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The study examined the feasibility of employing technological lignosulfonates as binders in blowing processes to produce small casting cores for shaped iron castings, analogies to the currently in-use Cold-Box Amin procedure. In the study, it has been demonstrated that lignin materials offer several benefits, including workplace safety, within the foundry itself, and in terms of maintaining environmental hygiene in the vicinity of a similar manufacturing facility. It is indicated that the cost of binders could drop twice when using the suggested lignin components. Mixtures with experimental compositions have been proposed and put to the test. The sand-oligosulfonate mixture's composition has quantitative properties that have been determined. Binders exhibiting stable properties and high strength indicators (up to 3.0 MPa) were developed after processing. The nonionic surfactant class was determined to include the most effective additions. It was experimentally demonstrated that applying specific nonionic surfactant types as technological lignosulfonate modifiers boost and stabilizes properties by a significant order of magnitude (from 0.05 MPa to 0.5-0.7 MPa) %, concerning specific binding ability). Consequently, excellent cast iron castings and a prototype batch of cores were created. A significant emphasis is placed on developing special machinery for lignin binders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of wood composite materials and, in particular, plywood is one of the most effective ways to utilize waste in order to increase the recycling of by-products. The purpose of the work was to study the possibility of using steelmaking acidic slag as a modifying additive in urea–formaldehyde resins for plywood production and to determine the effect of steelmaking slag on the strength of plywood adhesive joints. The main sources of slag are the oxidation products of cast iron and scrap impurities (silicon, manganese, phosphorus, chromium, etc.), charge materials (lime, limestone, iron and manganese ore, scale, bauxite, fluorspar, etc.), and products of the destruction of refractory linings. As a result of the study, it has been found that the introduction of lignosulfonates, kaolin, and slags into urea–formaldehyde resin increases the reactivity of the finished glue. The ability of metal oxides in slag to bind hydroxyl groups has been proven; in this regard, when heated during pressing, the polymer does not break down into simple monomers, and the free formaldehyde of the urea–formaldehyde resin enters into a polycondensation reaction and is not evaporated from the glue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignosulfonates are the most common commercial lignin-based product due to their unique properties. Various methods are known for modifying lignosulfonates and lignosulfonic acids. This article presents the results of the development of a new approach to the production of nitrosated lignosulfonic acids. The method is based on a reaction catalyzed by cation exchange resins in the H-form: KU-2-8 cation exchanger and wofatite. The influence of reagent consumption and reaction duration on the course of nitrosation has been studied. The dynamics of the proposed nitrosation practically coincides with the dynamics of a similar reaction using sulfuric acid by the known method. The optimal consumption of sodium nitrite equals 15 %, and the optimal consumption of cation exchanger equals 100 % by weight of lignosulfonates. During the nitrosation of lignosulfonates, significant changes in the electronic spectra occur in the region of 280...500 nm. Two overlapping absorption bands appear with maxima at 300 and 330 nm, as well as an intense absorption band at 430 nm, due to nitroso groups conjugated with the aromatic nuclei of phenylpropane units. To analyze the ionization spectra, they have been deconvoluted. The resulting spectra are well approximated by 5 Gaussians with an error of no more than 5 %. Two options for carrying out the nitrosation reaction of lignosulfonates have been proposed: under static and dynamic conditions. It has been established that under dynamic conditions, nitroso derivatives of lignosulfonic acids are formed that do not contain metal cations, and the pH of the resulting solutions does not exceed 1.4. The elemental compositions of the isolated initial and nitrosated lignosulfonic acids have been determined. The nitrogen content of lignosulfonic acids has increased from 0.32 (initial) to 2.17 % (nitrosated). In addition, under dynamic conditions, an additional stage of separating the cation exchanger from the reaction medium by filtration is not required. New bands have appeared in the IR spectrum of nitrosated lignosulfonic acids: at 1540 cm–1, which is due to the presence of nitroso groups, and a wide absorption band at 1700...1715 cm–1, which can be caused by vibrations of the carboxyl group or the quinone monooxime tautomeric form of the guaiacyl structures of lignosulfonic acids.

Clays are components in the fine portion of aggregates, less than 75 microns in size (micro-fines), which are usually washed away when producing coarse or fine (manufactured sand) aggregates in quarries. When marginal sources of aggregates are being used, the content of this washed portion can be quite high, and there is an incentive to keep as much of it in the aggregate, including the clays. The present paper presents a comprehensive treatment of the role of clays in terms of the characterization of their composition and quantification of their effects on the rheological and mechanical properties of cementitious systems, as well as the means to mitigate deleterious influences. It is shown that the strategy for neutralizing the effect of micro-fines containing clays on increased water demand in concrete can be quantified in terms of the combination of their content in concrete and their nature as characterized by the methylene blue value (MBV); this is a more rational approach to considering their influence than their content in specific aggregates as specified in standards. The effect of low and medium MBV aggregates on the water requirement can be neutralized by lignosulfonates when their content in the concrete is below a threshold value of about 150 kg/m3; polycarboxylates (PC) are required at higher contents; for high MBV aggregates, a combination of PC and clay mitigating admixture (CMA) is required. It is also demonstrated that with proper treatment, such micro-fines can be turned into useful fillers, enhancing the strength of concrete and thus also serving as a means for reducing cement content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work uses thermal polymerization of urea nitrate, oxyacetic acid and urea as the raw material to prepare ultra-thin porous carbon nitride with carbon defects and C-O band (OA-UN-CN). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed OA-UN-CN had narrower band gap, faster electron transport and a new internal construction electric field. Additionally, the prepared OA-UN-CN significantly enhanced photocatalytic activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) due to enhanced light absorption performance and faster electron overflow. As the result, the OA-UN-CN/PMS could entirely degrade bisphenol A (BPA) within 30 min, where the photodegradation rate was 81.8 and 7.9 times higher than that of g-C3N4 and OA-UN-CN, respectively. Beyond, the OA-UN-CN/PMS could likewise degrade other bisphenol pollutants and sodium lignosulfonate efficiently. We suggested possible photocatalytic degradation pathways accordingly and explored the toxicity of its degradation products. This work provides a new idea on the development of advanced photocatalytic oxidation processes for the treatment of bisphenol pollutants and lignin derivatives, via a metal-free photothermal-catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the industrial success of bio-based adhesives remains limited, despite the growing interest in these compounds. One example is the use of lignosulfonates (LS), a byproduct from the pulp and paper industry, which requires long pressing times to ensure proper performance for wood-based panel production. This study successfully manufactured particleboards using a low press factor of 7.5 s/mm, commonly used for conventional urea-formaldehyde resins on a lab scale. To the best of our knowledge, lignin-based particleboards have never been reported using such low press factors. Thus, 3-layer boards were manufactured in which the core layer was bonded with polymeric isocyanate (pMDI), and the surface layers were bonded with LS. Propylene carbonate (PC) was used as a solvent for pMDI to improve adhesive distribution. The optimum amounts of adhesive were determined using response surface methodology: 1.3% pMDI with 2.2% PC in the core layer and 15% LS in the surface layers. These boards obeyed the requirements of standard EN 312 for general-purpose boards for use in dry conditions (type P1). Their formaldehyde content, determined through the perforator method, was equal to that of the wood mix at the maximum value set by IKEA for class E0.5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an approach to overcome the challenges associated with the increasing demand of high‐throughput characterization of technical lignins, a key resource in emerging bioeconomies. Our approach offers a resort from the lack of direct, simple, and low‐cost analytical techniques for lignin characterization by employing multivariate calibration models based on infrared (IR) spectroscopy to predict structural properties of lignins (i. e., functionality, molar mass). By leveraging a comprehensive database of over 500 well‐characterized technical lignin samples – a factor of 10 larger than previously used sets – our chemometric models achieved high levels of quality and statistical confidence for the determination of different functional group contents (RMSEPs of 4–16 %). However, the statistical moments of the molar mass distribution are still best determined by size‐exclusion chromatography. Analyses of over 500 technical lignins offered also a great opportunity to provide information on the general variability in kraft lignins and lignosulfonates (from different origins). Overall, the effected savings in analysis time (>7 h), resources, and required sample mass combined with non‐destructiveness of the measurement satisfy key demands for efficient high‐throughput lignin analyses. Finally, we discuss the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of our approach, along with critical insights into the associated chemical‐analytical and spectroscopic challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The preparation of lignin‐based carbon fibers by dry spinning from aqueous solution followed by stabilization and continuous carbonization to endless yarns is reported. The influence of carbonization temperature and draw ratio on the morphology and mechanical properties of the final carbon fibers is investigated by single‐fiber testing, wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. A draw ratio of 5% (1.05) with a carbonization temperature of 1400 °C leads to the best mechanical properties. The resulting multifilament carbon fibers have an average diameter between 10–12 µm, an average tensile strength of 1.30 ± 0.32 GPa, a Young's modulus of 101 ± 18 GPa, and an elongation at break of 1.31 ± 0.23%. The maximum Weibull strength (휎0) is 1.04 GPa with a Weibull modulus (m) of 5.1. The use of a water‐soluble system is economically advantageous; also, unlike melt‐spun lignin fibers, the dry‐spun precursor fibers can be thermally converted without any additional crosslinking step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The preparation of lignin‐based carbon fibers by dry spinning from aqueous solution followed by stabilization and continuous carbonization to endless yarns is reported. The influence of carbonization temperature and draw ratio on the morphology and mechanical properties of the final carbon fibers is investigated by single‐fiber testing, wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. A draw ratio of 5% (1.05) with a carbonization temperature of 1400 °C leads to the best mechanical properties. The resulting multifilament carbon fibers have an average diameter between 10–12 µm, an average tensile strength of 1.30 ± 0.32 GPa, a Young's modulus of 101 ± 18 GPa, and an elongation at break of 1.31 ± 0.23%. The maximum Weibull strength (𝜎0) is 1.04 GPa with a Weibull modulus (m) of 5.1. The use of a water‐soluble system is economically advantageous; also, unlike melt‐spun lignin fibers, the dry‐spun precursor fibers can be thermally converted without any additional crosslinking step.

The widely used technology for the selective flotation of copper and molybdenite using sodium hydrosulfide (NaSH) to depress copper sulfides creates environmental issues related to the potential emissions of toxic hydrosulfide gas (H2S) and bad odors. Previous studies showed that molybdenite flotation can be depressed by the action of lignosulfonates, but no significant progress has been made in studying the effect that these reagents have on the foaming/frothing phenomena in flotation. The objective of this work was to investigate the foaming properties of three samples of lignosulfonates through measurements of surface tension, foamability, bubble size distributions, and water recovery. A sugared sodium lignosulfonate (NaLS), a calcium lignosulfonate (CaLS), and a sample prepared by sulphomethylation of kraft lignin (KLS) were tested. It was found that all lignosulfonates displayed surface activity that decreased with pH and was related to the degree of anionicity and molecular weight. The NaLS lignosulfonate showed the highest dynamic foamability index (DFI) value, compared to that of the CaLS and KLS samples. The lignosulfonates tested in this study strongly affected bubble size. Water recovery tests performed using flotation experiments in a two-phase system showed that the KLS and NaLS samples had the strongest effect, which correlated with the surface tension, foamability, and bubble size results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the industrial success of bio-based adhesives remains limited, despite the growing interest in these compounds. One example is the use of lignosulfonates (LS), a byproduct from the pulp and paper industry, which requires long pressing times to ensure proper performance for wood-based panel production. This study successfully manufactured particleboards using a low press factor of 7.5 s/mm, commonly used for conventional urea-formaldehyde resins on a lab scale. To the best of our knowledge, lignin-based particleboards have never been reported using such low press factors. Thus, 3-layer boards were manufactured in which the core layer was bonded with polymeric isocyanate (pMDI), and the surface layers were bonded with LS. Propylene carbonate (PC) was used as a solvent for pMDI to improve adhesive distribution. The optimum amounts of adhesive were determined using response surface methodology: 1.3% pMDI with 2.2% PC in the core layer and 15% LS in the surface layers. These boards obeyed the requirements of standard EN 312 for general-purpose boards for use in dry conditions (type P1). Their formaldehyde content, determined through the perforator method, was equal to that of the wood mix at the maximum value set by IKEA for class E0.5.

