situations where there is no reading or reference list provided. At this stage, users learn that there is no single correct answer, and that flexibility, a range of strategies, and appropriate evaluation of outcomes to meet the students' own individual interests and needs is the best approach to use when keyword searching. (Author/AEF)

Internet cataloging facilitates access and adds value to Internet resources by helping the user find needed resources with relative ease and in a timely manner. It attests to the value of traditional library principles of organizing information and the value of catalog librarians' experience and skills. This paper explores the suitability and applicability of current cataloging rules and tools for Internet resources, and indicates how traditional cataloging methods should evolve. Creating, organizing, and providing access points for Internet resources, and maintaining the currency, persistence, and validity of an Internet catalog present serious challenges for catalog librarians. The paper also discusses OCLC's InterCat Project, an online catalog that uses traditional cataloging standards, the University of Nebraska-Lincoln's (UNL) Internet Resources Catalog, other library World Wide Web databases, providing Web access through the online public access catalog, and Internet catalog maintenance. Six figures show an OCLC InterCat Record, UNL HTML Work-Form; UNL Internet Catalog Record; UNL Internet Catalog Database; UNL Internet Catalog Search Mode; and OCLC's PURL (Persistent Uniform Resource Locator). (Contains 21 references.) (Author/SWC)

This paper describes the creation of an automated network of museum libraries in Spain. The only way in which the specialized libraries in the world today can continue to be active and to offer valid information is to automate the service they offer, and create network libraries with cooperative plans. The network can be configured with different technical structures, and many strategies may be useful in order to create a cooperative system, but it must include the following requirements: high level of funding; making resources more profitable; time saving; standards for library networks; and easy access to information from geographically disperse museums. This network has the following characteristics: a bus network; access to a single database; specialized libraries; and access to other networks. The system hardware, operating system, database management system, and library management software are discussed. The paper also discusses following ISO/OSI norms; retrospective catalog conversion and database loading; training personnel; linking with the general museum system; and access to the Internet. Creating a network for automating the Spanish museum libraries is the only efficient way of using the materials and resources available there and avoiding their loss. Automating all the museum State libraries simultaneously on a low budget, using funds jointly and rationalizing their use, obtains better performance from the personnel available and gives access to international information networks. (Contains 18 references.) (Author/SWC)