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Drought is a key environmental stress that inhibits plant growth, development, yield and quality. Whole‐genome replication is an effective method for breeding drought resistant cultivars. Here, we evaluated the tolerance of Lilium distichum Nakai diploids (2n = 2× = 24) and artificially induced autotetraploids (2n = 4× = 48) to drought simulated by polyethylene glycol (PEG) stress. Autotetraploids showed stronger drought tolerance than diploids, and high‐throughput sequencing during PEG stress identified five differentially expressed miRNAs. Transcriptome analysis revealed significantly different reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐scavenger expression levels between diploids and autotetraploids, which increased the drought tolerance of autotetraploids. Specifically, we identified ldi‐miR396b and its only target gene (LdPMaT1) for further study based on its expression level and ROS‐scavenging ability in response to drought stress (DS). Autotetraploids showed higher expression of LdPMaT1 and significantly downregulated expression of ldi‐miR396b under DS compared with diploids. Through a short tandem target mimic (STTM) in transgenic lilies, functional studies revealed that miR396b silencing promotes LdPMaT1 expression and the DS response. Under PEG stress, STTM393 transgenic lines showed improved drought resistance mediated by lowered MDA content but exhibited high antioxidant enzyme activity, consistent with the autotetraploid results. Collectively, these findings suggest that ldi‐miR396b‐LdPMaT1 potentially enhances ROS‐scavenging ability, which contributes to improved stress adaptation in autotetraploid lilies. Summary statement: In Lilium distichum Nakai, autotetraploids showed stronger drought tolerance than diploids and ldi‐miR396b‐LdPMaT1 potentially enhances reactive oxygen species‐scavenging ability, which contributes to improved stress adaptation in autotetraploid lilies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat stress transcription factors (HSFs) are core factors of plants in response to heat stress (HS), but their regulatory network is complicated and remains elusive in a large part, especially HSFBs. In this study, we reported that the LlERF012‐LlHSFA1 module participates in heat stress response (HSR) by directly regulating HSF pathway in lily (Lilium longiflorum). LlHSFB1 was confirmed as a positive regulator in lily thermotolerance and a heat‐inducible AP2/ERF member LlERF012 (Ethylene Response Factor 012) was further identified to be a direct trans‐activator of LlHSFB1. Overexpression of LlERF012 elevated the thermotolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis and lily, but silencing LlERF012 reduced thermotolerance in lily. Further analysis showed LlERF012 interacted with LlHSFA1, which led to enhanced transactivation activity and DNA‐binding capability of LlERF012. In addition, LlERF012 also directly activated the expression of LlHSFA1 by binding its promoter. As expected, we found that LlERF012 bound the promoters of LlHSFA2, LlHSFA3A, and LlHSFA3B to stimulate their expression, and LlERF012‐LlHSFA1 interaction enhanced these activation effects. Overall, our data suggested that LlERF012 was a key factor for lily thermotolerance and the LlERF012‐LlHSFA1 interaction synergistically regulated the activity of the HSF pathway including the class A and B members, which might be of great significance for coordinating the functions of different HSFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A successful regeneration protocol was developed for micropropagation of Lilium akkusianum R. Gämperle, an endemic species of Türkiye, from scale explants. The study also aimed to evaluate the effects of Meta-Topolin (mT) and N6-Benzyladenine (BA) on in vitro regeneration. The Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with different levels of α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA)/BA and NAA/mT were used for culture initiation in the darkness. The highest callus rates were observed on explants cultured on MS medium with 2.0 mg/L NAA + 0.5 mg/L mT (83.31%), and the highest adventitious bud number per explant was 4.98 in MS medium with 0.5 mg/L NAA + 1.5 mg/L mT. Adventitious buds were excised and cultured in 16/8 h photoperiod conditions. The highest average shoot number per explant was 4.0 in MS medium with 2.0 mg/L mT + 1.0 mg/L NAA. Shoots were rooted with the highest rate (90%) in the medium with the 1.0 mg/L IBA, and the highest survival rate (87.5%) was recorded in rooted shoots in the same medium. The ISSR marker system showed that regenerated plantlets were genetically stable. Besides traditional tissue culture techniques used in the current study, the potential for improving the effectiveness of L. akkusianum propagation protocols by incorporating machine learning methodologies was evaluated. ML techniques enhance lily micropropagation by analyzing complex biological processes, merging with traditional methods. This collaborative approach validates current protocols, allowing ongoing improvements. Embracing machine learning in endemic L. akkusianum studies contributes to sustainable plant propagation, promoting conservation and responsible genetic resource utilization in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characterizing reproductive patterns can provide important insights into the ecology of organisms that can ultimately be used to conserve and manage species. Unfortunately, for many Neotropical bat species, little is known regarding reproductive patterns, let alone geographic variation in such important life history characteristics. We describe reproductive patterns for three species of bats (Artibeus lituruatus, Sturnira lilium, and Pygoderma bilabiatum) from the interior Atlantic Forest of Paraguay. For all three species, females exhibited synchronous, seasonally bimodal polyestry, and males, while not as conspicuous, also exhibited two reproductive peaks. Pronounced seasonality in the interior Atlantic Forest may cause not only synchrony of reproduction within species but also the appearance of synchrony among species because of the curtailment of reproduction to only a portion of the year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document provides a summary of a special issue on the ornamental industry, which covers a wide range of topics related to plant propagation, defense mechanisms, tissue culture, genetics in urban planning, and emerging trends in the ornamental plant market. The research was conducted by authors from various countries, highlighting the global relevance of the industry. The authors hope that readers will find inspiration for further research in this field. The ornamental industry is a diverse and segmented industry that focuses on growing and marketing plants and cut flowers for decorative purposes. The global flower and ornamental plants market was valued at $27 billion in 2021 and is expected to increase in value by 2029. The industry faces challenges such as limited resources, climate change, sustainable pest and disease management, diversification of supply, and optimization of marketing and distribution. Breeding plays a crucial role in developing new cultivars, and advancements in genomics and gene editing have shown promise. Efficient systems for propagation, cultivation, and marketing are also important for the industry's success. [Extracted from the article]

Lily bulbs, which have both nutrient storage and reproductive functions, are a representative group of plants for studying the maintenance and transfer of plant-associated microbiomes. In this study, a comparison of the microbial composition of bulbs and their regenerated seedlings cultured under aseptic conditions, as well as subcultured seedlings that succeeded five times, was examined by amplicon sequencing. A total of 62 bacterial taxa and 56 fungal taxa were found to be transferred to the 5th generation in seedlings, which are the core microbiome of lily. After the regeneration of seedlings from bulbs, there was a significant increase in the number of detectable microbial species, and after 1, 3, and 5 successive generations, there was a decrease in the number of detectable species. Interestingly, some "new" microorganisms appeared in each generation of samples; for instance, 167 and 168 bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the 3rd and 5th generations of seedlings that were not detected in either bulbs or seedlings of the previous two generations. These results suggest that bulbs can maintain a high diversity of microorganisms, including some with ultra-low abundance, and have a high transfer capacity to tuck shoots through continuous subculture. The diversity and maintenance of the microbiome can provide the necessary microbial reservoir support for regenerating seedlings. This habit of maintaining low abundance and high diversity may be biologically and ecologically critical for maintaining microbiome stability and function due to the sequestration nature of the plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicine Food Homology (MFH) has been applied for both food and medicine. However, the possible and adverse risks of MFH are associated with the arsenic element, leading to various health disorders, including hypertension, neurological disease, respiratory tract disease, cardiovascular disease, and even the lethal. Therefore, it is significantly important to determine the arsenic concentration of MFH plants for more accurate toxicological assessments. The present study aimed to investigate the content of total arsenic (t-As) and inorganic arsenic (AsIII and AsV). 