As one of the key raw materials that replace petroleum materials in today's world, biomass resources could be regarded as a promising resource. Currently, lignin and its derivatives are the only lignocellulosic biomass found to possess aromatic rings. Extending the application area of lignin requires overcoming the limitations of its low hydrophilicity. Sulfonation process becomes the most effective method for preparing lignosulfonates. An analysis of the mechanisms by which different lignosulfonates are prepared. It compared the effects of various modification methods on charge density and sulfonate group content in lignosulfonates. It also examined how different separation techniques affect the properties of lignosulfonates. As a result of being more water‐soluble, there is also a review of cutting‐edge research in the fields of energy, medicine, and agriculture. Also, the possible uses of lignosulfonate are talked about, and ideas are given for how this compound could be improved in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing techniques for lignosulfonate (LS) in humate fertilizers lack selectivity to humic substances (HS) as the main component; they involve labor- and time-consuming sample preparation to separate the components at the level of detectable LS concentrations. The procedure based on attenuated total reflectance (ATR) FTIR spectroscopy with simple sample preparation for directly quantifying lignosulfonates in aqueous solutions and lignosulfonates and HS in aqueous solutions of preparations based on HS of coal origin (Sigma Aldrich, Powhumus, and Life Force) was developed. Lignosulfonate quantification is possible by exploiting the bands at 1266, 1192, 1093, and 1042 cm−1 with limits of detection of 0.4–2 g/L. Quantifying LS in a mixture with humates includes centrifugation of prepared solutions to separate interfering silicate impurities. LS quantification in the range of 10–100 g/L against HS (up to a 2-fold excess) with an error of up to 5% is possible based on the spectral absorptions at 1093 and 1042 cm−1. Simultaneous quantification of humate in the mixture with an error of up to 10% is possible by exploiting the bands at 1570 and 1383 cm−1 (carboxylates). The study shows the possibility of determining lignosulfonate against an HS background several times higher than lignosulfonate. The developed technique is applicable for analyzing fertilizers of simple composition and quality control of pure humates used for plant growth. Obtaining the most accurate results needs calibration solutions from the same brands that make up the test mixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-phase nitrides bonded silicon carbide lintel blocks were prepared using industrial SiC (SiC=98 mass %, 3-0.5, =0.5 and =0.044 mm), Si powder (Si =98 mass %, =0.044 mm), and SiO2 micropowder (SiO2=96 mass%, d 50=0.15 µm) as raw materials, and calcium lignosulfonate as the additive, batching, mixing, and molding on a vibration pressure molding machine, drying and then firing at 1 420? for 10 h in high-purity N2. The apparent porosity, the bulk density, the cold modulus of rupture, the hot modulus of rupture, and the linear expansion coefficient of the samples were tested. The phase composition and the microstructure of the samples at different nitriding depths (50, 100, and 150 mm) were analyzed by XRD and SEM. The field application effects of the blocks were studied. The results show that: (1) the multi-phase nitrides bonded silicon carbide refractories can dynamically adjust their own phase composition and minimize structural and thermal stresses, improving the service life of key parts of dry quenching furnaces; (2) calcium lignosulfonate can improve the nitriding micro-environment of multi-phase nitrides bonded silicon carbide lintel blocks, successfully increasing the effective nitriding thickness of the blocks to 300 mm; (3) Sinosteel LIRR provides a unique concept in the design of materials and block types as well as the stable and scientific overall structure, promoting the industrialization process of dry quenching furnaces with long service life in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the increasingly widespread water pollutants and the high cost of treatment methods, there is a demand for new, inexpensive, renewable, and biodegradable adsorbent materials for the purification of wastewater contaminants. In this study, a new biocomposite aerogel (Amf-CNF/LS) was prepared using a chemically cross-linking method between the amino-functionalized cellulose nanofibers (Amf-CNF) and lignosulfonates (LS). The physical and chemical properties of the prepared aerogel were investigated using several techniques including elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and N2 adsorption-desorption analysis. The Amf-CNF/LS aerogel was then applied for the removal of methylene blue (MB), rhodamine B dye (RhB), and the heavy metal cadmium ion (Cd2+) from synthetic wastewater solutions. The adsorption parameters controlling the adsorption process including the pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, and adsorbate concen-tration were optimized. High adsorption kinetics and isotherms were observed, with the adsorption isotherms of the Amf-CNF/LS aerogel fitting the Langmuir model with maximum adsorption capacities of 170.94, 147.28, and 129.87 mg/g for MB, RhB, and Cd2+, respectively. These results show that Amf-CNF/LS aerogel is a promising green and inexpensive adsorbent for MB, RhB, and Cd2+ removal from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin nanoparticles have emerged during the past decade as well-defined and renewable nanomaterials for fundamental and applied research. However, the presently known methods for the preparation of lignin nanoparticles rely on the use of organic solvents and energy intensive water evaporation processes. Here we present organic solvent-free production of spherical lignin nanoparticles by neutralization of alkaline solution of poorly water-soluble lignins in the presence of sodium lignosulfonate. We show that by combining these two predominant technical lignins it is possible to achieve colloidally stable lignin nanoparticle dispersions at concentrations exceeding 30 wt%. We further demonstrate versatility of the process by using ethanol organosolv lignin, soda lignin, and lignosulfonates from different sources. The lignin nanoparticle dispersions exhibit shear-thinning behaviour and undergo gelation within well-defined pH and concentration regions. Such flowable lignin dispersions mark a breaktrough towards scalable processing of lignin towards sustainable bio-based chemicals and materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin sulfonate (LS), a waste material from the paper pulping, was modified with benzoic anhydride to obtain benzoylated lignin sulfonates of adjustable hydrophilicity (BLS). When BLS was combined with difenoconazole (Di), a broad-spectrum fungicide, lignin-based, non-crosslinked nanoparticles were obtained either by solvent exchange or solvent evaporation. When a mass ratio of 1:5 LS: benzoic anhydride was used, the Di release from Di@BLS 5 after 1248 h was ca. 74 %, while a commercial difenoconazole microemulsion (Di ME) reached 100 % already after 96 h, proving the sustained release from the lignin nanocarriers. The formulation of Di in lignin-based nanocarriers also improved the UV stability and the foliar retention of Di compared to the commercial formulation of the fungicide. Bioactivity assay showed that Di@BLS 5 exhibited high activities and duration against strawberry anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides). Overall, the construction of fungicide delivery nano-platform using BLS via a simple non-crosslinked approach is a novel and promising way to develop new formulations for nanopesticide and the development of sustainable agriculture. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel strategy for improving wet resistance and bonding properties of starch-based adhesives using enzymatically polymerized lignosulfonates and carboxylic acids as additives was developed. Therefore, lignosulfonates were polymerized by laccase to a molecular weight of 750 kDa. Incorporation of low concentrations (up to 1% of the starch weight) of 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) led to further improvement on the properties of the adhesives, while addition of greater amounts of BTCA led to a decrease in the properties measured due to large viscosity increases. Great improvements in wet-resistance from 22 to 60 min and bonding times (from 30 to 20 s) were observed for an adhesive containing 8% enzymatically polymerized lignin and 1% BTCA. On the other hand, the addition of citric acid (CA) deteriorated the properties of the adhesives, especially when lignosulfonate was present. In conclusion, this study shows that the addition of the appropriate amount of enzymatically polymerized lignosulfonates together with carboxylic acids (namely BTCA) to starch-based adhesives is a robust strategy for improving their wet resistance and bonding times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Specific features of lignosulfonate systems FCLC and FCLC-2M, as well as of the raw materials for the preparation of these modified forms, the lignosulfonates derived from wood pulping by the sulfite (LST) and neutral-sulfite (N-LST) methods, were studied. Based on the calculated data from the Gibbs equation and the Langmuir equation, the limiting monomolecular adsorption was determined, and broad variability of its numerical values was revealed; the calculated adsorption characteristics were correlated with the previously examined physicochemical properties of the systems studied. The physical meaning of the coefficient K in the Langmuir equation was investigated, and its correlation with the phenomenon of affinity of lignosulfonate systems to the adsorbent (rock) was established. The numerical values of the Gibbs energy were correlated with the physical properties of the lignosulfonate systems, which confirmed the need for additional modification of the inactive neutral lignosulfonate matrix by the phosphonate groups of 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) into an effective reagent FCLC-2M. The applicability of the Szyszkowski equation to the problem of evaluating the effect of the concentration of the lignosulfonate reagents on the magnitude of reduction of the surface tension of aqueous solutions was demonstrated, reasonable assumptions about the factors responsible for negative adsorption observed in the case of the FCLC-2M system were made, and the need for introducing the concept of the working zone of concentrations, as well as that of "effective concentration," which has not been previously applied to lignosulfonates and their modified forms, was substantiated. Based on the change in the surface tension of aqueous solutions, through analysis of the mathematical form of the Szyszkowski equation, the physical meaning of the coefficients a and b was identified and correlated with the numerical values of the limiting adsorption (coefficient a), the adsorption layer capacity А∞, and the ability to restore equilibrium (coefficient b) for all the systems studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignosulfonate-based admixtures (LS) obtained from sulfite pulping processes were the first dispersants added as a water-reducer to concrete. Less effective than the latest superplasticizers, the low cost and low environmental footprint of LS continue to allow these materials to compete in the building and construction market. In addition to the dispersion effect, LS is known to retard cement hydration. The aim of this paper is to characterize the effect of LS on the hydration and rheology of cement paste. The effect of the time at which the LS is added, either by immediate addition or after ten minutes of hydration, has been investigated. It appears that the immediate addition of LS is less effective than the delayed addition when it comes to dispersion of cement, likely due to the initial ettringite formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignosulfonate (LS), kraft lignin (KL), and organosolv lignin (OL) were evaluated as potential modulating agents of the physicochemical properties of Port wine at two different concentrations for 7 and 30 days. KL and LS demonstrated the ability to remove proteins and potentiate the anthocyanin concentration. LS reduced the tannin content and the interaction of salivary acidic proline-rich proteins with wine phenolic compounds. None of the lignin promoted a perceptible color change; however, the yellowish color of KL and OL at 100 g/hL contributed to an increase in the yellow tones of wines. Lignin improved wine aroma by reducing the amount of unwanted volatiles by 30% and increasing the content of ethyl esters associated with fruity aromas by up to 60%. The results suggest that lignin, especially LS, can be employed as a modulating agent, positively impacting wine's physicochemical properties. This valorization of a byproduct opens up new opportunities for the wine industry.

The widely used technology for the selective flotation of copper and molybdenite using sodium hydrosulfide (NaSH) to depress copper sulfides creates environmental issues related to the potential emissions of toxic hydrosulfide gas (H2S) and bad odors. Previous studies showed that molybdenite flotation can be depressed by the action of lignosulfonates, but no significant progress has been made in studying the effect that these reagents have on the foaming/frothing phenomena in flotation. The objective of this work was to investigate the foaming properties of three samples of lignosulfonates through measurements of surface tension, foamability, bubble size distributions, and water recovery. A sugared sodium lignosulfonate (NaLS), a calcium lignosulfonate (CaLS), and a sample prepared by sulphomethylation of kraft lignin (KLS) were tested. It was found that all lignosulfonates displayed surface activity that decreased with pH and was related to the degree of anionicity and molecular weight. The NaLS lignosulfonate showed the highest dynamic foamability index (DFI) value, compared to that of the CaLS and KLS samples. The lignosulfonates tested in this study strongly affected bubble size. Water recovery tests performed using flotation experiments in a two-phase system showed that the KLS and NaLS samples had the strongest effect, which correlated with the surface tension, foamability, and bubble size results.

