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Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência de somatótipos e analisar a associação com o perfil lipídico e glicêmico em idosas. Métodos: O estudo contou com 102 idosas de três centros de convivência do município de Cuiabá/MT, com idade entre 60 e 84 anos. Foram realizados avaliações antropométricas e cálculo dos somatótipos endomorfo (ENDO), mesomorfo (MESO) e ectomorfo (ECTO). As análises da glicemia em jejum (GJ) e glicemia pós-prandial (GPP) foram feitas com o método enzimático colorimétrico da glicose oxidase; a hemoglobina glicada (HbA1C) foi determinada segundo o método Trivelli modificado; triglicérides (Tg), colesterol total (CT) e HDL-colesterol foram analisados com o método colorimétrico enzimático e o LDL-colesterol foi calculado segundo o método de Friedewald. Resultados: Houve associação entre ECTO x GPP (rs = -0,25; p = 0,05) e ECTO x Tg (rs = -0,27; p = 0,03) na faixa etária de 60-69 anos e entre ENDO x GPP (rs = 0,33; p = 0,03), ENDO x Tg (rs = 0,41; p = 0,006) e ENDO x CT (r = 0,41; p = 0,007) no grupo acima de 70 anos. Os resultados da análise de regressão múltipla foram significantes entre ECTO x GPP (p = 0,04) no grupo de 60-69 anos e entre ENDO x Tg (p = 0,02) e ENDO x CT (p = 0,006) para as idosas com mais de 70 anos. Conclusão: Os lípides plasmáticos apresentaram associações positivas apenas com o componente ENDO no grupo de idosas acima de 70 anos, podendo ter papel diferenciado em relação à idade, talvez pelo fato de a gordura corporal exercer fator de proteção em idosos.

In the clinical laboratory, the evaluation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is a critical parameter in the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease. The present literature review work has a documentary design that compiled published information from the last five years on LDL cholesterol. The objective was to compare direct methods with formulas in the quantification of LDL cholesterol, in order to identify the most accurate method in clinical practice. The relevant point of this study is that laboratories frequently use formulas due to the simplicity of the mathematical calculations, however, it has been observed that in elevated triglyceride levels the formulas are inaccurate. The conclusion is that homogeneous assays are more accurate than LDL cholesterol estimation formulas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease influenced by genetic factors and environmental triggers such as geographic location, smoking, microorganisms, xenobiotics. This study aims to elucidate the risk factors associated with PBC and its impact on cardiovascular risk. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across databases including original research, prospective and retrospective cohort studies, case-control studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses, utilizing relevant keywords. Evidence suggests a correlation between PBC related alterations in the lipid profile, increased oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction; however, studies attempting to determine the effect of hypercholesterolemia on the increase in Cardio Vascular Risk (CVR) in patients with PBC have yield contradictory results. Hepatic steatosis is associated with an elevated risk of Cardiovascular Disease (CV D) and is common in chronic liver diseases such as chronic hepatitis B and C, as well as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. PBC can manifest extrahepatically, with pulmonary conditions such as interstitial lung disease and pulmonary hypertension being among the most prevalent. This article explores the relationship between PBC and its primary risk factors, as well as the development of both hepatic and extrahepatic conditions contributing cardiovascular risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumo Fundamento A busca por métodos clinicamente úteis de avaliação de doenças ateroscleróticas, com boa acurácia, de baixo custo, sem invasividade e de fácil manejo, há anos vem sendo estimulada. Dessa forma, os índices aterogênicos avaliados deste estudo podem se encaixar nesta demanda crescente. Objetivos Avaliar o potencial dos índices aterogênicos como métodos de avaliação de pacientes portadores de aterosclerose clínica. Métodos Estudo transversal de centro único, por meio do qual foram avaliados os índices de Castelli I e II, índice aterogênico plasmático (IAP), índice de combinação de lipoproteínas e a variação do índice de perfusão periférica entre 90 e 120 segundos após um estímulo vasodilatador endotélio-dependente (ΔIPP90-120) na predição de aterosclerose. A significância estatística foi estabelecida em p < 0,05. Resultados A amostra foi composta por 298 indivíduos com idade média de 63,0 ± 16,1 anos, dos quais 57,4% eram mulheres. Comparações pareadas da análise curva ROC dos índices que alcançaram área sob a curva (ASC) > 0,6 mostram que ΔIPP90-120 e IAP foram superiores aos demais índices, sem diferenças observadas entre si (diferença entre ASC = 0,056; IC95% -0,003-0,115). Ademais, tanto a ΔIPP90-120 [odds ratio (OR) 9,58; IC95% 4,71-19,46] quanto o IAP (OR 5,35; IC95% 2,30-12,45) foram preditores independentes de aterosclerose clínica. Conclusões O IAP e ΔIPP90-120 apresentaram melhor acurácia para discriminar aterosclerose clínica. Além disso, foram preditores independentes de aterosclerose clínica, evidenciando uma possibilidade promissora para o desenvolvimento de estratégias preventivas e de controle para doenças cardiovasculares. Tratam-se, portanto, de marcadores adequados para estudos multicêntricos do ponto de vista de praticidade, custo e validade externa.

