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Neuropathic pain is a refractory pain state, and its mechanism is still not clear. Previous studies have shown that the purine receptor P2X4R expressed on hyperactive microglia in the spinal cord is essential for the occurrence and development of neuropathic pain. The cerebrospinal fluid-contacting nucleus (CSF-contacting nucleus) in the midbrain has been found to play an important role in the descending inhibition system of modulation. However, there have been no studies on P2X4R in the CSF-contacting nucleus involved in neuropathic pain. To investigate whether P2X4R is expressed in the CSF-contacting nucleus and whether its expression in the CSF-contacting nucleus is involved in the regulation of neuropathic pain, we used a model of chronic sciatic nerve ligation injury (CCI) to simulate neuropathic pain conditions. Immunohistochemistry experiments were conducted to identify the expression of P2X4R in the CSF-contacting nuclei in CCI rats, and western blot analysis showed a significant increase in P2X4R levels 7 days after modeling. Then, we packaged a P2rx4 gene-targeting shRNA in scAAV9 to knock down the P2X4R level in the CSF-contacting nucleus, and we found that CCI-induced mechanical hyperalgesia was reversed. In conclusion, P2X4R expressed in the CSF-contacting nucleus is involved in the process of neuropathic pain, and downregulating P2X4R protein in the CSF-contacting nucleus can reverse the occurrence and development of hyperalgesia, which could represent a potent therapeutic strategy for neuropathic pain.

General anesthesia is one of the most common clinical anesthesia methods. Many studies have suggested that 5-HT plays an important role in the mechanism of general anesthesia, but its basic principle is still unclear. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting nucleus, which we identified 30 years ago, contains a large number of 5-HT neurons. In the brain, many of the nuclei involved in regulating the effects of general anesthesia send projections to the CSF-contacting nucleus. Does the CSF-contacting nucleus and its 5-HT neurons participate in regulating the effect of general anesthesia? This is a new and interesting scientific question. To answer this question, rats underwent general anesthesia by intravenous injection of propofol. During the maintenance of and recovery from general anesthesia, the protein expression of c-Fos in the CSF-contacting nucleus was significantly increased. "Knockout" of this nucleus significantly increased the of number of low-frequency δ waves, which are indicative of deep anesthesia, during general anesthesia maintenance; however, the number of high-frequency β waves, which indicate consciousness, was significantly decreased. During recovery from general anesthesia, the recovery of the righting reflex (RORR) time of rats with CSF-contacting nucleus ablation was significantly prolonged; activation of 5-HT neurons in the CSF-contacting nucleus promoted recovery from general anesthesia, while inhibition of 5-HT neurons in the CSF-contacting nucleus delayed recovery from general anesthesia. The above results suggest that the CSF-contacting nucleus and its 5-HT neurons play a key role in regulating the effect of intravenous anesthesia, especially during recovery from general anesthesia.

Wenyang Lishui decoction (WYD) has been frequently used to treat patients with membranous nephropathy (MN) in China. Our previous study in vitro showed that WYD aqueous extract could alleviate F-actin reorganization of podocytes induced by serum from idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) patients. This study aims to investigate the effects and molecular mechanisms of WYD on MN. MN rat models were induced by cationic bovine serum albumin. Experimental rats were divided into four groups: normal, model, WYD, and benazepril. The normal group consisted of normal rats receiving distilled water for four weeks, while the model, WYD, and benazepril groups consisted of MN rats receiving distilled water, 16.5 g/kg/day WYD aqueous extract, and 10 mg/kg/day benazepril, respectively. Alanine aminotransferase, kidney function, albumin, and 24 h urine total protein (UTP) were measured. Hematoxylin-eosin and electron microscopy analyses were performed. Mouse podocytes were induced to develop cell models by serum from IMN patients with antibody to the M-type phospholipase A2 receptor and spleen and kidney Yang deficiency syndrome. They were divided into five groups: control, model, 2 mg/ml WYD, 4 mg/ml WYD, and 8 mg/ml WYD. CCK-8 assays, flow cytometry, qRT-PCR, and Western blot analyses were performed. In the animal experiment, side effects of WYD were not found. Also, there was no significant difference in kidney function among the groups. In addition, UTP level was significantly reduced, and kidney histological damage was restored in both WYD and benazepril groups but difference in UTP level between them was not found. In the cell experiment, apoptosis rate was increased in the model group while it was decreased by coincubation with WYD. Besides, mRNA and protein levels of p53 were decreased, and those of Bcl-2 were increased by treatment using WYD. In conclusion, WYD could reduce proteinuria and ameliorate podocyte injury by regulating the expression of p53 and Bcl-2. The study is registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR-OCH-14005137).