This work aims to evaluate the structural characteristics and study the oxidative depolymerization of lignins obtained from hardwood and softwood sulfite liquors. Lignins were obtained after ultrafiltration and freeze-drying of the sulfite liquors and characterized based on inorganic content, nitrobenzene oxidation, 13C NMR, and molecular weight determination. The structural characteristics achieved allow evaluating the potential of each lignin through oxidative depolymerization to produce added-value phenolic monomers. Hardwood and softwood lignins were submitted to alkaline oxidation with oxygen and the reaction conditions optimized to obtain a final oxidation mixture with the maximum yield of phenolic monomers. Through oxidation with O 2 , hardwood lignin generates mostly syringaldehyde while lignin from softwood biomass mainly produces vanillin; moreover, a lower reaction time and the interruption of O 2 admission avoid the degradation of the oxidation products in the final mixture for both lignins, more evidenced to hardwood lignin due to its higher reactivity. From the results, it is possible to conclude that a phenolic aldehyde-rich oxidation mixture could be obtained, confirming the viability of lignin as raw material to produce added-value products as vanillin and syringaldehyde. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dust emission from bauxite residue (red sand) is of great concern for its dramatic occupational and environmental detriments. The utilization of lignin-based stabilizers can effectively mitigate this issue. However, few studies analyzed the effect of two lignosulfonates combination on red sand dust control. Thus, this paper investigated the relationship between crust properties and dust control performance via the synergistic application of sodium (LS-S) and calcium lignosulfonate (LS-C). Results illustrated that the synergistic application of lignosulfonates enhances the dust erosion resistance of red sand more effectively than individual application. The improvement in LS mixtures on crust thickness, unconfined compressive strength and penetration resistance is 20.45% to 145.74%, 34.91% to 123.51% and 236.10% to 522.90%, respectively, compared with individual application. The crust longevity of LS mixtures is also increased by 26.12% to 100.08%. The optimum mix ratio to achieve the best dust control performance is in accordance with the unconfined compressive strength and penetration resistance. "LS-S: LS-C = 1:3" resulted in thickest crust while "LS-S: LS-C = 2:2" achieved the best moisture retention capacity. The crust failure time of "LS-S: LS-C = 3:1" is 8.26 times longer than the control group and 1.28 to 1.52 times longer than the individual application. Penetration resistance of formed crust is more competitive in predicting the dust control performance of LS for its higher average coefficient of determination of 0.982. According to this optimized model, the maximum crust protective period 1271.35 s could be achieved by LS mixture with 70.7% LS-S at 10% concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work describes a new method for improving the properties, mainly the wet-resistance, of starch-based adhesives using enzymatically polymerized lignosulfonates. A correlation of viscosity with molecular weight was found, allowing simple control of enzymatic polymerization of lignosulfonates. Incorporation of lignosulfonates polymerized from 29 kDa to > 4500 kDa using laccase led to a considerable increase in wet-resistance (from 15 to 20 min for the laminating glue and from 150 to 1200 min for the bag glue) while not affecting (for the laminating glue) or even improving the bonding time (from 80 to 60 s for the bag glue). Finally, the effect of active laccase in the final adhesive was investigated by enzymatic inactivation using NaN 3 before formulation of the glue, as well as by extra laccase addition. In conclusion, this study shows that enzymatically polymerized lignosulfonate is a robust strategy for improving wet resistance of starch-based adhesives. • Viscosity can be used to determine degree of polymerization of lignosulfonates. • Addition of polymerized lignin improves the wet resistance of starch-based glues. • Polymerization degree of the lignosulfonates affects glue properties. • Addition of different quantities of lignin changes the properties of the adhesives. • Addition of extra laccase can improve the properties of the adhesives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The selective separation of molybdenite from copper sulfide concentrate in flotation process is realized using sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) to depress the chalcopyrite and permit only the flotation of the molybdenite. However, this reagent is a highly toxic and flammable gas. The objective of this research was to study the feasible application of commercial lignosulfonates (LSs) in the separation by froth flotation process of molybdenite and chalcopyrite in seawater to present a novel application for LSs, as well as an alternative reagent to sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS). To achieve this, microflotation, absorbance tests and zeta potential measures were performed at pH 8 in seawater and 0.01 M NaCl. The results obtained in this study showed that it is possible to achieve selective separation of copper and molybdenum in both aqueous media due to high depressant effect of molybdenite and low depression of chalcopyrite in microflotation tests at 10 ppm of LSs, when the collector, PAX, is added prior to the addition of LSs. Absorbance study and zeta potential measurements showed that LSs adhere more to the molybdenite surface in seawater than in freshwater. This is related to the high ionic charge of the media that influences a greater interaction of LSs with the mineral surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin, the most abundant natural and sustainable phenolic compound in biomass, has exhibited medicinal values due to its biological activities decided by physicochemical properties. Recently, the lignin and its derivatives (such as lignosulfonates and lignosulfonate) have been proven efficient in regulating cellular process and the extracellular microenvironment, which has been regarded as the key factor in disease progression. In orthopaedic diseases, especially the degenerative diseases represented by osteoarthritis and osteoporosis, excessive activated inflammation has been proven as a key stage in the pathological process. Due to the excellent biocompatibility, antibacterial and antioxidative activities of lignin and its derivatives, they have been applied to stimulate cells and restore the uncoupling bone remodeling in the degenerative orthopaedic diseases. However, there is a lack of a systemic review to state the current research actuality of lignin and lignin-derived compounds in treating degenerative orthopaedic diseases. Herein, we summarized the current application of lignin and lignin-derived compounds in orthopaedic diseases and proposed their possible therapeutic mechanism in treating degenerative orthopaedic diseases. It is hoped this work could guide the future preparation of lignin/lignin-derived drugs and implants as available therapeutic strategies for clinically degenerative orthopaedic diseases. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by their low cost, lignosulfonate-based water reducers are the most used type of admixture in the concrete industry worldwide. Due to the plurality of types of lignosulfonates (LSs) and the recent update to the Brazilian standard for admixtures for concrete, the objective of this work was to investigate the impact of sodium (Na-LS) and magnesium (Mg-LS) lignosulfonates, raw materials present in the Brazilian market, in pastes and concretes produced with cement type CP II F 40 under different dosages (0.40% and 0.80%). For this, the following tests were performed: adsorption curves, isothermal calorimetry, microanalytical tests (TGA/DTG and DRX), and application in the concrete according to NBR 11768-1 standard. The results showed different hydration evolutions among the pastes produced with these lignosulfonates. As a consequence, despite the similarity in water reduction, it was verified that Mg-LS was more suitable for RA1-R (water reducer-retarder, setting time 120-360 min), while Na-LS was more suitable for RA1 (water reducer, setting time 30-160 min). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfite lignin or lignosulfonate is a large-scale by product of pulp and paper mills. Features of the chemical structure of lignosulfonates in combination with their biocompatibility, biodegradability, environmental safety, and an unlimitedly reproducible raw material base open up wide opportunities for the practical application of materials based thereon. Of particular interest is the production of nanoparticles and other lignosulfonate-containing nanostructures. Compared to the original lignosulfonates, they acquire additional valuable properties due to their small size, increased surface area, and quantum size effects. In this work, water dispersions of nanoparticles and air-dry nanopowders of various morphologies (nanoparticles, nanovesicles, and nanorods) were prepared on the basis of lignosulfonates. It has been established that the formation of lignosulfonate-containing nanostructures proceeds through various noncovalent interactions in aqueous and mixed water–organic media. A special role is played by electrostatic effects caused by the polyelectrolyte nature of lignosulfonates. The size, charge (ζ-potential), and morphology of the obtained nanostructures depend on and are controlled by the composition of lignosulfonates (Mw 9250–46,300 Da), type (EtOH/Ac) and concentration (φEtOH/Ac = 0.60–73.0 vol %) of the organic phase, as well as the method of formation (on the surface of an organic liquid/in the bulk of a lignosulfonate solution) of nanostructures. The growth-stimulating activity of the nanoparticles obtained is shown, which makes it possible to recommend our lignosulfonate-containing nanomaterials as biologically active growth stimulators of agricultural crops (by the example of radish (Raphanus sativus) and watercress (Lepidium sativum)). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our objectives were to compare the antifungal activity of 5 lignosulfonates, and 2 chitosans against fungi isolated from spoiled hay, and assess the effects of an optimized lignosulfonate, chitosan, and propionic acid (PRP) on high-moisture alfalfa hay. In experiment 1, we determined the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration of 4 sodium lignosulfonates, 1 magnesium lignosulfonate, 2 chitosans, and PRP (positive control) against Aspergillus amoenus , Mucor circinelloides , Penicillium solitum , and Debaromyces hansenii at pH 4 and 6. Among sodium lignosulfonates, the one from Sappi Ltd. (NaSP) was the most antifungal at pH 4. However, chitosans had the strongest fungicidal activity with the exception of M. circinelloides at both pH 4 and 6. PRP had more antifungal effects than NaSP and was only better than chitosans for M. circinelloides. In experiment 2, we evaluated the effects of 3 additives (ADV): optimized NaSP (NaSP-O, UMaine), naïve chitosan (ChNv, Sigma–Aldrich), and PRP on high-moisture alfalfa hay. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design replicated 5 times. Treatment design was the factorial combination of 3 ADV× 5 doses (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2% w/w fresh basis). Additives were added to 35 g of sterile alfalfa hay (71.5 ± 0.23% DM), inoculated with a mixture of previously isolated spoilage fungi (5.8 log cfu/fresh g), and aerobically incubated in vitro for 23 d (25°C). After incubation, DM losses were reduced by doses as low as 0.25% for both NaSP-O and PRP (⁠ x ¯ = 1.61) vs. untreated hay (24.0%), partially due to the decrease of mold and yeast counts as their doses increased. Also, hay NH3-N was lower in NaSP-O and PRP, with doses as low as 0.25%, relative to untreated hay (⁠ x ¯ = 1.13 vs. 7.80% of N, respectively). Both NaSP-O and PRP increased digestible DM recovery (⁠ x ¯ = 69.7) and total volatile fatty acids (⁠ x ¯ = 94.3), with doses as low as 0.25%, compared with untreated hay (52.7% and 83.8 mM, respectively). However, ChNv did not decrease mold nor yeast counts (⁠ x ¯ = 6.59 and x ¯ = 6.16 log cfu/fresh g, respectively) and did not prevent DM losses relative to untreated hay. Overall, when using an alfalfa hay substrate in vitro, NaSP-O was able to prevent fungal spoilage to a similar extent to PRP. Thus, further studies are warranted to develop NaSP-O as a hay preservative under field conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing concerns on environmental pollution and sustainability have raised the interest on the development of functional biobased materials for different applications, including food packaging, as an alternative to the fossil resources-based counterparts, currently available in the market. In this work, functional wood inspired biopolymeric nanocomposite films were prepared by solvent casting of suspensions containing commercial beechwood xylans, cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and lignosulfonates (magnesium or sodium), in a proportion of 2:5:3 wt%, respectively. All films presented good homogeneity, translucency, and thermal stability up to 153 °C. The incorporation of CNF into the xylan/lignosulfonates matrix provided good mechanical properties to the films (Young's modulus between 1.08 and 3.79 GPa and tensile strength between 12.75 and 14.02 MPa). The presence of lignosulfonates imparted the films with antioxidant capacity (DPPH radical scavenging activity from 71.6 to 82.4 %) and UV barrier properties (transmittance ≤19.1 % (200–400 nm)). Moreover, the films obtained are able to successfully delay the browning of packaged fruit stored over 7 days at 4 °C. Overall, the obtained results show the potential of using low-cost and eco-friendly resources for the development of sustainable active food packaging materials. [Display omitted] • Wood inspired nanocomposite films based on xylan, nanocellulose and lignosulfonates • Homogeneous and translucent films with good mechanical and thermal performance • Lignosulfonates endow good UV-barrier and antioxidant properties to the films • The bioinspired films show potential as eco-friendly materials for active packaging [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing techniques for lignosulfonate (LS) in humate fertilizers lack selectivity to humic substances (HS) as the main component; they involve labor- and time-consuming sample preparation to separate the components at the level of detectable LS concentrations. The procedure based on attenuated total reflectance (ATR) FTIR spectroscopy with simple sample preparation for directly quantifying lignosulfonates in aqueous solutions and lignosulfonates and HS in aqueous solutions of preparations based on HS of coal origin (Sigma Aldrich, Powhumus, and Life Force) was developed. Lignosulfonate quantification is possible by exploiting the bands at 1266, 1192, 1093, and 1042 cm−1 with limits of detection of 0.4–2 g/L. Quantifying LS in a mixture with humates includes centrifugation of prepared solutions to separate interfering silicate impurities. LS quantification in the range of 10–100 g/L against HS (up to a 2-fold excess) with an error of up to 5% is possible based on the spectral absorptions at 1093 and 1042 cm−1. Simultaneous quantification of humate in the mixture with an error of up to 10% is possible by exploiting the bands at 1570 and 1383 cm−1 (carboxylates). The study shows the possibility of determining lignosulfonate against an HS background several times higher than lignosulfonate. The developed technique is applicable for analyzing fertilizers of simple composition and quality control of pure humates used for plant growth. Obtaining the most accurate results needs calibration solutions from the same brands that make up the test mixture.

