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A course description and syllabus are provided for "Integrated Humanities," a general education course taught at Northern New Mexico Community College to provide students with a solid, reliable knowledge base and framework upon which to build future educational experiences. Following introductory material, a syllabus for students is presented, reviewing course strategies and goals, the instructor's expectations, and grading policy. The syllabus provides descriptions of 30 week-long units structured around an academic lecture and a related activity designed to illustrate the relationship between the lectures and actual life experiences (e.g., recording the moon's phases, making an obsidian blade, visiting a subculture, deducing the grammatical structure of an artificial language, and designing a fallout shelter). The units are: (1) Matter, Time, and Scale; (2) Molecules, Emergent Properties, and Life; (3) Ecology without Man; (4) The Enormous Gap (between apes and humans); (5) Ice Age Man; (6) The Domestication of Plants; (7) The Fundamentals of Civilization; (8) Greeks and the Power of Philosophy; (9) The Glory of Greece; (10) Jews, Romans, and Christians; (11) The Dark of Europe and the Light of Islam; (12) Medieval Europe; (13) The European Discovery of Greece; (14) Eras in Conflict--Cortez vs. Montezuma; (15) Reason, Romanticism, Revolution; (16) The Industrial Revolution; (17) War and Technology; (18) Medicine and Population; (19) Epistemology; (20) Society and Its Power; (21) Alienation and Culture; (22) Madness, Mysticism, and Magic; (23) Math and the Description of Reality; (24) Language, Communication, and Social Reality; (25) Literature as Mirror; (26) Form and Design; (27) Visual Art and Self-Expression; (28) To Dance and Sing; (29) All the World's a Stage; and (30) The Future. Each unit description includes 10 new terms for students, and suggestions and explanations for the instructor. (PAA)

The PHELIX pulsed-power driver is a 300 kJ, portable, transformer-coupled, capacitor bank capable of delivering 3-5 MA, 10 s pulse into a low inductance load. Here we describe further testing and hydrodynamics experiments. First, a 4 nH static inductive load has been constructed. This allows for repetitive high-voltage, high-current testing of the system. Results are used in the calibration of simple circuit models and numerical simulations across a range of bank charges ( 20 V0 40 kV). Furthermore, a dynamic liner-on-target load experiment has been conducted to explore the shock-launched transport of particulates (diam. 1 m) from a surface. The trajectories of the particulates are diagnosed with radiography. Results are compared to 2D hydro-code simulations. Finally, initial studies are underway to assess the feasibility of using the PHELIX driver as an electromagnetic launcher for planer shock-physics experiments., See also ADM002371. 2013 IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, Digest of Technical Papers 1976-2013, and Abstracts of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science. IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference (19th). Held in San Francisco, CA on 16-21 June 2013., The original document contains color images.

An inverse Compton scattering diagnostic is currently being developed for an 80 ns, intense relativistic electron bunch with an energy of 19.8 MeV and nominal current of 1.7 kA. The principal purpose of this diagnostic is to provide a measurement of the 6-D phase space distribution of the electron beam in a single shot without disrupting its axial propagation. The electron beam is intercepted by 450 mJ of green light, which is upscattered into the soft X-ray range by the relativistic electrons. The diverging, scattered photons are diffracted onto an X-ray framing camera by an X-ray crystal concentric to the beam pipe utilizing an elongated von Hamos geometry [1]. The experimental configuration is presented, which includes the electron and photon interaction dynamics, crystal design, X-ray framing camera design, and the expected time resolved longitudinal and transverse distributions., See also ADM002371. 2013 IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, Digest of Technical Papers 1976-2013, and Abstracts of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science. IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference (19th). Held in San Francisco, CA on 16-21 June 2013., The original document contains color images.

Explosive emission cathode studies are currently being conducted on a high power relativistic electron beam diode. A black velvet cathode is driven with a 75 Ohm graded transmission line, which provides a 3.8 MV, 80 ns (FWHM) pulse across a fixed A-K gap of 17.8 cm. Cathode sizes range from 1.9 7 cm with space-charge limited currents of 0.26 3 kA. The principal objective of these experiments is to quantify the current emission limits and the dynamics of the gap closure process. A qualitative comparison of experimental and calculated results are presented, which included the I-V relationship, impedance and perveance curves, plasma expansion velocity, and the time-resolved light emission on the surface of the cathode., See also ADM002371. 2013 IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, Digest of Technical Papers 1976-2013, and Abstracts of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science. Presented at the IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference (19th) held in San Francisco, CA on 16-21 June 2013. The original document contains color images.