A dc circuit breaker (DCCB) based on a superconducting current-limiting technology was proposed for the interruption of short-circuit fault currents in high-voltage dc (HVDC) systems. The proposed DCCB includes a superconducting current-limiting module (SCLM), which is used to limit fault currents, and an interrupter module (IM), which uses a self-excited oscillation method to interrupt the limited current. The objective of this paper is to determine methods that reduce the arcing time of the proposed self-excited oscillation-type DCCB. The self-excited oscillation-type circuit breaker alone is generally unable to interrupt the fault current when it exceeds 8 kA. However, the proposed DCCB can interrupt a fault current of 30 kA when using the SCLM, which can limit a 30-kA fault current to approximately 3.5 kA within 2.5 ms. The arcing time of the IM was also significantly reduced as a result of the greatly reduced interrupting current. The effects of the IM parameters, including the commutation capacitance C 2 , the commutation inductance L 2 , the arc power loss coefficient N, and the arc time constant θ on the arcing time were analyzed. The arcing time can be reduced by increasing C 2 and N and reducing L 2 and θ.

Gas-insulated metal-enclosed switchgears (GISs) are widely applied in the electrical power industry to transmit and distribute electrical energy because of the attractive dielectric and interrupting properties of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). However, the use of SF6 may have a negative effect on the atmosphere and may contribute to global warming. This paper presents an eco-friendly switchgear: liquid-nitrogen-insulated metal-enclosed switchgear (LNIS). In LNIS, a superconducting fault current limiter can be applied to limit fault currents. Liquid nitrogen has good dielectric properties, and its low temperature helps the switchgear against thermal shocks caused by impulse currents and short-circuit currents. Power loss was compared between a 126-kV GIS and a 126-kV LNIS; at same voltage level, the power loss of LNIS is approximately 15% lower than that of GIS. This result suggests that LNIS may be a suitable replacement for GIS.

Based on the analysis of image registration methods based on region and feature, an image mosaic method based on edge statistical features is proposed. By using the mean and mean square deviation of RGB parameters of edge region pixels as matching criteria, this method improves the shortcomings of general region registration algorithm, such as large computational complexity, sensitivity to brightness and scale changes, poor real-time performance and adaptability, and simplifies the calculation of global region features of images to that of local region features. This method makes full use of the relevant information of the RGB parameters of the pixels. Compared with the registration calculation based on gray level, it has the characteristics of abundant optional features and high practicability.

The objective of this paper is to quantitatively determine the influence of six design parameters on three performance parameters of electromagnetic repulsion mechanism. Six design parameters include mass of moving part, radius of repulsion plate, thickness of the repulsion plate, pre-charged capacitance, initial charging voltage of pre-charged capacitance, and driving coil turns. Three performance parameters include average opening speed, maximum speed and maximum electro-magnetic force on the repulsion plate. Simulation results reveal following conclusions. With the increase of moving part mass, average speed and maximum speed decrease linearly as equation (1, 2). Average speed and maximum speed are in direct proportion with the increase of plate's thickness, initial voltage, driving coil turns and value of pre-charged capacitance as equation (4, 5, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, and 17). The maximum force increases almost linearly with the increases of the width of plate, the initial charging voltage, riving coil turns and capacitance shown in equation (3, 9, 12, and 15). When radius of repulsion plate is smaller than radius of split coil, three design parameters increase linearly with the increase of radius of repulsion plate shown in equation (6, 7, 8). When radius of plate is bigger, three design parameters is almost same.