Diversas semillas de oleaginosas son fuente de ácidos grasos esenciales indispensables para cubrir las funciones básicas en el organismo. El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la inclusión de semilla de linaza (Linum usitatissimum)en la dieta de conejos por medio del perfil metabólico. Se utilizaron 20 machos de la raza Nueva Zelandia de 8 meses de edad. Distribuidos en cuatro grupos, recibieron niveles de semilla de linaza (L. usitatissimum) en la dieta total: 0%, 3%, 6% y9%, durante un período de 88 días. Los animales se sometieron a colecta de sangre cada 22 días para determinar glucosa, colesterol total, lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL), triglicéridos, lipoproteínas de muy baja densidad (VLDL), lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL), creatinina y urea. Los datos se evaluaron por análisis de varianza y de regresión con 5% de significancia. La inclusión de semilla de linaza (L. usitatissimum) en la dieta presentó comportamiento cuadrático positivo para concentración plasmática de glucosa y colesterol total. No hubo diferencia significativa entre los tratamientos para la concentración plasmática detriglicéridos, lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL), lipoproteínas de muy baja densidad (VLDL) urea. Hubo comportamiento cúbico para lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL) y creatinina. La inclusión de linaza (L. usitatissimum) en la dieta no presentó efecto hipercolesterolémico en estos animales.

Copyright of Revista Española de Cardiología (18855857) is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El dengue es la arbovirosis con mayor incidencia a nivel mundial. Aproximadamente 100 millones de casos de dengue con signos de alarma y entre 250.000 y 500.000 casos de dengue grave, se registran anualmente. En Ecuador, en los últimos cuatro años se han registrado 83.472 casos de dengue. Estudios previos evidencian un incremento de los casos que cursan con disfunción hepática. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la asociación entre los niveles séricos de las enzimas aspartato aminotransferasa y alanino aminotransferasa y el perfil lipídico en pacientes con infección confirmada de Dengue. Se estudiaron 110 pacientes seleccionados sin distingo de edad, género o procedencia, cuyo diagnóstico fue confirmado virológica y serológicamente. Se incluyó un grupo control seronegativo al virus. En el perfil lipídico se evidenciaron diferencias significativas (p

Introducción: los lípidos hacen parte fundamental de la biología humana y son precursores de la síntesis de hormonas esteroideas y derivados eicosanoides. Los requerimientos de lípidos son satisfechos a través de la vía endógena que consiste en la formación de lípidos a nivel celular y la exógena la cual se da con la ingesta y absorción de grasas provenientes de la dieta. El conocimiento de estas vías es importante ya que es el punto de partida para un abordaje terapéutico adecuado y oportuno, pero a pesar de la facilidad de las metodologías de laboratorio para su cuantificación y diagnóstico, la hipercolesterolemia familiar sigue siendo subdiagnosticada. Discusión: para los clínicos es importante pues es una de las causas de eventos cardiovasculares prematuros. La presentación heterocigota tiene una prevalencia aproximada de 1/500 personas. En su mayoría son secundarias a la incapacidad en la actividad de los receptores LDL para el procesamiento del colesterol. Este compromiso de receptores está dado por múltiples mutaciones. Conclusión: las manifestaciones clínicas están relacionadas con niveles de LDL elevados (mayores de 190 mg/dL) y colesterol total mayor de 300 mg/dL presentes desde el nacimiento. Las estatinas son la primera línea de tratamiento, pero pueden resultar insuficientes requiriendo tratamientos adicionales con ezetimiba, secuestradores de ácidos biliares e inhibidores de la PCSK9.

Copyright of Revista Española de Cardiología (18855857) is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ciencia, Cuidado e Saude is the property of Universidade Estadual de Maringa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria is the property of Agrosavia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and Aims: Comprehensive assessment of pharmacotherapy effects on atherogenic parameters (AP) that influence the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is challenging due to interactions among a large number of parameters that modulate CVD risk., Methods: We developed an illustrative tool, athero-contour (AC), which incorporates weighted key lipid, lipo- and glycoprotein parameters, to readily illustrate their overall changes following pharmacotherapy. We demonstrate the applicability of AC to assess changes in AP in response to saroglitazar treatment in patients with metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in the EVIDENCES IV study., Results: The baseline AC of saroglitazar and placebo groups was worse than the mean of the general population. After 16-week treatment, AC improved significantly in the saroglitazar group due to alterations in very low-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, and glycoproteins., Conclusion: Using AC, we could readily and globally evaluate and visualize changes in AP. AC improved in patients with MAFLD following saroglitazar therapy., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introducción: el colesterol ligado a las lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL) se perfila como factor protector importante frente a enfermedad cardiovascular y es prometedor como objetivo terapéutico. Al parecer los latinoamericanos tienen niveles más bajos. Se necesita estratificar el riesgo basándose en estudios locales del comportamiento del HDL. Objetivo: determinar los valores de referencia del HDL en una muestra de adultos en una ciudad colombiana. Métodos: se realizó estudio transversal, involucrando una muestra de adultos sanos residentes en Cartagena, Colombia, ciudad a nivel del mar en la costa Caribe. Los valores de referencia se determinaron según las guías del CLSI/IFCC. Resultados: se analizaron los datos de 306 adultos sanos, 153 varones y 153 mujeres. Los valores de HDL difirieron considerablemente entre ambos grupos (p=3.084e-13). Los intervalos de referencia del HDL determinados fueron >28 (IC95%: 27-30) en hombres y >35 (IC95%: 30-37) en mujeres. Los valores del HDL se correlacionaron negativamente con el peso, el IMC, el perímetro de cintura y el índice cintura/cadera. Conclusiones: los cartageneros involucrados tuvieron niveles de HDL bajos. Los puntos de corte de los valores de referencia fueron menores de lo señalado internacionalmente. Se necesita determinar la relevancia clínica de este hecho. Rev.cienc. biomed. 2013;4(2):281-290