Sodium lignosulfonate (NLS), a biomass waste procured from paper and pulp industries as brown colour water soluble powder, is explored in this article as dye for nylon 6 fabrics in aqueous media by the exhaustion method. The fastness and functional properties of the dyed nylon 6 fabrics were studied. The dyeing process parameters were optimised using Box–Behnken response surface design and the ANOVA technique. The NLS treated dyed nylon fabric exhibited an excellent ultraviolet protection factor (UPF), as high as 62.13. The NLS dyed nylon fabrics were characterised using FTIR, FESEM, EDX and instruments. The ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) and colour strength (K/S) values are significantly increased with an increase in the concentration of NLS without any loss of tensile properties and thermal stability. Moreover, NLS treatment has excellent wash fastness. This dyeing process for synthetic fibre like nylon can be a cleaner and more eco-friendly approach by utilising waste biomass of paper from the pulp industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the increasingly widespread water pollutants and the high cost of treatment methods, there is a demand for new, inexpensive, renewable, and biodegradable adsorbent materials for the purification of wastewater contaminants. In this study, a new biocomposite aerogel (Amf-CNF/LS) was prepared using a chemically cross-linking method between the amino-functionalized cellulose nanofibers (Amf-CNF) and lignosulfonates (LS). The physical and chemical properties of the prepared aerogel were investigated using several techniques including elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and N2 adsorption-desorption analysis. The Amf-CNF/LS aerogel was then applied for the removal of methylene blue (MB), rhodamine B dye (RhB), and the heavy metal cadmium ion (Cd2+) from synthetic wastewater solutions. The adsorption parameters controlling the adsorption process including the pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, and adsorbate concen-tration were optimized. High adsorption kinetics and isotherms were observed, with the adsorption isotherms of the Amf-CNF/LS aerogel fitting the Langmuir model with maximum adsorption capacities of 170.94, 147.28, and 129.87 mg/g for MB, RhB, and Cd2+, respectively. These results show that Amf-CNF/LS aerogel is a promising green and inexpensive adsorbent for MB, RhB, and Cd2+ removal from wastewater.

Relevance. Flooding of producing wells is a natural process in oil field exploration. Well irrigation is primarily affected by reservoir heterogeneity in terms of filtration properties – stratified (along the section) and zonal (along strike), presence of bottom water, oil-water zones, and increased viscosity of reservoir oil. The front movement speed increases in highly permeable layers, which speeds up the premature watering of the wells. The aim of the research is to evaluate the most effective waterproofing technologies in the Perm region and explore the possibility of using them in an oil field. Object: carbonate deposits with high-viscosity oil of the Nozhovskoy group of fields in the Perm region. The average viscosity of reservoir oil for 8 development objects in deposits of the turnaiskii stage (T) is 72,1 MPa*s, with a high value of dissection coefficient (6,23). Average values of water cut and oil recovery ratio reach 1,8. In such conditions, methods of well insulation are widely used. Methods: analysis of the results of the work performed to reduce well water-cut, hydrodynamic modeling of water insulation works in wells in an oil field. Results. In the Perm region, higher efficiency while limiting the inflow of water to producing wells by the washed layers for reservoirs with a carbonate reservoir is noted for gelling and sedimentation technologies. In injection wells, work on alignment of injectivity profiles was carried out mainly with the use of cements, resins and polyacrylamide. The high efficiency of use was shown by the technology with sediment- and gelling components based on lignosulfonates. The authors have simulated the operation of the element of the reservoir using sedimentary and gelling agents for the Berezovsky oil field site. It was believed that the pickup of the upper interval will decrease by 82 % during flooding works. For producing wells during the year, the water cut decreases by 3 ... 15 %, and the total oil flow rate increases by 0,9 t/day.

Modification of melamine–carbamide–formaldehyde resin with lignosulfonates was carried out. Reactions of lignosulfonate with formaldehyde and melamine are presented. The formulations of the optimal adhesives have been determined. Studies of the effect of lignosulfonates on the properties of plywood, in particular, on strength and toxicity, have been carried out. The parameters of gluing plywood of different thickness are substantiated using the developed adhesive composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin, an abundant natural polymer but presently under-utilized, has received much attention for its green/sustainable advantages. Herein, we report a facile method to fabricate lignosulfonate (LS) ionic hydrogels by simple crosslinking with poly (ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PEGDGE). The as-obtained LS-PEGDGE hydrogels were comprehensively characterized by mechanical measurements, FT-IR, and SEM. The rich sulfonic and phenolic hydroxyl groups in LS hydrogels play key roles in imparting multifunctional smart properties, such as adhesiveness, conducting, sensing and dye adsorption, as well as superconductive behavior when increasing the moisture content. The hydrogels have a high adsorption capacity for cationic dyes, using methylene blue as a model, reaching 211 mg·g−1. As a moist-induced power generator, the maximum output voltage is 181 mV. The LS-PEGDGE hydrogel-based flexible strain sensors exhibit high sensitivity when detecting human movements. As the hydrogel electrolyte, the assembled supercapacitor shows high specific capacitance of 236.9 F·g−1, with the maximum energy density of 20.61 Wh·kg−1, power density of 2306.4 W·kg−1, and capacitance retention of 92.9% after 10,000 consecutive charge-discharge cycles. Therefore, this multifunctional LS hydrogels may have promising applications in various fields, providing a new platform for the value-added utilization of lignin from industrial waste. • A facile method to prepare multi-functional lignosulfonate (LS) hydrogel was reported. • LS hydrogel is a high-sensitivity sensor to monitor human motions. • LS hydrogel performs as a moist driven electro-generator. • LS hydrogel acts as an effective dye adsorbent. • LS hydrogel functions as super-capacitive electrolyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel strategy for improving wet resistance and bonding properties of starch-based adhesives using enzymatically polymerized lignosulfonates and carboxylic acids as additives was developed. Therefore, lignosulfonates were polymerized by laccase to a molecular weight of 750 kDa. Incorporation of low concentrations (up to 1% of the starch weight) of 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) led to further improvement on the properties of the adhesives, while addition of greater amounts of BTCA led to a decrease in the properties measured due to large viscosity increases. Great improvements in wet-resistance from 22 to 60 min and bonding times (from 30 to 20 s) were observed for an adhesive containing 8% enzymatically polymerized lignin and 1% BTCA. On the other hand, the addition of citric acid (CA) deteriorated the properties of the adhesives, especially when lignosulfonate was present. In conclusion, this study shows that the addition of the appropriate amount of enzymatically polymerized lignosulfonates together with carboxylic acids (namely BTCA) to starch-based adhesives is a robust strategy for improving their wet resistance and bonding times.