54 kinds of MFH were collected from different provinces in China, namely Chinese prickly ash, tangerine peel, cinnamon, goji berry, mulberry, hawthorn berry, coix seed, lotus seed, licorice, Astragali radix, Platycodonis radix, clove, honeysuckle, chrysanthemum, rose, lily, mulberry leaf and Perilla frutescent, according to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS). In addition, the arsenic speciation analysis was also made to consider the precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). The results show that: (1) The arsenic concentration of MFH varied greatly in the geographical origin, cultivars, and arsenic species. (2) The LOD/LOQ values of t-As, AsIII and AsV were 0.003/0.010, 0.004/0.012 and 0.004/0.012, respectively. The recovery rates of tAs and inorganic arsenic were 85.3%-88.0% and 94.90%-97.00%, respectively. (3) The concentration of t-As for the 54 kinds of MFH plants ranged from 0.005 to 1.627 mg/kg, which under the limited value (2 mg/kg), according to the regulation of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Exceptionally, Chinese prickly ash (with the highest value) from Sichuan (3.407 mg/kg) was attributed to their contaminated sources. Specifically, the t-As of root MFH plants (0.039-0.370 mg/kg) significantly higher than that of seed (below LOD-0.081) (P<0.05). Most of the arsenic that is taken up during growth accumulated in roots and iron plaque around the roots via three main ways of symplast, apoplast, and plant vascular. Moreover, the highest t-As was observed among four types of flower samples (0.039-0.427 mg/kg), namely clove, honeysuckle, rose, and chrysanthemum, honeysuckle from Shanxi Province. While the minimum was found in the rose sample from Gansu province. Furthermore, the t-As of lily (0.019-0.035 mg/kg) was significantly lower than that of mulberry leaf (0.388-0.496 mg/kg) and Perilla frutescent (0.275-1.627 mg/kg) (P<0.05) in the leaf MFH plants. (4) Significant differences were found in the inorganic arsenic from all MFH plants (P<0.05). The concentration range of AsIII (

The challenge of managing invasive weed species continues to affect the agricultural industry, presenting ecological, economic, and agronomic hurdles that lead to over 100 billion USD in annual crop losses globally. One such concern is the management of Agrostis stolonifera L., commonly known as creeping bentgrass, particularly due to its ability to form hybrids. This scenario underscores the urgent need for innovative, effective, and environmentally sustainable herbicides, steering the focus toward natural substances as potential candidates. We report here a promising natural lactone, commonly known as menthalactone, which is derived from Mentha piperita L. Its phytotoxic activity was assessed against the monocot, bentgrass, and a dicot, lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Menthalactone displayed outstanding activity against bentgrass and was further evaluated for phytotoxic characteristics. The germination of A. stolonifera seeds was significantly inhibited with an IC50 value of 4.9 ± 1.2 µM. In contrast to bentgrass seeds, Lemna pausicostata L. plants were less responsive to menthalactone treatment, shown by an IC50 of 293.4 ± 70.6 µM. Both species are monocots, and the results suggest that menthalactone might have effects on seed germination but not on the metabolism of green tissues. The susceptibility of three common, obnoxious weed species, i.e., ryegrass (Lilium perenne), barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.), and crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.), to menthalactone was assessed. Menthalactone at 1000 µM completely inhibited the germination of all three species of grasses, while 330 µM inhibited germination by less than 50%. The post-emergence application of menthalactone at 1% did not produce a significant inhibitory effect against ryegrass, barnyard grass, or crabgrass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii var. unicolor) is a variant of the Sichuan lily of the lily family and is a unique Chinese 'medicinal and food' sweet lily. Somatic cell embryogenesis of Lilium has played an important role in providing technical support for germplasm conservation, bulb propagation and improvement of genetic traits. Somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinases (SERKs) are widely distributed in plants and have been shown to play multiple roles in plant life, including growth and development, somatic embryogenesis and hormone induction. Integrating the results of KEGG enrichment, GO annotation and gene expression analysis, a lily LdSERK1 gene was cloned. The full-length open reading frame of LdSERK1 was 1875 bp, encoding 624 amino acids. The results of the phylogenetic tree analysis showed that LdSERK1 was highly similar to rice, maize and other plant SERKs. The results of the subcellular localisation in the onion epidermis suggested that the LdSERK1 protein was localised at the cell membrane. Secondly, we established the virus-induced gene-silencing (VIGS) system in lily scales, and the results of LdSERK1 silencing by Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) showed that, with the down-regulation of LdSERK1 expression, the occurrence of somatic embryogenesis and callus tissue induction in scales was significantly reduced. Finally, molecular assays from overexpression of the LdSERK1 gene in Arabidopsis showed that LdSERK1 expression was significantly enhanced in the three transgenic lines compared to the wild type, and that the probability of inducing callus tissue in seed was significantly higher than that of the wild type at a concentration of 2 mg/L 2,4-D, which was manifested by an increase in the granularity of the callus tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lilium lancifolium Thunb (L. lancifolium) is an important medicinal and edible plant with outstanding functionality for selenium (Se) biofortification. However, the molecular response of L. lancifolium to exogenous Se has not been fully elucidated. In this study, the effects of different levels of Se on L. lancifolium growth and quality were explored by transcriptome, metabolome and biochemical analyses. The results showed that the total Se and organic Se content in L. lancifolium bulbs increased with increasing Se dosage (0-8.0 mmol/L). Moreover, Se stimulated the growth of L. lancifolium at low level (2.0 mmol/L) but showed an inhibitory effect at high levels (=4.0 mmol/L). Metabolomic and biochemical analyses revealed that the bulb weight and the content of amino acid, soluble sugar, and soluble protein were significantly increased in the 2.0 mmol/L Se treatment compared with those in the control (0 mmol/L Se). Transcriptome and metabolome analyses revealed that the significant upregulation of the GPD1, GPAT and ADPRM genes promoted glycerophospholipid accumulation. Additionally, the significantly upregulated glyA and downregulated asnB, nadB, thrA and SAT genes coordinate to the regulation of amino acid biosynthesis. The significantly upregulated SUS, bgl B, BAM, and SGA1 genes were involved in soluble sugar accumulation under Se treatment. In summary, this study identified the optimal Se concentration (2.0 mmol/L), which significantly improved the growth and nutritional quality of L. lancifolium and contributed to understanding the combined effects of Se treatment on the expression of genes and the accumulation of metabolites in L. lancifolium bulbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To cultivate excellent lily germplasms, an interspecific hybrid (LC×SQ-01) was successfully obtained by using a cut-style pollination method in which the rare wild lily Lilium callosum was used as the female parent and the cut flower L. longiflorum 'Snow Queen' was used as the male parent. The morphological features of LC×SQ-01 included height, leaf length, and width, which were observed to be between those of the parents in the tissue-cultured seedlings. The height and leaf length of LC×SQ-01 were more similar to those of the male parent, and the width was between the widths of the parents for field-generated plants. The epidermal cell length and the guard cell and stoma sizes were between those of both parents in tissue-cultured and field-generated plants. In addition, the shapes of the epidermal cells and anticlinal wall in LC×SQ-01 were more analogous to those in the male parent, while the stoma morphology was different from that of both parents. Fourteen pairs of polymorphic SSR primers were identified in both parents, and the validity of LC×SQ-01 was demonstrated by PCR amplification using five pairs of SSR primers. Flow cytometry and root tip squashing assays revealed that LC×SQ-01 was a diploid plant, similar to its parents. Furthermore, the LC×SQ-01 hybrid was more resistant to B. cinerea than its parents, and it also showed much greater peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activity than the parents. These results lay a foundation for breeding a new high-resistance and ornamental lily variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation was conducted in three types of Liliums viz., Asiatic, Oriental and LA hybrids at Horticultural Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Located in The Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu, India to standardize the growing substrate for lilium. Three cultivars were used in Completely Randomized Design viz., 'Black out', 'Courier', Acapulco" in seven growing media viz., Sand as substrate for lilium + Soil as substrate for lilium + Farm Yard Manure as substrate for lilium (1:1:1; Volume/Volume) (T1), Sand as substrate for lilium + Soil as substrate for Lilium + Farm Yard Manure as substrate for lilium (2:1:1; Volume/Volume) (T2), Cocopeat as substrate for Lilium + Farm Yard Manure as substrate for lilium (1:1; Volume/Volume) (T3), Cocopeat as substrate for lilium + soil as substrate for lilium + Farm Yard Manure as substrate for lilium (1:1:1; Volume/Volume) (T4), Sand as substrate for lilium + Soil as substrate for Lilium + Farm Yard Manure as substrate for lilium) + cocopeat as substrate for Lilium (1:1; Volume/Volume) (T5), Sand as substrate for lilium + Soil as substrate for Lilium + Farm Yard Manure as substrate for lilium) + Vermicompost as substrate for lilium (2:1; Volume/Volume) (T6), Sand as substrate for lilium + Soil as substrate for Lilium + Farm Yard Manure as substrate for lilium) + vermicompost as substrate for lilium + cocopeat for lilium (2:1:1; Volume/Volume) (T7). In Asiatic, oriental and LA hybrids recorded maximum height of lilium 157.21 cm, 168.67 cm and 148.41 cm respectively in T4 media. In lilium emergence of bulb sprout took 13.93 days in T7. Bulbs grown in T7 medium produced more number of flowers per spike of 6.05. The findings revealed that among the different types of Substrate, consisting of Sand as substrate for lilium + Soil as substrate for Lilium + Farm Yard Manure as substrate for lilium) + vermicompost as substrate for lilium + cocopeat as substrate for lilium (2:1:1; Volume/Volume) was found to be suitable for growing Asiatic, Oriental and LA hybrids of Lilium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lilium concolor var. pulchellum has a brilliant flower colour, high germination rate, and resistance to cold, drought, and salinity and is an excellent source of lily germplasm. Anthocyanins are important flavonoids commonly found in plants and can make the flowers and fruits of plants more colourful. We first found that 0.2 mg/L 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) specifically induced the accumulation of anthocyanins, which were mainly cyanidins, in callus tissue culture of Lilium. Transcriptomic results indicated that anthocyanin accumulation was mainly involved in the flavonoid pathway, and an LhMYB1 transcription factor encoding 267 amino acids positively associated with anthocyanin accumulation was cloned from the MYB family. Subcellular localisation in tobacco showed that the gene was located in the nucleus of epidermal cells. Virus-induced gene silencing showed that silencing of the LhMYB1 gene on lily petals resulted in a purple to white colour change and a decrease in anthocyanin deposition, mainly in the upper and lower epidermis of the petals. Therefore, the results of this study will provide some ideas for the molecular breeding of lily flower colour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The xylem undergoes physiological changes in response to various environmental conditions during the process of plant growth. To understand these physiological changes, it is extremely important to observe the transport of xylem. In this study, the distribution and structure of vascular bundle in Lilium lancifolium were observed using the method of semithin section. Methods for introducing a fluorescent tracer into the xylem of the stems were evaluated. Then, the transport rule of 5(6)-Carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA) in the xylem of the stem of L. lancifolium was studied by fluorescence dye in live cells tracer technology. The results showed that the vascular bundles of L. lancifolium were scattered in the basic tissue, the peripheral vascular bundles were smaller and densely distributed, and the closer to the center, the larger the volume of vascular bundles and the more sparsely distributed. The vascular bundles of L. lancifolium are limited external tenacity vascular bundles, which are composed of phloem and xylem. The most suitable method for CFDA labeling the xylem of isolated stem segments of L. lancifolium was solution soaking for 24 h. The running speed of CF in the isolated stem was 0.3 cm/h, which was consistent with the running speed of the material in the field. CF could be transported between the xylem and parenchyma cells, indicating that the material transport in the xylem could be through the symplastic pathway. The above results laid a foundation for the study of the xylem transport mechanism and the xylem pathogen disease of lily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii var. willmottiae) is an exclusive sweet lily variety indigenous to China, which is susceptible to bulbous rot caused by fungal infection during storage. This experiment tests the pathogenicity of the pure culture isolated from the diseased tissue was confirmed in accordance with Koch's postulates, and the pathomycetes were identified based on their morphological and molecular characteristics. Furthermore, the biological characteristics of the pathogens were investigated, followed by an evaluation of the antifungal effects of three plant essential oils against them. The results showed that two strains of fungi were isolated from Lanzhou lily rot, which were identified as Fusarium oxysporum Schl. and Aspergillus sydowii (Bain. Et sart.). In addition, the pathogenicity of these two strains of fungi was demonstrated that only F. oxysporum induced rot with similar symptoms during the post-harvest storage period. The biological characteristics of F. oxysporum indicated the potato maltose agar and lily dextrose agar were identified as the most suitable media. Sucrose was determined to be the optimal carbon source, while ammonium nitrate was found to be the best nitrogen source for the growth of F. oxysporum. Mycelial growth and sporulation of F. oxysporum occurred at an optimum pH value of 6. Total darkness facilitated mycelial growth and conidial germination. The ideal temperature for growth was found to be 28℃, while relative humidity did not significantly impactmycelial growth; however, a relative humidity of 55% was most favorable for spore production. Among the three essential oils tested, cinnamon essential oil displayed superior antifungal efficacy against F. oxysporum, whereas angelica essential oil and tea tree essential oil also exhibited moderate inhibitory effects against this pathogen. This research provides valuable theoretical insights for disease control during the storage and transportation of Lanzhou lily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The former genus Nomocharis, which has been merged as a clade within the genus Lilium (Liliaceae), represents one of the most complicated and unclear groups included in the latter. Research on members of the Nomocharis clade has been quite limited due to the sampling difficulties caused by its selective environmental preferences. In this study, we propose a new species within this clade, Lilium liangiae, as a further bridge connecting the former genus Nomocharis with other members of the genus Lilium. We conducted morphological clustering, phylogenetic, and comparative genomics analyses of nuclear internal spacers and the newly generated complete chloroplast genome, in conjunction with previously published sequences, and performed ancestral state reconstruction to clarify the evolutionary pattern of important traits in Lilium. The clustering results of 38 morphological traits indicated that the new species is allied to Nomocharis, further increasing the morphological polymorphism in the latter. The phylogenetic results and morphological clustering both supported L. liangiae belonging to the subclade Ecristata in Nomocharis, its closest affinity being Lilium gongshanense. Inconsistencies in phylogenetic relationships were detected between nuclear and plastid datasets, possibly due to ancient hybridization and ongoing introgression. Comparative genomics revealed the conservation and similarity of their chloroplast genomes, with variations observed in the expansion and contraction of the IR regions. A/T and palindromic repeat sequences were the most abundant. Seven highly variable regions (Pi=0.015) were identified as potential molecular markers based on the chloroplast genomes of 47 species within Lilium. Both nuclear and plastid genes exhibited very low variability within the Nomocharis clade, contrasting with their highly variable morphological appearance. The ancestral state reconstruction analysis suggests that the campanulate flower form, as in L. liangiae, arose at least three times within the genus Lilium, revealing parallel evolution in the latter. Overall, this study adds important genetic and morphological evidence for understanding the phylogenetic relationships and parallel evolution patterns of species within the genus Lilium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of ornamental flowers in controlled environment agriculture (CEA) has gained significant attention due to its potential for efficient cultivation. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of light quality (red, blue, red+blue, and white) after priming bulbs with Bacillus subtilis (Bs) on lily plant growth, phenology, yield, ornamental attributes, and pigmentation. Both light quality and Bs treatment significantly affected vegetative and generative organ development and overall plant growth. Bulbs primed with Bs and grown under blue light exhibited the earliest budding and flowering phases, along with an extended flowering period. The highest flower yield and productivity were achieved in Bs-primed bulbs under blue light. Regarding qualities, the best scores were obtained for Bs-primed bulbs grown under blue or red+blue light, compared to control plants grown under red light. The combined effects of Bs treatment and light quality also impacted photosynthetic pigment content in lily leaves. Throughout the growing season, the highest levels of photosynthetic pigments were detected under white light. Although the ratio between Chl a with other photosynthetic pigments were decreased during the flowering period, Bs treatment positively influenced those rations during the flowering phase when plants grown under monochromatic lights (red and blue). In summary, to achieve high-quality lily flowers in CEAs, the most promising approach involves utilizing a red+blue light spectrum in combination with Bs priming. This research highlights the importance of optimizing growing conditions and understanding the interplay between light quality and biological treatments for enhancing ornamental flower production in CEA systems. [Display omitted] • Bacillus subtilis -primed bulbs under blue light prolonged the lily flowering period. • B. subtilis + blue light accelerated flowering and increased flower yield. • Red + blue light, post-priming with B. subtilis , enhances the value of lily flowers. • B. subtilis + monochromatic lights increased photosynthetic pigmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To clarify the evolutionary history of the Lilium maculatum–L. pensylvanicum complex in Japan and to improve the circumscription of its component taxa, we conducted phylogenetic analyses based on chloroplast and nuclear internal and external transcribed spacer (ITS, ETS) DNA sequences, a genome‐wide analysis of single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using multiplexed ISSR genotyping by sequencing (MIG‐seq), and morphological observations. Topological differences between the chloroplast and nuclear ITS + ETS phylogenies indicate that ancient hybridization or incomplete lineage sorting were involved in the origin of "maculatum", but the relatively long length of relevant branches indicates that incomplete lineage sorting is implausible. The results of STRUCTURE analysis (K = 3, the highest delta K value) using MIG‐seq indicate that "maculatum" has already developed its own cluster and can be considered a species (L. maculatum) that originated through the hybridization of L. pacificum (sp. nov.) and L. pensylvanicum. MIG‐seq Neighbor‐Net and STRUCTURE analyses (K = 3), as well as chloroplast DNA phylogeny, reveal that populations in disjunct limestone areas (L. maculatum var. bukosanense) originated via the hybridization of L. maculatum and L. pacificum, whereas populations in the Sado‐Tobishima Islands (L. maculatum var. sadoense, var. nov.) originated via hybridization between L. maculatum and L. pensylvanicum. These taxa appear to be more or less genetically isolated from other populations based on the STRUCTURE analysis (K = 5), although we do not know whether this isolation resulted from geographic distance or reproductive barriers. Based on available MIG‐seq and morphological data, respectively, we consider the two hybrid‐origin populations to be independent varieties. Furthermore, the morphology of seaside populations of L. maculatum in East Tohoku District appears to have deviated slightly from that of mountain populations (L. maculatum f. monticola); as such, coastal populations merit recognition as a form of L. maculatum (L. maculatum f. spontaneum, comb. & stat. nov.). Other seaside populations of L. maculatum in the West Tohoku District appear to have originated from populations of L. pacificum, but have been successively taken over by L. maculatum through introgression, and have consequently evolved into a form of L. maculatum (L. maculatum f. maculatum). In addition, we found putative extant hybrid populations of L. maculatum × L. pensylvanicum. We recognize three species, two varieties, two forms, and one hybrid in the L. maculatum–L. pensylvanicum complex in Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature is one of the most important environmental factors for plant growth, as low-temperature freezing damage seriously affects the yield and distribution of plants. The Lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii, var. unicolor) is a famous ornamental plant with high ornamental value. Using an Illumina HiSeq transcriptome sequencing platform, sequencing was conducted on Lanzhou lilies exposed to two different temperature conditions: a normal temperature treatment at 20°C (A) and a cold treatment at −4°C (C). After being treated for 24 hours, a total of 5848 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, including 3478 significantly up regulated genes and 2370 significantly down regulated genes, accounting for 10.27% of the total number of DEGs. Quantitative real-time PCR (QRT-PCR) analysis showed that the expression trends of 10 randomly selected DEGs coincided with the results of high-throughput sequencing. In addition, genes responding to low-temperature stress were analyzed using the interaction regulatory network method. The anti-freeze pathway of Lanzhou lily was found to involve the photosynthetic and metabolic pathways, and the key freezing resistance genes were the OLEO3 gene, 9 CBF family genes, and C2H2 transcription factor c117817_g1 (ZFP). This lays the foundation for revealing the underlying mechanism of the molecular anti-freeze mechanism in Lanzhou lily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugar transporters play important roles in plant growth and development, flowering and fruiting, as well as responses to adverse abiotic and biotic environmental conditions. Lilies (Lilium spp.) are some of the most representative ornamental bulbous flowers. Sugar metabolism is critical for bulb formation in lilies; therefore, clarifying the amount and expression pattern of sugar transporters is essential for further analyzing their roles in bulb formation. In this study, based on the transcriptome data of the Lilium Oriental hybrid 'Sorbonne' and Lilium × formolongi, a total of 69 and 41 sugar transporters were identified in 'Sorbonne' and Lilium × formolongi, respectively, by performing bioinformatics analysis. Through phylogenetic analysis, monosaccharide transporters (MSTs) can be divided into seven subfamilies, sucrose transporters (SUTs) can be divided into three subgroups, and sugars will eventually be exported transporters (SWEETs) can be divided into four clades. According to an analysis of conserved motifs, 20, 14, and 12 conserved motifs were predicted in MSTs, SUTs, and SWEETs, respectively. A conserved domain analysis showed that MSTs and SUTs contained a single domain, whereas most of the SWEETs harbored two MtN3/saliva domains, also known as a PQ-loop repeat. The LohINT1, which was predicted to have a smaller number of transmembrane structural domains, was cloned and analyzed for subcellular localization. It was found that the LohINT1 protein is mainly localized in the cell membrane. In addition, the expression analysis indicated that 22 LohMSTs, 1 LohSUTs, and 5 LohSWEETs were upregulated in 'Sorbonne' 1 day after scale detachment treatment, suggesting that they may regulate the initiation of the bulblet. A total of 10 LflMSTs, 1 LflSUTs, and 6 LflSWEETs were upregulated 4~6 months after sowing, which corresponds to the juvenile-to-adult transition phase of Lilium × formolongi, suggesting that they may also play a role in the accompanying bulb swelling process. Combined with quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis, LohSTP8 and LohSTP12 were significantly overexpressed during the extremely early stage of bulblet initiation, and LflERD6.3 was significantly overexpressed during the growth of the underground bulblet, suggesting that they may be key sugar transporters in the formation of lily bulbs, which needs further functional verification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Lilium primulinum Baker, a complex species from the eastern Himalayan region is reviewed. L. primulinum var. burmanicum from Myanmar and Yunnan is illustrated. Suggestions for its successful cultivation are given. Lectotypes are designated for the names Lilium primulinum, L. primulinum var. burmanicum and L. poilanei. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lily (Lilium spp.) is an important ornamental flower, which is mainly propagated by bulbs. Cell wall invertases (CWINs), which catalyze the irreversibly conversion of sucrose into glucose and fructose in the extracellular space, are key enzymes participating in sucrose allocation in higher plants. Previous studies have shown that CWINs play an essential role in bulblet initiation process in bulbous crops, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, a CWIN gene of Lilium brownii var. giganteum (Lbg) was identified and amplified from genomic DNA. Quantitative RT-PCR assays revealed that the expression level of LbgCWIN1 was highly upregulated exactly when the endogenous starch degraded in non-sucrose medium during in vitro bulblet initiation in Lbg. Phylogenetic relationship, motif, and domain analysis of LbgCWIN1 protein and CWINs in other plant species showed that all sequences of these CWIN proteins were highly conserved. The promoter sequence of LbgCWIN1 possessed a number of alpha-amylase-, phytohormone-, light- and stress-responsive cis-elements. Meanwhile, b-glucuronidase (GUS) assay showed that the 459 bp upstream fragment from the translational start site displayed maximal promoter activity. These results revealed that LbgCWIN1 might function in the process of in vitro bulblet initiation and be in the response to degradation of endogenous starch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollen grains, with their resilient sporopollenin exine and defined morphologies, have been explored as bio-templates for the synthesis of calcium phosphate minerals, particularly hydroxyapatite (HAp) and β-tricalcium phosphate (TCP). Various pollen morphologies from different plant species (black alder, dandelion, lamb's quarters, ragweed, and stargazer lily) were evaluated. Pollen grains underwent acid washing to remove allergenic material and facilitate subsequent calcification. Ragweed and lamb's quarter pollen grains were chosen as templates for calcium phosphate salts deposition due to their distinct morphologies. The calcification process yielded well-defined spherical hollow particles. The washing step, intended to reduce the protein content, did not significantly affect the final product; thus, justifying the removal of this low-yield step from the synthesis process. Characterisation techniques, including X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis, confirmed the successful calcification of pollen-derived materials, revealing that calcified grains were principally composed of calcium deficient HAp. After calcination, biphasic calcium phosphate composed of HAp and TPC was obtained. This study demonstrated the feasibility of using pollen grains as green and sustainable bio-templates for synthesizing biomaterials with controlled morphology, showcasing their potential in biomedical applications such as drug delivery and bone regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Heat stress transcription factors (HSFs) are core regulators of plant heat stress response. Much research has focused on class A and B HSFs, leaving those of class C relatively understudied.Here, we reported a lily (Lilium longiflorum) heat‐inducible HSFC2 homology involved in thermotolerance. LlHSFC2 was located in the nucleus and cytoplasm and exhibited a repression ability by binding heat stress element. Overexpression of LlHSFC2 in Arabidopsis, tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana), and lily, all increased the thermotolerance. Conversely, silencing of LlHSFC2 in lily reduced its thermotolerance.LlHSFC2 could interact with itself, or interact with LlHSFA1, LlHSFA2, LlHSFA3A, and LlHSFA3B of lily, AtHSFA1e and AtHSFA2 of Arabidopsis, and NbHSFA2 of tobacco. LlHSFC2 interacted with HSFAs to accelerate their transactivation ability and act as a transcriptional coactivator. Notably, compared with the separate LlHSFA3A overexpression, co‐overexpression of LlHSFC2/LlHSFA3A further enhanced thermotolerance of transgenic plants. In addition, after suffering HS, the homologous interaction of LlHSFC2 was repressed, but its heterologous interaction with the heat‐inducible HSFAs was promoted, enabling it to exert its co‐activation effect for thermotolerance establishment and maintenance.Taken together, we identified that LlHSFC2 plays an active role in the general balance and maintenance of heat stress response by cooperating with HSFAs, and provided an important candidate for the enhanced thermotolerance breeding of crops and horticulture plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To develop a rice wine with the fragrance and medicinal ingredients of lilies, aroma-producing yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae H1, Hansenula sp. H3, and Pichia kudriavzevii H6) were used for the production of lily rice wine. When the amount of lily added was 1.5 g per 10 g glutinous rice, the content of flavonoids and polyphenols reached 55.54 and 67.68 mg/L, respectively. The sensory evaluation suggested that lily rice wine had the highest score for "malty", "sweety", and "fruity" when the amount of lily added was 0.5 g per 10 g glutinous rice. The result of temperature-programmed headspace gas chromatography ion mobility spectroscopy (TP-HS-GC-IMS) and headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography–olfactometry-mass spectroscopy (HS-SPME-GC-O-MS) clearly showed that linalool and 3-methyl butanal, the unique aromatic compounds of lily, were only detected in fermented lily rice wine to provide flower fragrance. GC-O and odor activity values (OAVs) showed that 11 compounds including ethyl acetate, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methylbutyl acetate, ethyl caprate, phenylethyl alcohol, ethyl caprylate, phenethyl acetate, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol and γ-nonanoic lactone were indicated to be the major aroma contributors. Based on the aroma recombination experiments, they were further revealed to be the key aroma-active compounds in lily rice wine. At the same time, multivariate data analysis further revealed the correlation between sensory attributes and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in lily rice wine. This work provides a lily rice wine with a stronger fruit aroma and higher polyphenol content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate extraction of crop acreage is an important element of digital agriculture. This study uses Sentinel-2A, Sentinel-1, and DEM as data sources to construct a multidimensional feature dataset encompassing spectral features, vegetation index, texture features, terrain features, and radar features. The Relief-F algorithm is applied for feature selection to identify the optimal feature dataset. And the combination of deep learning and the random forest (RF) classification method is utilized to identify lilies in Qilihe District and Yuzhong County of Lanzhou City, obtain their planting structure, and analyze their spatial distribution characteristics in Gansu Province. The findings indicate that terrain features significantly contribute to ground object classification, with the highest classification accuracy when the number of features in the feature dataset is 36. The precision of the deep learning classification method exceeds that of RF, with an overall classification accuracy and kappa coefficient of 95.9% and 0.934, respectively. The Lanzhou lily planting area is 137.24 km2, and it primarily presents a concentrated and contiguous distribution feature. The study's findings can serve as a solid scientific foundation for Lanzhou City's lily planting structure adjustment and optimization and a basis of data for local lily yield forecasting, development, and application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lotus seed and lily bulb beverage (LLB) has a problem with solid particle sedimentation. To address this issue, LLB was homogenised twice at different pressures (0~100 MPa) using a homogeniser. This study aims to investigate the changes in the particle size distribution (PSD), microstructure, rheological behaviour, sedimentation index (IS), turbidity, physicochemical properties, and sensory quality of LLBs after homogenisation treatments. The results regarding PSD and microstructure showed that the suspended particles were decomposed at high pressure with increasing homogenisation pressure, forming small particles of cellular material, cell wall fragments, fibre fractions, and polymers. The LLB showed shear-thinning behaviour and weak gelation characteristics (G′ > G″) and rheological properties. Among all homogenisation pressures, the 60 MPa sample showed the lowest sedimentation rate and the highest turbidity. When the pressure was increased from 0 to 100 MPa, the total soluble solid (TSS) content showed an upward trend, while the ascorbic acid content (AAC) gradually decreased. The highest sensory evaluation was observed in the 60 MPa sample in terms of overall acceptability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) play important roles in plant stress resistance, but it is not clear whether small molecular HSPs (sHSPs) are involved in the cold stress resistance of lily flowers. In this study, we cloned LbHSP17.9 and found that its expression was up-regulated under cold