Este artigo tem o objetivo de rever os avanços na pesquisa da dislipidemia em adolescentes e a sua relação com a doença arterial coronária no adulto. São apresentados, inicialmente, aspectos epidemiológicos e os fatores de risco da doença arterial coronária, seguidos de algumas considerações sobre as lipoproteínas plasmáticas. Vários estudos são apresentados mostrando a relação entre alterações do perfil lipídico em adolescentes e a presença de estrias gordurosas nas artérias. Eles mostram, ainda, que essas alterações presentes na adolescência tendem a permanecer na idade adulta. O autor apresenta algumas recomendações para a prevenção e o tratamento das dislipidemias no adolescente, frisando que algumas mudanças no estilo de vida, como a manutenção de um modelo dietético nutricionalmente adequado, o controle do peso corpóreo, a prática de exercícios físicos e o abandono do tabagismo, estão relacionadas com a redução de fatores de risco para a doença arterial coronária. Unitermos: Lipoproteínas; adolescente; doença arterial coronária; prevenção

The relevance of the study is due to the prevalence and increase in the incidence of endometriosis, especially in young patients, its influence on reproductive function, and the lack of reliable non-invasive diagnosis of the disease and its stages. There are no unified views on the etiology and multifactorial pathogenesis of this disease. This article is aimed at revealing the mechanisms of the formation of endometriosis stages basing on the study of the effect of cytokines production, nitric oxide metabolites and lipid metabolism. The main approach to study this problem is both to investigate systemic (blood serum) and local (peritoneal fluid) levels, their comparison. This allows comprehensive consideration of the pathogenesis of the disease and determination of the value of the mentioned biologically active factors depending on the stages of the disease. The article presents new data on the content of high- and low-density lipoproteins, cholesterol, transforming growth factor β1 and tumor necrosis factor α, the content of nitric oxide metabolites and their clinical interpretation is given according to the stages of the disease. The materials of the article are of practical value for researchers of endometriosis and practicing obstetrician-gynecologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a global public health problem; today they constitute the first cause of disease and death in the western world. Currently in Latin America and the Caribbean, cardiovascular diseases account for 31% of all deaths. It is estimated that 20.7 million deaths from CVD will occur during the next 10 years. Dyslipidemia is a serious current problem because the condition an increase in mortality in adults. People affected with hypercholesterolemia can avoid cholesterol-lowering medications, with a diet based on functional foods (probiotics). Having a stable and balanced intestinal microbiota is a guarantee of health. Objective: To analyze the use of probiotics in nutritional therapy on dyslipidemia as a cardiovascular risk factor. Methodology: A retrospective and comparative descriptive bibliographic review study was carried out with the following descriptors: lipid profile, probiotics, dyslipidemias, which met the inclusion criteria. The search occurred between february 2019 a february 2020. For a total of: 135 articles published between: 1965 to 2020. Results: Researchers seek to develop therapeutic strategies to prevent and treat metabolic syndrome, with the use of probiotics. A current meta-analysis found that probiotics decreased serum levels of Total Cholesterol and LDL-col in hypercholesterolemic adults, which means that probiotics can reduce CVD morbidity. Conclusion: Probiotic supplementation could be taken as a new therapy for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares constituyen una de las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad a nivel mundial. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica con el objetivo de caracterizar cómo se relacionan los niveles de lipoproteínas y los reactantes de fase aguda, con las enfermedades cardiovasculares, para ello se utilizaron 69 referencias bibliográficas. Numerosos factores genéticos y ambientales dan origen a las enfermedades cardiovasculares: las lipoproteínas, especialmente las de baja densidad (LDL), la hipertensión arterial, la diabetes y el tabaquismo. A estos debe sumarse la lipoproteína (a) y algunos reactantes de fase aguda especialmente la proteína C reactiva que se ha demostrado que individuos con infarto agudo de miocardio desarrollan niveles elevados de ésta y que muestra una correlación significativa con los valores de la creatin-kinasa tipo MB. Además los niveles basales de dicho reactante de fase aguda son capaces de predecir el futuro riesgo de desarrollar infarto agudo de miocardio.

Introdução: Estudos relatam uma forte ligação entre as dislipidemias e as ateroscleroses. Por esta razão, exames como o perfil lipídico são realizados rotineiramente com o intuito de prevenção e monitoramento dessas doenças. A lipoproteína de baixa densidade possui grande destaque por apresentar maior relação com fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças ateroscleróticas. Métodos diretos de obtenção dos valores dessa lipoproteína são confrontados com resultados obtidos usualmente na rotina, através de equações que fornecem valores estimados. Objetivo: Comparar os métodos de diagnósticos utilizados para a obtenção da lipoproteína de baixa densidade através das Fórmulas de Friedewald e Martin com os resultados obtidos por metodologia automatizada, em pacientes atendidos em um Hospital Universitário de Juiz de Fora - MG. Material e Métodos: Foram coletadas amostras de sangue venoso para a obtenção do soro de 208 pacientes. Quantificaram-se os níveis de colesterol total, triglicerídeos e da lipoproteína de alta densidade para a obtenção da lipoproteína de baixa densidade através das equações de Friedewald e Martin. Resultados: Há uma correlação positiva entre os resultados de lipoproteína de baixa densidade calculados pelos métodos de Martin e direto (ρ=0,916), e uma correlação positiva entre os resultados pelos métodos de Friedewald e direto (ρ=0,915). Discussão: Foi observada uma correlação positiva entre os valores de colesterol e de lipoproteína de baixa densidade pelas três metodologias. O método de Bland-Altman foi utilizado para comparação dos resultados obtidos pelas equações e pela metodologia direta. Conclusão: Ainda que as equações de Friedewald e Martin tenham apresentado boa correlação com a lipoproteína de baixa densidade medida por metodologia direta, estudos que relacionam doenças arteriais ateroscleróticas à lipoproteína de baixa densidade devem considerar a quantificação direta desta a fim de abranger os indivíduos com suas diversas especificidades.