The author participated in the related work of Shandong sports industry resources trading platform, by using the method of expert interview, literature review and logical analysis, etc. To analyze the platform from the angle of the construction and operation mechanism. Starting from the analysis of these two aspects, the author analyzes its existing problems and difficulties in the operation of the trading platform, thus puts forward their own opinions.

The rising rate of short-circuit current in some DC systems is very high, using superconductor in DC systems can limit the fault current quickly far before the peak value of the fault current comes. However, superconductor may be destroyed by high current or long duration current. The objective of this paper is to illustrate impacts of high current on superconductor and long duration current withstanding ability of superconductor. The research contents include the long duration current withstanding characteristic of superconductor, the quenched resistance variation characteristic and recovery characteristic of superconductor. Experimental results show that superconductor can withstand DC fault current for 70 ms and achieve microsecond level reaction.

There are various kinds of HVDC circuit breakers (CBs) so far, however, their current interrupting capability is limited. Therefore, A DC circuit breaker (DCCB) based on superconducting current-limiting technology and self-excited oscillation technology is proposed to enhance the current interrupting capability. The proposed DCCB has two modules in series, which are superconducting current-limiting module and dc interrupting module, respectively. The current-limiting module includes superconductor and parallel resistor which limits extremely high short-circuit current to a low value. Then the DC interrupting module using self-excited method interrupts the limited current. The objective of this paper is to determine the characteristics of the current limit module of the proposed DCCB. Experimental research work shows that superconductor has great current limiting property and current, voltage distribution capability that can be used in parallel and series. The duration of current does not influence current distribution property of current-limiting module.

The selective in vitro expansion and differentiation of multipotent stem cells are critical steps in cell-based regenerative therapies, but technical challenges have limited cell yield and thus the success of these potential treatments. The Rho GTPases and downstream Rho kinases (Rho coiled-coil kinases or ROCKs) are central regulators of cytoskeletal dynamics during the cell cycle and thus help determine the balance between stem cells self-renewal, lineage commitment, and apoptosis. Here, we examined if suppression of ROCK signaling enhances the efficacy of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) differentiation into neurons and neuroglial cells. BMSCs were cultured in epidermal growth factor (EGF, 10 µg/l) and basic fibroblastic growth factor (bFGF, 10 µg/l) in the presence or absence of the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 (10 µM). The expression levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were detected by immunofluorescence and Western blotting. The average number of NSE-positive cells increased from 83.20 ± 8.677 (positive ratio 0.2140 ± 0.0119) to 109.20 ± 8.430 (positive ratio 0.3193 ± 0.0161) per visual field in the presence of Y-27632, while GFAP-positive cell number increased from 96.30 ± 8.486 (positive ratio 0.18 ± 0.0152) to 107.50 ± 8.683 (positive ratio 0.27 ± 0.0115) (P

This paper discusses the project which is one of the Beijing City College Students’ Scientific Research and Entrepreneurial Action Plan Project named "unmanned area fetching trolley", The project used infrared sensor to measure the distance between the car and the obstacle, The MCU would analyze and process this signal, and generate two different PWM signals respectively to drive motors when the distance is less than a certain value, so as to realize avoiding obstacle automatically. After Hall sensor detected the PWM wave corresponding to the actual speed of the car, the PID module would compare the PWM wave of the actual speed and the PWM wave which is generated by MCU, so as to determine whether the output is desired and achieve closed-loop control, thus can make the control of speed is more precise. The mechanical arm is composed of five steering, the upper monitor control it through the wireless module, each instruction can make the rotation angle of each actuator accurate to 1 degree, so the mechanical arm is flexible and precise. The project ultimately achieved the desired effect that avoid obstacle automatically, upper monitor control accurately. After expansion and improving, it can be used for automatic weeding, automatic cleaning, automatic patrol, automatic sowing, automatic harvesting and so on.