stress. When LbHSP17.9 was silenced (TRV2::LbHSP17.9) using virus-induced gene silencing in cut lily flowers, the content of malondialdehyde was increased under 4 °C stress treatment. The catalase (CAT) activity in TRV2::LbHSP17.9 was significantly lower than in TRV2 in the first 7 days, and the peroxidase (POD) activity in TRV2::LbHSP17.9 was significantly lower than in TRV2 after 4 days of 4 °C stress. Further analysis showed that the transcription levels of LbCu/ZnSOD, LbMnSOD and LbCAT in TRV2::LbHSP17.9 were lower than those of TRV2 under 4 °C stress. When LbHSP17.9 was overexpressed in lily petal disks, the OE-LbHSP17.9 disks faded later than the controls at 4 °C and the relative conductivity decreased significantly. Overexpression of LbHSP17.9 in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in fewer injury symptoms and lower MDA content than wild type under 4 °C stress. Therefore, we speculate that LbHSP17.9 can improve the resistance of lily flowers to cold stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lilium is a genus of important ornamental plants with many colouring pattern variations. Lilium auratum is the parent of Oriental hybrid lilies. A typical feature of L. auratum is the presence of red-orange special raised spots named papillae on the interior tepals. Unlike the usual raised spots, the papillae are slightly rounded or connected into sheets and usually have hairy tips. To elucidate the potential genes regulating papillae development in L. auratum, we performed high-throughput sequencing of its tepals at different stages. Genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway were significantly enriched during the colouration of the papillae, and CHS, F3H, F3′H, FLS, DFR, ANS, and UFGT were significantly upregulated. To identify the key genes involved in the papillae development of L. auratum, we performed weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) and further analysed four modules. In total, 51, 24, 1, and 6 hub genes were identified in four WGCNA modules, MEbrown, MEyellow, MEpurple, and MEred, respectively. Then, the coexpression networks were constructed, and important genes involved in trichome development and coexpressed with anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, such as TT8, TTG1, and GEM, were identified. These results indicated that the papillae are essentially trichomes that accumulate anthocyanins. Finally, we randomly selected 12 hub genes for qRT-PCR analysis to verify the accuracy of our RNA-Seq analysis. Our results provide new insights into the papillae development in L. auratum flowers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The perennial herbaceous night lily, Hemerocallis citrina Baroni, is an important vegetable crop with an increasing production and consumption in China. The long lifecycle and slow growth of the night lily are becoming bottlenecks for the large-scale production of elite lines and various genetic and breeding studies. There is a lack of a protocol for rapid and efficient micropropagation for this crop. Here, we reported the systematic investigation and optimization of in vitro plant regeneration through tissue-culture-based organogenesis in the night lily variety 'Datong Huanghua'. We evaluated various factors affecting the efficiency of callus induction and subculture, shoot regeneration, rooting and plantlet establishment, including explant type and age, inoculation methods, basal culture media and the type and concentration of plant growth regulator (phytohormones) in various growth media. We developed an optimized protocol, as follows. The highest efficiency of callus induction was observed on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplied with 22.7 µM TDZ (thidiazuron) using the young scape (flower stem or stalk) as the explant, which was cut longitudinally in half to produce a segment approximately 0.5 cm in length. Callus subculture and proliferation were more efficient on MS medium containing 9.0 µM 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) under light culture conditions. Shoot regeneration showed the highest efficiency on MS medium supplemented with 8.9 µM 6-BA (6-benzylaminopurine) + 5.4 µM NAA (α-naphthaleneacetic acid), while the best rooting medium was MS medium containing 2.7 µM NAA. After transplanting, the transplanted regenerated seedlings showed the highest survival rate (96%) on a substrate mixture with a 2:1:1 ratio of peat/perlite/vermiculite. A protocol and flowchart for the rapid in vitro micropropagation of night lily plants is proposed that will facilitate various genetic, genomic and breeding studies on this crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, microcrystalline celluloses (MCC) extracted from Jerusalem artichoke stalk, Sweet sorghum stalk, Distiller's grains, and Chinese herb residue were respectively incorporated with poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) to prepare the biodegradable composite films for the preservation of Lanzhou lily. The effects of different MCC sources and contents on the physicochemical properties of composite films were investigated. The crosslinking of four kinds of obtained MCCs with PVA could significantly improve the thermal stability and UV–Vis barrier property of PVA film. When the amount of MCC was 5%, the decrease of PVA/CHRMCC composite film was the largest among the four films, which was 30.97%. In the second stage of thermal decomposition, the decomposition temperature of MCC/PVA composite film is lower than that of pure PVA film (233.12 °C). A majority of PVA/MCC composite films have good mechanical properties and flat surface, especially the composite films fabricated with 5% MCC, which was elected for subsequent preservation of lily bulbs. Lily bulbs packaged with PVA/MCC composite films demonstrated enhanced preservation efficacy. This is attributed to the film's ability to slow down respiration and decrease enzyme activity. Notably, by the end of the 12th day of storage, the PPO activity in lily bulbs wrapped with MCC/PVA was approximately 29% less than that of the control group. This can be ascribed to the film's capability in inhibiting gas exchange and the accumulation of malondialdehyde. Moreover, PVA/CHRMCC composite film was recommend based on subordinate function method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bulblets, as the main reproductive organ of lilies, have a tremendous impact on the reproductive efficiency of lilies. Cytokinin is known to promote the formation of lily bulblets, but little is known about the mechanisms involved. In this study, a combination of full-length transcriptome and high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was performed at the leaf axils of LA lily 'Aladdin' to characterize the transcriptional response to 6-BA treatment during the critical period of stem-to-bulblet transition. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that 6-BA treatment caused significant changes in starch and sucrose metabolism and plant hormone balance. In particular, the high expression of SUS1 and TPS6 in the 6-BA-treated group suggests that sucrose may act as a key signal to promote bulblet initiation. Furthermore, the induction of elevated expression of genes associated with cytokinin and auxin transport and signaling is crucial for initiating bulblet emergence and stimulating growth. WGCNA analysis revealed that hub TFs such as BLHs, ARFs, HD-ZIPs, AP2/ERFs, and SBPs were significantly overexpressed with genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and phytohormone signaling, which warranted more in-depth functional studies. This study enriches the understanding of plant hormone-related genes, sugar metabolism-related genes and various transcription factors in the regulation of plant organ development, and lays the foundation for further studies on the molecular mechanisms of lily stem bulblet formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the biological activity of plant polysaccharides has received increasing attention. Polysaccharides, as one of the main components of lilies, have pharmacological effects in regulating immunity, anti-tumor, antioxidant, antibacterial, and hypoglycemic effects. To systematically analyze the structural characteristics of the polysaccharide, the polysaccharide LP-1 was prepared from Lilium lancifolium bulbs by water extraction and ethanol precipitation, ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration chromatography. Structural characterizations show that the weight-average relative molecular weight of LP-1 is 5.3 kDa. LP-1 consists of mannose and glucose at a molar ratio of 1.4:1. Its primary structure is Glcp-α-D-(1 → {4)-β-D-Glcp-(1 → 4)-β-D-2-O-acetyl-Manp-(1 → [4)-β-D-Glcp-(1 → 4)-β-D-Glcp-(1 → 4)-β-D-Manp-(1 → 4)-β-D-Manp-(1 → 4)-β-D-Manp-(1 → 4)-β-D-Manp-(1]2}2 → 4)-α-D-Glcp. Acetylation occurs at the O-2 site of mannose. Acetyl substitution degree is 8.21%. The results of structure elucidation showed that LP-1 was a low-molecular weight linear O-acetylated glucomannan. The results of oxidative stress experiments indicate that LP-1 exerts antioxidant effects on HUVEC by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, thereby improving endothelial cell damage induced by H2O2, and has the potential to