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Copyright of Jornal Brasileiro de Patologia e Medicina Laboratorial is the property of Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Clinica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Objective To assess the prevalence of gallstone disease and identify associated risk factors in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients compared to the general population. Methods Eighty-four women with rheumatoid arthritis were included in the study. Each patient was assessed via a structured interview, physical examination, abdominal ultrasound and blood test including lipid profile. The prevalence of gallstone disease in rheumatoid arthritis was compared with data from a study of the Spanish population matched by age groups. Results Twenty-eight of the 84 women had gallstone disease (33.3%). RA women with and without gallstone disease were similar in most of the variables assessed, except for older age and menopausal status in the former. A greater prevalence of gallstone disease was seen in rheumatoid arthritis patients compared to the general population of the same age; however, the differences were significant only in women aged 60 or older (45.5% versus 23.1% respectively, P -value.008). The age-adjusted OR of developing gallstone disease in RA women compared with general population women was 2,3 (95% CI: 1.3–4.1). A significantly higher HDL3-c subfraction and higher apoA-I/HDL and HDL3-c/TC ratios were observed in patients with gallstone disease. Conclusion Women with rheumatoid arthritis may have a predisposition to gallstones that can manifest in middle or older age compared with women in the general population. This situation could be related to chronic inflammation and HDL metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivo: Comparar las concentraciones plasmáticas de lípidos y lipoproteínas en neonatos con restricción en el crecimiento intrauterino y alteraciones de la velocidad diastólica final de la arteria umbilical. Material y métodos: Se realizó una investigación en embarazadas con diagnóstico de restricción del crecimiento intrauterino atendidas en el Hospital Central Dr. Urquinaona de Maracaibo, Venezuela. Los casos se dividieron en: reversión de la onda de flujo diastólico final de la arteria umbilical (grupo A), ausencia de la onda de flujo diastólico final (grupo B) y onda de flujo diastólico final presente y positiva (grupo C). También se midieron las concentraciones plasmáticas de colesterol, triglicéridos, lipoproteínas de alta y baja densidad de los recién nacidos. Resultados: La velocidad diastólica final presentaba reversión en 33 casos, 71 casos con ausencia de la onda de flujo diastólico final y 146 casos con velocidad diastólica final presente en la arteria umbilical. Los recién nacidos del grupo A y B presentaron concentraciones significativamente más altas de colesterol y triglicéridos comparado con el grupo C (p

Fragmento LIPIDOS Y PROTEINAS • LÍPIDOS. Bajo esta definición se resumen: triglicéridos, colesterol y fosfolípidos, LOS TRIGLICERDOS: Su funcion principal es de reserva y fuente de energía. La sobre alimentación eleva los triglicéridos, ya que la capacidad de almacenamiento de glucosa en el hígado y en la musculatura es moderada. La capacidad del tejido adiposo, como almacenador de triglicéridos, en cambio es ilimitada, por ello muchas personas pueden observar esto en su propio cuerpo (obesidad).

The purpose of this study was to analyze the association between APOE alleles and serum lipemia in adolescents with low and adequate aerobic fitness. The sample was comprised of 105 boys and 151 girls (49% and 46% from rural area) of European ancestry, aged 11 to 17 years, and classified according to: 1) APOE genotype: group ε2 (ε2/3+ε2/2), ε3 (ε3/3), and ε4 (ε3/4+ε4/4); 2) aerobic fitness: adequate or low; 3) serum lipemia: elevated total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides, and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL). The results showed that aerobic fitness modulates the association between APOE alleles and serum lipemia in adolescents, suggesting that adequate aerobic fitness levels exert a greater effect of reducing TC and LDL in ε2 carriers, as well as of increasing HDL and reducing triglycerides in ε3 and ε4 carriers.

Development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has been linked with changes to the lipid profile that can be observed during the postprandial period, a phenomenon known as postprandial lipemia (PL). Physical exercise is currently the number one non-pharmacological intervention employed for prevention and reduction of risk factors for the development of CVD. This in turn has created a growing interest in the effects of physical exercise on regulation and equilibrium of lipid metabolism. In this review we compare the results of studies that have investigated the beneficial effects of strength training on PL. We analyzed articles identified in the PubMed, Scopus and EBSCO databases published from 1975 to 2013 in international journals. Studies were selected for review if they covered at least two of four keywords. The results of these studies lead to the conclusion that strength training is effective for reduction of postprandial lipemia because it increases baseline energy expenditure. This type of training can be prescribed as an important element in strategies to treat chronic diseases, such as atherosclerosis.

Introduction: Epidemiological studies have shown an association between coronary heart disease and emerging cardiovascular risk factors, such as, levels of fibrinogen and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Objectives: To verify the ability of biochemical indicators in discriminating changes in the levels of hs-CRP and fibrinogen, in apparently healthy adult men. Methods: Were evaluated 130 apparently healthy men (20-59 years), having measurement of weight and height. Biochemical measurements (lipid profile, fasting glucose, uric acid, hs-CRP and fibrinogen) were performed. Body mass index, total cholesterol/HDL-c and LDL-c/HDL-c ratios were calculated. It was considered as the cutoff point for hs-CRP values > 0.12 mg/dL and for fibrinogen the 50th percentile of the evaluated sample. Results: The uric acid showed the best correlation (r = 0.325) and the higher area under the ROC curve (0.704 ± 0.054), showing greater ability to discriminate higher levels of hs-CRP (p < 0.01). The total cholesterol/HDL-c ratio (r = 0.222) and the LDL-c/HDL-c ratio (r = 0.235) showed the best correlations and the higher areas under the ROC curves (0.624 ± 0.049 and 0.624 ± 0.049) in identify higher levels of fibrinogen (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The uric acid and the total cholesterol/HDL-c and the LDL-c/HDL-c ratios showed greater ability to identify changes in the levels of hs-CRP and fibrinogen, respectively. It was suggested the use of biochemical markers in the clinical practice, in order to establish preventive action for cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy adult men.