The second axis (Axis II) of the Dual-Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test (DARHT) facility at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) is an electron linear induction accelerator (LIA) using 74 induction cells, each driven by a separate pulse-forming-network-based Marx (PFN). The ability to perform precise multipulse radiography is heavily influenced by the temporal beam-energy spread, beam-pulse width, related beam motion, and other focusing and target factors. The nominal beam-pulse flattop width is about 1.6 s. A wider beam pulse would allow for increased spacing between kicked pulses and hence more information in radiographic experiments. A flattop pulse-width increase of even 50 to 100 ns would be of significant value. In this paper, we present analyses, simulations and data for three low-cost, relatively easy means of lengthening the beam pulse for multipulse radiography. The first involves optimizing the PFN charging voltages such that their respective cell pulse widths are nearly the same. The second method studies the utility of timing the cell voltage pulses such that their trailing edges are aligned instead the leading edges. And the third method, presents experimental data on the effects of increasing the cell core reset currents which increases the available volt-second (V-s) products in the cores yielding increased pulse width., See also ADM002371. 2013 IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, Digest of Technical Papers 1976-2013, and Abstracts of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science. IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference (19th). Held in San Francisco, CA on 16-21 June 2013., The original document contains color images.

The DARHT-II accelerator produces a 2-kA, 17-MeV beam in a 1600-ns pulse. After exiting the accelerator, the pulse is sliced into four short pulses by a kicker and quadrupole septum and then transported for several meters to a high Z material target for conversion to x-rays for radiography. The un-kicked beam is diverted to a graphite dump. The interaction of this beam with the dump produces ions that propagate back to the target beamline and affect the beam properties. Coupling of the electron beam and ions to the beam dump vacuum chamber can produce significant amounts of ions and radiofrequency fields (rf) that disrupt the beam transport to the target. This requires a change in the nominal tune to the target. An alternative is to redesign the beam optics in the dump line. The results of a 3D PIC simulation and experimental data are presented along with mitigation techniques to suppress and/or eliminate these effects., See also ADM002371. 2013 IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, Digest of Technical Papers 1976-2013, and Abstracts of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science. IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference (19th). Held in San Francisco, CA on 16-21 June 2013., The original document contains color images.

The United States relies heavily on its space infrastructure for a vast number of applications, including communication, navigation, banking, national security, and research. However, NASA predicts that between now and 2030 orbital collisions will become increasingly frequent and could reach a runaway environment. This devastating scenario, also known as the Kessler Syndrome, has the potential to eventually destroy our assets in near-Earth space and result in a debris cloud that could make space itself inaccessible. Preventing the Kessler Syndrome requires, in addition to an object removal technique, a groundbreaking new orbital dynamics framework that combines a comprehensive physics-based model of atmospheric drag with an accurate uncertainty quantification of orbital predictions. The IMPACT project (Integrated Modeling of Perturbations in Atmospheres for Conjunction Tracking), funded with over $5 Million by the Los Alamos Laboratory Directed Research and Development office has the goal to develop such an integrated system of atmospheric drag modeling, orbit propagation, and conjunction analysis with detailed uncertainty quantification to address the space debris and collision avoidance problem. We discuss the components and capabilities of the IMPACT framework and show a short demonstration of modeling interface and resulting 3D visualizations., Presented at the Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technical Conference (2013 AMOS), held in Maui, HI on 10-13 September 2013.

This report provides detailed neutron and gamma output information for the Fat Man and Little Boy devices. It has been prepared for the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) for use by the agency, its contractors, and other interested parties in analysis of environments and effects generated by low-technology, fission-only nuclear devices. The detailed spectra given here are the same as those published previously by White and coworkers. This report has different goals than the earlier reports, and the results presented are limited to those useful for the prediction of weapons-generated environments. Specifically, we have restricted the presentation to prompt neutron and gamma outputs., The original document contains color images.

This final report details the results of experiments designed to answer questions fundamental to shock initiation of explosives: (1) are electronic excitations prevalent in shock initiation? (2) does vibrational non-equilibrium contribute, and if so, which model is correct? (3) what chemical reactions occur, what are the kinetics, and what is the temperature that drives them? The answers to these questions underlie both the molecular level understanding of energetic material initiation and can justify or refute assumptions that must be made in modeling these processes. Femtosecond ultraviolet/visible absorption spectroscopy was used to address this issue of electronic excitation. Femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy performed simultaneously in Stokes and anti-Stokes spectral regions was developed as a measurement of temperature and chemistry. Experimental results are presented for RDX (1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine), a common molecular crystalline explosive, as well as for non-explosive materials., The original document contains color images.