be developed as an antioxidant drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Traditional Chinese medicine is one of the most commonly used complementary and alternative medicine therapies for depression. Integrated Chinese-western therapies have been extensively applied in numerous diseases due to their superior efficiency in individual treatment. We used the meta-analysis, network pharmacology, and bioinformatics studies to identify the putative role of Longya Lilium combined with Fluoxetine in depression. Depression-like behaviors were mimicked in mice after exposure to the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). The underlying potential mechanism of this combination therapy was further explored based on in vitro and in vivo experiments to analyze the expression of COX-2, PGE2, and IL-22, activation of microglial cells, and neuron viability and apoptosis in the hippocampus. The antidepressant effect was noted for the combination of Longya Lilium with Fluoxetine in mice compared to a single treatment. COX-2 was mainly expressed in hippocampal CA1 areas. Longya Lilium combined with Fluoxetine reduced the expression of COX-2 and thus alleviated depression-like behavior and neuroinflammation in mice. A decrease of COX-2 curtailed BV-2 microglial cell activation, inflammation, and neuron apoptosis by blunting the PGE2/IL-22 axis. Therefore, a combination of Longya Lilium with Fluoxetine inactivates the COX-2/PGE2/IL-22 axis, consequently relieving the neuroinflammatory response and the resultant depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lily belongs to the genus Lilium of the family Liliaceae. Starch is the main component of lily bulbs which accounts for 53–69% of their dry weight. Lily starch (LS) has B‐type X‐ray diffraction characterized by a peak at 5.6°, 17°, 22°, and 24°. The swelling and solubility of the LS are significantly higher than rice and corn starches. The gelatinization temperatures of the LS are much lower than maize but higher than wheat and potato starches. The pasting temperature, peak, breakdown, and setback viscosities of lily starches are falling within the range; 66.1–72.7 °C, 1409–3940 cP, 88–1206 cP, and 445–1952 cP, respectively. The range for initial temperature, gelatinization temperature range, and enthalpy for lily starches is also 56.5–64.0 °C, 3.8–10.3 °C, and 3.9–13.9 J g−1, respectively. This review focuses on the recent advances in the understanding of the composition, structure, and properties of lily starches. Furthermore, the limited modification associated with lily starches is also discussed. There is a bold attempt to compare the properties of lily starch with that of the commercial starches of corn and potato. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lilium brownii var. viridulum (BB) and L. davidii var. unicolor (AdAd) are grown for edible in China, but their breeding lags far more than other ornamental lily breeding. To improve the situation, F1 BA hybrids were used as seed parents to cross with AdAd and other diploid Asiatic lilies (AA). The results showed that the F1 BA hybrids could produce BC1 progenies. The average seedlings obtained from the combinations per fruit were very variable from 1.7 to 22.5, indicating that their compatibilities were different depending on their males. Among the 18 progenies with genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), ten of them were diploid (2n = 2x = 24), two are aneuploid-near diploid (2n = 2x ± 1), and other six were allotriploid (2n = 3x = 36); and all of them contain much more recombinant chromosomes and breakpoints than other distant lily hybrids. We concluded that F1 LA hybrids produced much more n functional egg cells than 2n functional egg cells and this would pay a new way to realize lily ingression breeding at diploid ploidy level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lilies are widely cultivated for cut flowers, but their large anthers carry a considerable amount of colored pollen that is dispersed easily. Studying the molecular mechanism of anther development and dehiscence could help solve this problem. LoMYB21, encoding a putative R2R3 v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog (MYB) transcription factor, was identified from oriental lilies (Lilium 'Siberia'). Real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that LoMYB21 was mainly expressed in the anther, filament and stigma and had high expression during the late stages of lily anther development. LoMYB21 had transactivation activity and was located in the nucleus through yeast one-hybrid assays and transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. Suppression of LoMYB21 by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in Lilium 'Siberia' led to anther indehiscence and reduced the expression of genes related to Jasmonate acid (JA) biosynthesis and signal transduction. Induction of LoMYB21 in DEX::LoMYB21 transgenic Arabidopsis caused procumbent inflorescences that became infertile, accompanied by higher expression of JA biosynthetic and signaling genes. These results demonstrated that JA content and signaling were abnormal in silenced lily and transgenic LoMYB21 Arabidopsis, which affected anther development. Our study indicated that LoMYB21 could regulate lily anther dehiscence through JA biosynthesis and signaling during the late stages of anther development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lily (Lilium spp.) is an important horticultural crop, but its use is limited due to serious pollen contamination problems. There are many studies on pollen development in model plants, but few on flower crops such as lilies. Gibberellin (GA) is a large class of hormones and plays an important role in plant vegetative growth and reproductive development. GAMYB is a group of the R2R3-MYB family upregulated by gibberellin, and plays an important role in anther development. Here, we isolated a novel GAMYB, named LoMYB65, from lily, which was closely related to the AtMYB65 and AtMYB33 in Arabidopsis. Fluorescence quantitative PCR results showed that LoMYB65 was mainly expressed in lily anthers. LoMYB65 could be activated by 288 mmol • L-1 GA3 treatment and the LoMYB65 protein was located in the nucleus and cytoplasm, and had transactivation in yeast and tobacco leaf cells. The conserved motif within 226 amino acids of the C-terminal of LoMYB65 contributed to its transactivation. Overexpression of LoMYB65 caused dwarf phenotype, unnormal tapetum development, less seeds of siliques in transgenic Arabidopsis plants, the transgenic plants showed partly male sterile. Simultaneously, silencing of LoMYB65 with VIGS (Virus Induced Gene Silencing) in lily anthers caused unnormal pollen development and reduced the pollen amount. Overexpression of LoMYB65 in Arabidopsis and silencing of LoMYB65 in lily resulted in decreased pollen counts, so we speculate that LoMYB65 may be dose-dependent. Overall, these findings suggest that LoMYB65 may play an important role in anther development and pollen formation in lily. LoMYB65 may provide a useful candidate gene for pollenless breeding of lily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fenced sanctuaries that exclude feral predators are critical for threatened species conservation. However, adaptive management of these sanctuaries requires careful consideration of the potential impact herbivore populations free from predation can have on the condition of native vegetation. The Mulligans Flat Woodland Sanctuary in the Australian Capital Territory comprises Critically Endangered box-gum grassy woodland, threatened orchids, abundant macropods, and a reintroduced population of the Eastern Bettong (Bettongia gaimardi, hereafter “Ngaluda”). To understand how Ngaluda, along with other herbivores, may be potentially impacting vegetation across the sanctuary, we undertook an assessment of indicator plant species. We monitored 106 plots for 13 indicator species (10 species with tuberous roots that the burrowing Ngaluda would be preferentially targeting and three non-tuberous species). We found that most floristic indicators we investigated – including richness of indicator species and the abundance of lilies – were higher in the Goorooyarroo area of the sanctuary (where Ngaluda are absent and wallabies are rare) compared to the Mulligans Flat area of the sanctuary (where Ngaluda are present and wallabies are abundant), suggesting a negative impact of the overall herbivore assemblage of Mulligans Flat. However, within just Mulligans Flat, some indicators, including the abundance of a common orchid, were significantly lower in areas associated with high Ngaluda activity irrespective of other herbivore densities. We found no instance of Ngaluda presence or higher activity being associated with higher values for any floristic indicator we investigated. These results are consistent with known impacts of abundant herbivores and reintroduced digging marsupials in other predator-free sanctuaries in Australia. Our results highlight that Ngaluda herbivory may be outweighing any positive effect of their diggings on native vegetation and indicate the need for careful risk mitigation when deciding how critically endangered animals and vegetation communities are managed together in sanctuaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lilium chalcedonicum L., a bulbous perennial endemic to the Balkans, is recognized for its considerable ornamental potential. In this study, seeds were gathered from a wild population and subjected to surface disinfection. Subsequently, they were placed in Petri dishes containing a half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) nutrient substrate (MS/2), with temperature conditions at 15 °C and 20 °C, followed by cycles of 5 °C and return to 15 °C and 20 °C, respectively. The in vitro-cultivated seedlings were then transplanted for further growth in MS medium enriched with either 30 g L-1 or 60 g L-1 sucrose and 0.1 mg L-1 6-N-benzyladenine (BA). In the following stage, the resulting bulblets were separated and cultivated in MS/2, either without hormones (Hf) or with BA at concentrations of 0.2 mg L-1, 0.5 mg L-1, or 1 mg L-1. Moreover, the combined influence of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at a concentration of 1.0 mg L-1 and 0.2 mg L-1 BA was examined. This stage was succeeded by a further division of the bulblets, and the explants were cultured in Hf, MS/2 or with the inclusion of 0.5 mg L-1 BA or a combination of BA and NAA at ratios of 0.2/1 and 0.5/0.05 mg L-1; zeatin at 0.5 mg L-1 was also used, combined with 0.05 mg L-1 NAA. Notably, all seeds exhibited a 100% germination rate following alternating temperature regimes including periods of low temperature. During the initial cultivation phase, each seedling gave rise to two bulblets measuring 0.6 cm in diameter. Subsequent subcultures on Hf substrates and those containing BA without NAA, resulted in the highest number of bulblets (1.6-2.2 bulbs/plant) of the largest diameter (0.8-0.9 cm). Particularly noteworthy was the substantial increase in the average number of produced bulblets during the subsequent subcultures (multiplication stage), where 16.9 bulbs were formed in MS/2 medium containing 0.5 mg L-1 BA, with a median diameter of 1.7 cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lilies are important cut and pot flowers locally and globally; however, qualified planting materials from in vitro culture are still limited. The culture generally uses scales and leaves, while filaments and ovules are rarely utilized. Filaments and ovules of EXO CF/E, RDF CG/E, and DZ CG/E genotypes of Lilium sp. were explored for their potential to establish in vitro propagation protocol using different Chu N6 medium and their modifications. The 9.9 shoots/explant from 1.5 regenerative explants/replication of RDF CG/E filaments was proven on Chu N6 medium containing 6.79 µM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2.27 µM thidiazuron (TDZ), and 90 g L-1 sucrose; 3.3 regenerative explants/replication and 8.4 shoots/explant of EXO CF/E ovules were determined on Chu N6 medium with 2.26 µM 2,4-D, 6.81 µM TDZ and 90 g L-1 sucrose; and slightly improved on Chu N6 macro elements, full vitamins of MS basal medium with 3.39 µM 2,4-D, 3.41 µM TDZ, 150 ml L-1 coconut water (CW) and 60 g L-1 sucrose. The shoots were proliferated on the established media. The shoots of EXO CF/E, RDF CG/E and DZ CG/E genotypes produced varied leaves/shoot, leaf length, leaf width, roots/shoot, root length and bulb diameter on Chu N6 medium hormone free with 1.5% AC, followed by hardening them in a glass house for one month. The hardened-plantlets were acclimatized in plastic pots containing charcoal husk and bamboo compost (1:1) with 39.8-63.6% survivability. The protocol has the potential to be applied to other genotypes or lilies by specific improvements at the acclimatization stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the limitations of soilless cultivation is its high cost. Considering this issue, this technique is cost-effective when the obtained product is of high quality from a commercial point of view. Lilies are the world's fourth most popular cut flowers in terms of commercial importance. It is crucial to provide the lily with a culture medium that will extend its vase life and enhance its morphological and marketable characteristics. Vermicompost (VC) improves plant growth and performance with better access to water and nutrients. This study investigated the effect of different VC levels on LA hybrid lilies' growth parameters and vase life. LA hybrid lily bulbs were planted at 20, 35, 50, and 65% VC levels on a cocopeat and perlite bed. First, growth traits such as the number of leaves and flowers, leaf area, plant height, petals' anthocyanin content, some plant organs' water content, and finally, vase life were measured. It was found that only the 20% VC treatment resulted in an increase in leaf number (8.6%) and flower number (3.6%). Furthermore, only in this treatment did water absorption in cut flowers and vase life increase by 43.5% and 9.8%, respectively. This research showed that the 20% VC treatment (V1) performed better in producing compact cut flowers with freshness and longer vase life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lilium growth is severely impeded by continuous cropping, and crop rotation is essential to reducing the detrimental effects of monocultures. Soil (0–20 cm) was collected in three Lilium cropping patterns in Longshan County, Hunan Province, including continuous Lilium cropping (Lilium), corn upland rotation with Lilium (Corn), and paddy rotation with Lilium (Rice). Using Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology, the fungal ribosomal DNA internal-transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) was examined to evaluate the features of soil fungi communities among three cropping patterns. Crop rotation has an impact on soil properties and the microbial community. Rice soil has a significantly higher pH than Lilium and corn soil, while corn and rice soil have a greater total nitrogen and total phosphorus content than Lilium soil. Rotation cropping clearly shifted the fungi community diversity based on the results of principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). Ascomycota was the most prevalent phylum, with the highest levels in Lilium soil. Genetic analysis revealed that paddy rotation led to a clear reduction in or non-detection of eight potentially pathogenic fungal genera and a noticeable accumulation of eight beneficial fungal genera compared to Lilium continuous cropping. Fungi communities and their abundant taxa were correlated with soil pH and nutrients. Altogether, we propose that rice rotation, with its ability to mitigate soil acidification, reducing pathogenic and accumulating beneficial communities, may be an effective strategy for alleviating the continuous cropping barrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Lily database is an online genomic resource which is composed of a Korean Lily germplasm collection, transcriptome sequences, molecular markers, transcription factors (TFs) and DEGs (Differentially Expressed Genes) data. A total of ~0.23 gb of RNA-sequencing data were used for gene identification, marker development and gene expression analysis. As a result, 103,929 genomic, 47,863 EST-SSR, 20,929 SNP and 1213 COS-marker were developed. A total of 1327 TF genes were identified and characterized. This is the first unique, user-friendly, genomic resource database for Lilium species. It is a relational database based on a 'three-tier architecture' that catalogs all the information in a MySQL table and a user-friendly query interface and data visualization page developed using JavaScript, PHP and HTML code. The search parameters are highly flexible; users can retrieve data by using either single or multiple search parameters. Data present in this database can be used for germplasm characterization, gene discovery, population structure analysis, QTL mapping, and accelerating lily variety improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to determine the best medium for obtaining bulblets in the Oriental Lilium 'Siberia' plant using bulb scales and different media. In the research, six different growing mediums were used as growing media: soil (control), peat, soil + peat, perlite, perlite + peat, and peat + sand. In the experiment, the number of bulblets, bulblet width, bulblet length, number of healthy and infected bulb scales, and the time it took for the first bulbs to formation were measured. As a result of the study, the highest number of bulblets (110) were obtained from peat + sand. The growing medium with the highest values of bulblet width (11.38 cm) and bulblet length (16.27 cm) was determined to be peat. The highest number of healthy bulb scales (54) was obtained from perlite medium, and the highest number of infected bulb scales (20) was obtained from soil medium. In terms of the formation time of the first bulblets, perlite medium (15 days) was the growing medium where the earliest bulbs were obtained, and the latest bulblets were obtained from control (soil) and soil + peat (40 days). In general, the quality of bulblets obtained from peat medium was better than that from other mediums. In this regard, peat growing medium is recommended to obtain quality bulblets, and peat + sand is recommended if the number of bulblets is desired to be high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]