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Copyright of Revista Andaluza de Medicina del Deporte is the property of Centro Andaluza de Medicina del Deporte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a medical condition of central loss vision and blindness. Numerous studies have revealed that changes on certain dietary fatty acids (FAs) could have useful for AMD management. This review summarizes the effects of dietary omega-3 long-chain PUFAs, MUFAs, and SFAs, and lipoproteins on AMD. Findings are consistent with the beneficial role of dietary omega-3 long-chain PUFAs, while the effects of dietary MUFAs and SFAs appeared to be ambiguous with respect to the possible protection from MUFAs and to the possible adverse impact from SFAs on AMD. Some of the pathological mechanisms associated with lipoproteins on AMD share those observed previously in cardiovascular diseases. It was also noticed that the effects of FAs in the diet and lipoprotein on AMD could be modulated by genetic variants. From a population health perspective, the findings of this review are in favour of omega-3 long-chain FAs recommendations in a preventive and therapeutic regimen to attain lower AMD occurrence and progression rates. Additional long-term and short-term nutrigenomic studies are required to clearly establish the role and the relevance of interaction of dietary FAs, lipoproteins, and genes in the genesis and progression of AMD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Unfavorable lipid profile is associated with developed cardiovascular diseases. It is necessary to know the beneficial effects of different mode exercises to improve lipid profile. Objective: To investigate, in obese men and women, the effect on lipid profile of hypocaloric diet combined with structured exercise programs or recommendations of physical activity. Methods: Ninety six obese subjects (59 women and 61 men; 18 - 50 years; BMI >30 and < 34.9 kg/m²) were randomised into four supervised treatment groups: strength training (S; n = 24), endurance training (E; n = 26), combined S + E (SE; n = 24), and and received recommendations of physical activity (PA; n = 22). Energy intake, body composition, training variables (VO2peak, strength index, dynamometric strength index) and blood lipid profile were recorded at baseline and after 24 weeks of treatment. Results: Blood lipid profile improved in all groups. No statistically significant differences in baseline and posttraining values were observed between groups. HDL-Cholesterol showed no changes. A decrease in LDL-Cholesterol values was observed in all groups after the intervention (S: 11.2%, E: 10.8%, SE: 7.9%, PA: 10.8%; p < 0.01). S, E and PA subjects showed decrease in triglycerides (S: 14.9%, E: 15.8%, PA: 15.7%; p < 0.01). Total cholesterol decreased in all groups (S: 8.4%, p < 0.01; E: 8.8%, p < 0.01; SE: 4.9%, p < 0.01; PA: 8.3%, p < 0.05). Conclusion: All protocols proposed in our study improved blood lipid profile in obese people. There were no significant differences about the effect on the lipid profile between the implementation of a structured training protocol with physical activity professional supervision and follow recommendations of physical activity.

Introducción: Las concentraciones de lípidos sanguíneos en niños y adolescentes se evalúan utilizando referencias internacionales. Objetivos: Describir las concentraciones de lípidos sanguíneos en una población de escolares chilenos y compararlas con la referencia más utilizada (Lipid Research Clinics Program) además de los puntos de corte recomendados en 2011. Métodos: Estudio transversal en 3.325 escolares de 10 a 14 años de edad. Se realizó antropometría, autoreporte de desarrollo puberal y medición en ayunas de colesterol total (CT), colesterol unido a lipoproteínas de alta densidad (CHDL) y triglicéridos (TG). El colesterol unido a lipoproteínas de baja densidad (CLDL) se calculó con fórmula de Friedewald. Se realizó descripción, regresión múltiple y estudio de concordancia. Resultados: Se incluyeron 3.063 niños de 11,4 ± 0,9 años de edad, 53% mujeres, 20,9% pre-púberes; 22,6% con sobrepeso y 15,8% con obesidad. Los promedios fueron: CT: 159,2 ± 28,3, CHDL: 51,9 ± 12,1, LDL: 89,0 ± 31,5 y TG: 93,2 ± 60 mg/dL. Los hombres tuvieron mayor CHDL: 53,3 ± 12,2 vs 50,6 ± 11,8 mg/dL y menor TG: 86,2 ± 58,2 vs 99,5 ± 61,7 mg/dL que las mujeres (p < 0,001). Con regresión múltiple se encontró influencia del estado nutricional y edad en todos los lípidos y del sexo en la mayoría. Comparados con la referencia hubo concordancia en CT y CLDL, pero los niños chilenos presentaron mayores niveles de TG sobre el percentil 50 y menores niveles de CHDL bajo percentil 50. Conclusiones: Las concentraciones de lípidos sanguíneos estuvieron influidas por el estado nutricional, edad y sexo. En comparación a la referencia, se encontró un patrón de mayor riesgo cardiovascular en los niños chilenos.