Sulfomethylation of radiata pine kraft lignin was performed using formaldehyde and sodium sulfite under alkaline conditions to determine its potential as a mineral depressant for the separation of molybdenite and chalcopyrite by froth flotation. Optimal conditions for the sulfomethylation reaction were 20% (w/w) Na2SO3 at 130 °C for 4.2 h, which resulted in lignin with a sulfonate content of 2.2 mmol/g. Microflotation assays showed that the optimized sulfomethylated kraft lignin (OSKL) depressed the molybdenite in flotation by 93% using 200 mg/L OSKL, while only 5% chalcopyrite depression was achieved. The performance of OSKL was compared with those of commercial lignosulfonates, and the OSKL displayed a better ability to separate molybdenite and chalcopyrite, even at lower concentration doses. FTIR and 1H-NMR analyses showed that sulfonic groups were incorporated into the C5 position of the aromatic ring and into the aliphatic chain of the OSKL. The hydroxymethyl content of the OSKL was increased, and most ß-O-4', ß-1' and ß-5' bonds were broken, with the exception of the ß-ß' bond. Sulfomethylation gives kraft lignin the chemical characteristics of a wood-based molybdenite depressant, making it an alternative to current reagents used in the chalcopyritemolybdenite flotation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six different sodium lignosulfonates with varying degrees of sulfonation (0.14–1.29 sulfonate groups per phenylpropane unit) and molecular weights (Mw = 6000–330,000 g/mol) were evaluated for their ability to disperse carbon black in aqueous media. Rheological and particle size measurements of carbon black dispersions indicated that lignosulfonates with low degree of sulfonation function as good carbon black dispersants. The dispersion efficiency did not correspond directly to the amount of lignosulfonate adsorbed on the surface of carbon black. The lignosulfonates have an ability to enhance the colloidal stability by electrostatic repulsion, and the likely mechanism of stabilization is a combination of electrostatic repulsion and steric hindrance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignosulfonate (LS) is a by-product obtained during sulfite pulping process and is commonly used as a growth enhancer in plant growth. However, the underlying growth promoting mechanism of LS on shoot growth remains largely unknown. Hence, this study was undertaken to determine the potential application of eco-friendly ion-chelated LS complex [sodium LS (NaLS) and calcium LS (CaLS)] to enhance recalcitrant indica rice MR 219 shoot growth and to elucidate its underlying growth promoting mechanisms. In this study, the shoot apex of MR 219 rice was grown on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with different ion chelated LS complex (NaLS and CaLS) at 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg/L The NaLS was shown to be a better shoot growth enhancer as compared to CaLS, with optimum concentration of 300 mg/L. Subsequent comparative proteomic analysis revealed an increase of photosynthesis-related proteins [photosystem II (PSII) CP43 reaction center protein, photosystem I (PSI) iron-sulfur center, PSII CP47 reaction center protein, PSII protein D1], ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), carbohydrate metabolism-related proteins (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 3, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase) and stress regulator proteins (peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase A4, delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase 1) abundance in NaLS-treated rice as compared to the control (MSO). Consistent with proteins detected, a significant increase in biochemical analyses involved in photosynthetic activities, carbohydrate metabolism and protein biosynthesis such as total chlorophyll, rubisco activity, total sugar and total protein contents were observed in NaLS-treated rice. This implies that NaLS plays a role in empowering photosynthesis activities that led to plant growth enhancement. In addition, the increased in abundance of stress regulator proteins were consistent with low levels of peroxidase activity, malondialdehyde content and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity observed in NaLS-treated rice. These results suggest that NaLS plays a role in modulating cellular homeostasis to provide a conducive cellular environment for plant growth. Taken together, NaLS improved shoot growth of recalcitrant MR 219 rice by upregulation of photosynthetic activities and reduction of ROS accumulation leading to better plant growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spent Sulfite Liquor (SSL), a byproduct of sulfite pulp production, contains lignosulfonates (LS) dissolved in a liquid phase rich in sugars, and phenolic substances. This study investigates the effects of UV-irradiation on SSL as a microbial substrate. UV-irradiation of SSL resulted in the polymerization of LS. The molecular weight of LS increased from 1949 Da to 5637 Da (at 3 days of irradiation). FTIR spectroscopy revealed structural changes, including an increase in phenolic OH groups and the formation of β -O-4 ether linkages. Batch fermentations with Actinobacillus succinogenes demonstrated that UV-irradiated SSL led to higher succinic acid production and reduced by-product formation. By product formation was reduced from 0.90 g byproduct per g succinic acid to only 0.62 g in irradiated media. Although the initial lag phase was longer for irradiated SSL, acid production eventually exceeded that of non-irradiated SSL and standard medium. Ultimately, a concentration of 14.40 g L-1 with a yield of 0.56 g of succinic acid per gram of consumed sugar was attained. This represented an increase of 3.01 g L-1 compared to standard media. In conclusion, UV-irradiation upgraded SSL by a higher specificity of succinic acid and allowing better utilization of LS in various applications through polymerization, aligning with sustainable production goals. [Display omitted] • UV-irradiation enhances spent sulfite liquor value. • Irradiated lignosulfonates undergo polymerization and structural changes. • UV-treated sulfite liquor has higher succinic acid yield and reduced by-products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lignosulfonates are water‐soluble anionic polymers, which are considered as byproducts from the production of wood pulp using sulfite pulping. Calcium lignosulfonate is chosen as a filler according to previous research due to its effect on the properties of the blends. It is added in the concentration range from 10 to 60 phr to the blends with NBR, SBR, and EPDM. It is found out that the increasing concentration of filler has a favorable effect on the values of physical—mechanical properties of vulcanizates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The selective separation of molybdenite from copper sulfide concentrate in flotation process is realized using sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) to depress the chalcopyrite and permit only the flotation of the molybdenite. However, this reagent is a highly toxic and flammable gas. The objective of this research was to study the feasible application of commercial lignosulfonates (LSs) in the separation by froth flotation process of molybdenite and chalcopyrite in seawater to present a novel application for LSs, as well as an alternative reagent to sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS). To achieve this, microflotation, absorbance tests and zeta potential measures were performed at pH 8 in seawater and 0.01 M NaCl. The results obtained in this study showed that it is possible to achieve selective separation of copper and molybdenum in both aqueous media due to high depressant effect of molybdenite and low depression of chalcopyrite in microflotation tests at 10 ppm of LSs, when the collector, PAX, is added prior to the addition of LSs. Absorbance study and zeta potential measurements showed that LSs adhere more to the molybdenite surface in seawater than in freshwater. This is related to the high ionic charge of the media that influences a greater interaction of LSs with the mineral surface.