Motion estimation for video coding problem, a prediction based on the triangle - a small cross algorithm. The algorithm is mainly used in small cross on the static template blocks and blocks of small campaign focused search, the search for large sports block with triangle template. With the classic diamond search algorithm and square - diamond search algorithm comparison, the search speed increased 74.63% and 39.76%.

This paper puts forward a method of identification of driver's intentions based on cloud model theory. By divided the steering driver's intentions into 6 interrelated species and corresponded three indexes of identification of driver's intentions with three numerical characteristic of cloud model based on cloud model knowledge, modeling, simulating and identification the driver's intentions under different steering conditions.

The paper took Shandong Province's forest resources as the object of study, and studied on the temperature regulation of forest ecological service for different tree species and different seasons during 2000–2006 by using MODIS temperature product, vegetation index product, the field surveying data and the meteorological data in Shandong, combining with GIS. The results were as the followed: 1)Forest had cooling effect in summer and warming effect in winter, but cooling effect more obvious than warming effect; forest regulation temperature at night not more obvious than during the day; 2) In the day, LST and NDVI of forest were negative correlation in summer, but they were positive correlation in the winter; in the evening, LST and NDVI had no correlation at all; 3) The forest temperature changes amplitude ratio was smaller than farms, urban, and the farms cooling and warming effect was not more obvious than forest; 4) The correlation of the LST change and the NDVI change was negative.

The bionic color image enhancement algorithm based on the human visual system characteristics of global and local self-adaptive uses for enhance the color image under non-uniform and low lighting conditions. This algorithm first enhances the luminance of dark areas by global luminance adjustment and compresses the dynamic range as well. Then it uses the relation of the current point neighborhood pixel average filter output to enhance image local contrast by adjust the brightness of current point. Lastly simple linear color restoration arithmetic is applied to resume the image color. The algorithm gives consideration to each color component contribution to brightness. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is an effective method of color image enhancement.

Dispatching is the key problem in the process of producing and organizing of a port. The quality of the dispatching plan determines the port's efficiency directly. This paper analyzes the structure and controlling demand of the container operation system, proposed methods of constructing a container operation system model which is based on RFID and with the characteristics of discreteness and randomocity.

Background It has been shown that distal cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons (dCSF-CNs) exist near the ventral midline of the midbrain aqueduct and also in the grey matter of the inferior third ventricle and the fourth ventricle floor in the superior segment of the pons. The dCSF-CNs communicate between the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the brain parenchyma and may participate in the transduction and regulation of pain signals. The cold sensation receptor channel, TRPM8 is involved in analgesia for neuropathic pain, but whether the TRPM8 receptor exists on dCSF-CNs remains unknown. However, there is preliminary evidence that TRPM8 is expressed in dCSF-CNs and may participate in the transmission and regulation of sensory information between brain parenchyma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in rats. Methods Retrograde tracing of the cholera toxin subunit B labeled with horseradish peroxidase (CB-HRP) injected into the lateral ventricle was used to identify dCSF-CNs. A double-labeled immunofluorescent technique and laser scanning confocal microscopy were used to identify the expression of TRPM8 in dCSF-CNs. Software Image-Pro Plus was used to count the number of neurons in three sections where CB-HRP positive neurons were located in the mesencephalon of six rats. Results The cell bodies of CB-HRP-positive dCSF-CNs were found in the brain parenchyma near the midline of the ventral Aq, also in the grey of the 3V, and the 4V floor in the superior segment of the pons. In the mesencephalon their processes extended into the CSF. TRPM8 labeled neurons were also found in the same area as were CB-HRP/TRPM8 double-labeled neurons. CB-HRP/TRPM8 double-labeled neurons were found in 42.9 ± 2.3% of neurons labeled by TRPM8, and all CB-HRP-labeled neurons were also labeled with TPRM8. Conclusion This study has demonstrated that the cold sensation receptor channel, TRPM8, is localised within the dCSF-CNs of the mesencephalon. TRPM8 acts as receptor of dCSF-CNs for sensation transmission and pain regulation.