INTRODUCTION: Atherosclerosis and correlated cardiovascular problems, whose mechanical and physiological disorders cause thickening and hardening of blood vessels, are among the main causes of death worldwide. OBJECTIVE: To assess plasma concentrations of biomarkers from the lipid metabolism and carotid doppler sonography results by correlating them with atherogenic carotid disease. METHODS: the study comprised 66 patients aged 57.5 ± 15.5 years (20-77), from which 63% were female. Serum markers and doppler sonography images were used to evaluate the association with atherogenic carotid disease (ACD). RESULTS: There was a higher prevalence of ACD among females (33% vs. 15%), age range 56-65, showing a relative risk (RR) of 1.56 among females (p < 0.002; Fisher, Katz). Concerning high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and carotid stenosis classification, North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET), 76% of patients showed HDL-C within the protection range, from which 31 individuals presented level I (normal). 81% of them showed HDL-C > 40 mg/dl and 19% had HDL-C ≥ 40 mg/dl. The prevalence of HDL-C > 40 mg/dl at levels II, III and IV was considerable. There was no difference in HDL-C among the groups (p = 0.4910; unpaired t test). Furthermore, there was no difference in paraoxonase (PON1) activity when stratified to HDL-C > and < 40 mg/dl (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The female group displayed higher ACD prevalence at 56-65 age range, with RR of 1.56 times higher. These findings substantiate the importance of analyzing this group and age range carefully, inasmuch as the absence of hormonal protection may increase ACD risk and ultimately influence HDL antioxidant activity due to its direct action on PON1. Triglycerides (TG)/HDL-C ratio indicates cardiovascular risk and impaired reverse cholesterol transport.INTRODUÇÃO: Complicações da aterosclerose agregam as principais causas de morte no mundo por problemas cardiovasculares relativos a distúrbio da condição mecânica e fisiológica que promove espessamento e endurecimento nas artérias. OBJETIVO: Avaliar as concentrações plasmáticas de biomarcadores do metabolismo lipídico e os resultados de doppler de carótidas, relacionando-os com a doença aterogênica de carótidas. MÉTODOS: Foram acompanhados 66 pacientes, com a média de idade entre 57,5 ± 15,5 anos, (20 a 77), sendo 63% mulheres. Utilizaram-se biomarcadores séricos e imagens (doppler) para avaliar a associação com a doença aterogênica carotídea (DCA). RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: A DCA foi mais prevalente no gênero feminino (33% vs. 15%) entre as idades de 56-65 anos, risco relativo (RR) 1,56 nas mulheres (p < 0,002; Fisher, Katz). Em relação ao colesterol da lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL-C) e à classificação da estenose de carótidas, North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET), observamos que 76% dos indivíduos apresentavam HDL-C na faixa protetora, sendo 31 grau I (normal); 81% possuíam lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL) sérica > 40 mg/dl em comparação com 19% que tinham concentração de HDL-C ≥ 40 mg/dl. A prevalência de HDL-C > 40 mg/dl nos graus II, III e IV foi significativa. Não houve diferença de HDL-C entre os grupos (p = 0,4910, teste t não pareado). Não foi observada diferença entre as atividades de paraoxonase (PON1) quando estratificada para HDL-C > e < que 40 mg/dl (p > 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: O gênero feminino teve maior prevalência de DCA entre 56-65 anos, RR 1,56 vezes maior. Esse achado revela a importância de atenção nesse gênero e nessa faixa etária, uma vez que a ausência de proteção hormonal agrava o risco de DCA, podendo influenciar na atividade antioxidante da HDL por atuar diretamente na PON1. A razão triglirecídeos (TG)/HDL-C aponta para risco cardiovascular e deficiências no transporte reverso do colesterol.

Objetivo: comparar el perfil lipídico de niños menores de 5 años con desnutrición aguda con un grupo control. Metodología: estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, en 43 niños, 26 con desnutrición aguda y 17 con adecuado peso para la talla (P/T). Entre los grupos de estudio se compararon las concentraciones séricas de CT, c-LDL, c-HDL y TG. Resultados: el grupo con desnutrición presentó una frecuencia significativamente mayor de c-HDL bajas comparados con controles (19 vs 7% respectivamente, p=0,036) y un riesgo 1,8 veces mayor de c-HDL bajas (OR=1,8; IC 0,960-3,280). Los TG fueron mayores en los desnutridos, pero sin diferencia significativa con los controles. Las concentraciones de CT, c-LDL y c-HDL disminuyeron significativamente a medida que aumentó el grado de desnutrición, mientras que los TG aumentaron pero no significativamente; en los niños con desnutrición grave el índice arterial TG/c-HDL fue significativamente mayor que en los moderados y en los controles. Los niños con kwashiorkor presentaron las concentraciones más bajas de CT, c-LDL y c-HDL, las más altas de TG y el mayor índice arterial. Conclusiones: los niños con desnutrición aguda grave, especialmente tipo kwashiorkor, presentan concentraciones más bajas de c-HDL y más altas de TG, con un índice arterial alto que los expone a desarrollar ateroesclerosis.

En la obesidad el tejido adiposo produce moléculas proinflamatorias como el Factor de Necrosis tumoral-α, que tiene efectos locales en la fisiología del adipocito y efectos sistémicos en otros órganos. Muchos estudios relacionando TNF-α, obesidad, resistencia a la insulina y metabolismo lipídico se han realizado en ratas, conejos y perros, pero los resultados observados en varios de estos estudios han sido contradictorios y muchos de ellos no se han logrado reproducir en humanos, lo que hace difícil la interpretación del efecto del TNF-α sobre el metabolismo humano. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión sistemática de los estudios realizados en humanos donde se relacione TNF-α, obesidad, resistencia a la insulina y metabolismo de las lipoproteínas. Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda en la base de datos PubMed de estudios realizados en humanos, tejidos humanos y líneas celulares humanas, relacionando TNF-α, obesidad, resistencia a la insulina y lipoproteínas. Resultados: Existe una mayor producción de TNF-α en tejido adiposo de sujetos obesos. El TNF-α disminuye la respuesta celular a la insulina en adipocitos, hepatocitos y células musculares humanas. Hay un aumento de TNF-α en pacientes con dislipidemia, y la inactivación del TNF-α afecta el metabolismo lipídico. En hepatocitos humanos, el TNF-α inhibe la expresión de APO AI, lo cual puede disminuir la secreción de las lipoproteínas de alta densidad. El TNF-α afecta la excreción de colesterol al inhibir en hepatocitos a la enzima colesterol-7α-hidroxilasa. Conclusión: El TNF-α disminuye la respuesta celular a la insulina, y tiene efectos sobre el metabolismo del colesterol y las lipoproteínas en humanos. Un mayor conocimiento de los mecanismos de la respuesta inflamatoria inducida por la obesidad en humanos, puede llevar a identificar nuevos blancos terapéuticos que permitan prevenir las complicaciones asociadas a la obesidad.In the obese adipose tissue produces proinflammatory molecules as tumor necrosis factor-α, which has local effects on adipocyte physiology and systemic effects in other organs. Many studies linking TNF-α, obesity, insulin resistance and lipid metabolism have been conducted in rats, rabbits and dogs, but the results observed in several of these studies have been conflicting and many of them have not been able to reproduce in humans, which on human makes difficult the interpretation of the effect of TNF-α on human metabolism. Objective: To conduct a systematic review of human studies which relates, TNF-α insulin resistance and lipoprotein metabolism. Methods: We searched the PubMed database for studies in humans, human tissue and human cell lines linking TNF-α, obesity, insulin resistance and lipoprotein. Results: There is a increased production of TNF-α on adipose tissue of obese. TNF-α decreases the cellular response to insulin in adipocytes, hepatocytes and human muscle cells. There is an increase of TNF-α in patients with dyslipidemia, and inactivation of TNF-α affects lipid metabolism. In human hepatocytes, TNF-α inhibits expression of APO AI, which may decrease the secretion of high density lipoproteins. TNF-α affects the excretion of cholesterol by inhibiting the enzyme cholesterol-7α-hydroxylase in hepatocytes. Conclusion: TNF-α decreases the cellular response to insulin, and has effects on the metabolism of cholesterol and lipoproteins in humans. A better understanding of the mechanisms of the inflammatory response induced obesity in humans, can lead to identifying new therapeutic targets that can prevent the complications associated with obesity.

LDL oxidation and oxidative stress are closely related to atherosclerosis. Therefore, natural antioxidants have been studied as promising candidates. In the present study, the LDL oxidation inhibition activity of bioactive compounds from Halimeda incrassata seaweed. associated to antioxidant capacity, was evaluated in vitro. Experimental work was conducted with lyophilized aqueous extract and phenolic-rich fractions of the seaweed and their effect on LDL oxidation was evaluated using heparin-precipitated LDL (hep-LDL) with exposure to Cu2+ ions and AAPH as the free radical generator. H. incrassata had a protective effect for hep-LDL in both systems and the presence of phenolic compounds contributed to the activity where phenolic-rich fractions showed significant capacity for inhibition of oxidation mediated by Cu2+ ions. The observed effect could be related to the antioxidant potential of polar fractions evidenced by reducing activity and DPPH• radical scavenging. The results obtained in vitro further support the antioxidant and LDL oxidation inhibition properties of H. incrassata and further knowledge toward future phytotherapeutic application of the seaweed.A oxidação da LDL e o estresse oxidativo estão intimamente relacionados com a aterosclerose. Por isso, os antioxidantes naturais têm sido estudados como candidatos promissores. No presente trabalho foi avaliada in vitro a capacidade de inibição da oxidação da LDL pelos compostos bioativos da alga Halimeda incrassata em associação à capacidade antioxidante. O trabalho experimental foi conduzido com extratos polares (extrato aquoso liofilizado e frações ricas em fenólicos) e seu efeito na oxidação da LDL foi avaliado usando LDL precipitada com heparina (hep-LDL), oxidada com íons de Cu2+ e AAPH, como geradores de radicais livres. A H. incrassata apresentou efeito protetor para hep-LDL em ambos sistemas e a presença de compostos fenólicos contribuiu para a atividade em que as frações ricas em fenólicos demonstram capacidade significativa em inibir a oxidação mediada pelos íons de Cu2+. O efeito observado deve estar relacionado com o potencial antioxidante das frações polares medido pela atividade redutora e varredura do radical DPPH. Os resultados obtidos demonstram as propriedades antioxidantes e de inibição da oxidação da LDL da H. incrassata e podem contribuir para as evidências de futuras aplicações fitoterapêuticas desta alga.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in developed countries. CVD is an inflammatory disease associated with risk factors that include hypercholesterolemia and hypertension. Furthermore, the evolution of this disease depends on the amount of modified lipoproteins (e.g. oxidized) present in the arterial subendothelium. Diet is considered the cornerstone for CVD treatment, as it can lower not only atherogenic lipoprotein levels and degree of oxidation, but also blood pressure, thrombogenesis and concentrations of some relevant factors (e.g. homocystein).Among different diets, the Mediterranean diet stands out due to their benefits on several health benefits, in particular with regard to CVD. Rich in vegetable foods, this diet contributes both quantitatively and qualitatively to essential fibre compounds (cellulose, hemicellulose, gums, mucilages, pectins, oligosaccharides, lignins, etc.). The present paper analyzes the effects of fibre consumption on a) cholesterol and lipoprotein levels; b) systolic and diastolic blood pressures; and c) antioxidant availability and profile. Some studies and meta-analysis are revised, as the possible mechanisms by which fibre may decrease plasma total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol and blood pressure and to act as antioxidant, as well. In addition, author´s own publications regarding the effect of fibre matrix (e.g. seaweeds) on arylesterase and the gene expression of some key antioxidant enzymes are reviewed. The paper also includes data concerning the possible interaction between fibre and some hypolipemic drugs, which may make it possible to attain similar hypolipemic effects with lower dosages, with the consequent decrease in possible side effects. The review concludes with a summary of nutritional objectives related to the consumption of carbohydrates and fibre supplements.La enfermedad cardiovascular (EC) sigue siendo la causa más frecuente de morbi-mortalidad en los países desarrollados. Es considerada una enfermedad inflamatoria asociada a la presencia de algunos factores de riesgo como hipercolesterolemia e hipertensión. El desarrollo de la EC depende de la cantidad de lipoproteínas modificadas (p.e. oxidadas) presente a nivel del espacio subendotelial arterial. La dieta se considera piedra angular en el tratamiento de la EC, ya que no sólo puede reducir el nivel y la oxidación de las lipoproteínas aterogénicas, la presión arterial sino el impacto de algunos factores relevantes (p.e. trombogénesis, homocisteína). Resalta entre muchas dietas la tipo mediterráneo debido a sus beneficios contrastados en múltiples aspectos de salud. La dieta mediterránea contiene una amplia variedad de vegetales que aportan la mayoría de los componentes (celulosa, hemicelulosa, gomas, mucílagos, pectinas, oligosacáridos, ligninas, etc) que integran el concepto de fibra tanto cuantitativa como cualitativamente. De algunos de ellos hay clara evidencia científica de sus beneficios bajo el punto de vista de la EC. La revisión se ha estructurado en los siguientes puntos que analizan los efectos de la fibra dietética sobre a) el contenido plasmático de colesterol y lipoproteínas; b) la presión arterial sistólica y diastólica y c) la capacidad y perfil antioxidante. Se revisan algunos estudios y meta-análisis, se proponen posibles mecanismos por los que la fibra dietética disminuye los niveles de colesterol total, LDL-colesterol y presión arterial y actúa como antioxidante. Además se revisan algunas publicaciones propias sobre los efectos de una matriz fibrosa (algas) sobre la actividad de la arilesterasa y la expresión génica de enzimas antioxidantes clave. El artículo también revisa la posible interacción de la fibra con fármacos hipolipemiantes. Esta interacción permitiría reducir la dosis del fármaco y los posibles efectos secundarios. La revisión termina con algunos objetivos nutricionales relacionados con el consumo de alimentos ricos en hidratos de carbono y fibra dietética.

BACKGROUND: The Saudi population is known to have an unhealthy diet in addition to physical inactivity. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the lipid-mediated risk factors that might be associated with increased incidence of coronary heart diseasein the Saudi population as this was found in Western populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred and twenty subjects suspected of having coronary heart disease underwent coronary angiography and blood draw following a 12-hour fast. Total and HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, Lp(a) and lipoprotein lipase were measured by standard methods. Small, dense LDL was measured by the iodixanol method with an ultracentrifugation of only 2.5 hours. RESULTS: One hundred and forty subjects were found to be positive for coronary heart disease while 80 subjects were shown to be negative for this disease. Statistically significant risk factors for coronary heart disease in the Saudi population were hypertriglyceridemia (1.93±0.95 versus1.45±0.16 mmol/L;pCONTEXTO: A população saudita é conhecida por apresentar dietas não saudáveis, além de inatividade física. OBJETIVO: Investigar os lipídeos como fatores de risco que podem associar-se com o aumento da incidência de doença cardíaca coronariana na população saudita, uma vez que isso foi encontrado na população ocidental. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Duzentos e vinte indivíduos com suspeita de doença cardíaca coronariana submeteram-se a angiografia coronária e coleta de sangue, após jejum de 12 horas. Colesterol total e HDL, triglicerídeos, Lp(a) e lipase lipoproteica foram calculados por métodos padrão. LDL pequena e densa foi medida pelo método do iodixanol com ultracentrifugação por apenas 2,5 horas. RESULTADOS: Cento e quarenta indivíduos apresentaram resultado positivo para doença cardíaca coronariana, enquanto 80 pacientes mostraram resultado negativo. Os fatores de risco estatisticamente significantes para doença cardíaca coronariana na população saudita foram hipertrigliceridemia (1,93±0,95 versus 1,45±0,16 mmol/L; p

En los caninos, el aumento de los triglicéridos y del colesterol favorece la presentación de enfermedades que pueden ser graves para estos. Aunque la farmacología de los hipolipemiantes se ha desarrollado más en medicina humana, el médico veterinario debe conocer los fármacos útiles para controlar estas situaciones, ya que son comunes en ciertos pacientes. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de esta revisión fue hacer referencia a aquellos fármacos más usados en caninos para el control de las hiperlipidemias. Dentro de los fármacos grupos farmacológicos existentes se destacan las estatinas, los inhibidores del ácido fíbrico, los secuestrantes de ácidos biliares, la niacina, los inhibidores de la absorción de colesterol y el más reciente de uso veterinario, la dirlotapida. Todos ellos pueden ser incluidos dentro de los protocolos de manejo integral de pacientes con hiperlipidemias y obesidad.

Lipoprotein glomerulopathy (LPG) is a rare autosomal recessive glomerulopathy associated with the deposition of lipoprotein thrombi in the capillary lumina due to apoE gene mutations. Abnormal plasma lipoprotein profile and marked increase in serum apoliprotein E (apoE) are characteristic clinical data. The compromised patients can present nephrotic syndrome, hematuria, and progressive renal failure. Herein, the authors present the first described case of LPG in a Brazilian male patient, 11 years, who presented with a steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Renal function was normal. Kidney biopsy showed markedly enlarged glomerulus, with dilated capillary loops and weak eosinophilic lipoprotein thrombi in the capillary lumina. Interstitium, tubules, arteries, and veins showed normal histologic aspect. Genotypic study for the apoE gene showed the presence of the alleles E3 and E4. The diagnosis of LPG was then performed. The patient received lipid-lowering treatment. After 2 years of follow-up, renal function is gradually decreasing, with persisting heavy proteinuria, despite a marked decrease in serum cholesterol and triglycerides levels.