We present a preliminary model of the three-dimensional seismic structure of the Iran region obtained via simultaneous, joint inversion of body wave travel time and gravity observations. The body wave data set is derived from location calibration efforts and includes a large (1000 events) subset of GT5-level events. The arrival time data sets for these events include many readings of direct crustal P and S phases, as well as regional (Pn and Sn) and teleseismic phases. These data have been groomed to identify and remove outlier readings; empirical reading errors are estimated for most arrivals from multiple event relocation analysis. We use both free-air and Bouguer gravity anomalies derived from the global gravity model of the GRACE satellite mission. The gravity data provide information on shallow density variations with short spatial wavelengths, and deeper density structures with longer spatial wavelengths. To increase the usefulness of the gravity data, we apply high-pass filtering, yielding gravity anomalies that possess higher resolving power for crustal and lithospheric structures. To integrate both data sets into a single inversion a functional relationship between seismic velocities and density is required. We first use a combination of two empirical relations: one most appropriate for sedimentary rocks, and a linear Birch's Law that is more applicable to basement rocks. These relationships, however, assume a constant Poisson ratio throughout the inversion. We therefore also apply a method that allows the Poisson ratio to vary by mapping densities to VP and VS independently for different earth materials. Final results of the simultaneous inversion will help us to better understand the crustal and lithospheric structures associated with early-stage continental collision. Such models also provide an important starting model for computationally more expensive and time-consuming fully 3D waveform inversions., Presented at the, 2012 Monitoring Research Review: Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring TechnologiesNational Nuclear Security Administration, Albuquerque, NM. Sept 18-20, 2012,Government or Federal Purpose Rights License.. The original document contains color images.

This project supports the capability to perform accurate infrasound sensor calibrations using a piston source and large volume chamber whose output has been independently determined and for which the error budget has been accurately assessed. Since the mid 1980s, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) has operated an infrasound sensor calibration chamber that operates over a frequency range of 0.02 to 4 Hz. This chamber has provided sensitivities, volts/Pa, for sensors used by Los Alamos and others. Under the current program we will restore the chamber function, interrupted by an unexpected move, collaborate with researchers at the Sandia National Laboratory (SNL) Facility for Acceptance, Calibration, and Testing (FACT) Site on sensor issues, calibrate sensors as needed and research new methods for sensor response determination., Published in the Proceedings of the 2012 Monitoring Research Review - Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies, 18-20 September 2012, Albuquerque, NM. Volume II. Sponsored by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). U.S. Government or Federal Rights License

We report on R&D that is enabling enhancements to the Bayesian Infrasound Source Location (BISL) method for infrasound event location. The focus of this effort is on improving BISL through the development and implementation of physics-based priors. Phase identification in BISL is incorporated through a prior probability density function on group velocity. We report on the development of a distance-dependent prior through a massive simulation effort that will be validated by a ground-truth data analysis effort. In addition to providing constraints for the prior Probability Density Function (PDF), this coupled effort is also providing constraints on the probability distributions that are used in the likelihood equations in BISL. We assess the enhancement in location precision using a dynamic prior, instead of the previous uniform prior, for some example events. Finally, we discuss efforts to improve the numerical implementation of BISL using Monte Carlo integration., Published in the Proceedings of the 2012 Monitoring Research Review - Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies, 18-20 September 2012, Albuquerque, NM. Volume II. Sponsored by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). U.S. Government or Federal Rights License

A robust version of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) can be constructed via a decomposition of a data matrix into low-rank and sparse components, the former representing a low-dimensional linear model of the data, and the latter representing sparse deviations from the low-dimensional subspace. This decomposition has been shown to be highly effective, but the underlying model is not appropriate when the data are not modeled well by a single low-dimensional subspace. We construct a new decomposition corresponding to a more general underlying model consisting of a union of low-dimensional subspaces, and demonstrate its performance on a video background removal problem., See also ADA561051. Presented at the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (37th) (ICASSP 2012) held in Kyoto, Japan, on March 25-30, 2012. Published in the Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, p3925-3928, 2012. U.S. Government or Federal Purpose Rights License.

The harvesting of ambient energy to power small electronic components has received tremendous attention over the last decade. The research goal in this field is to enable self-powered electronic components for use particularly in wireless sensing and measurement applications. Thermal energy due to temperature gradients, solar energy and ambient vibrations constitute some of the major sources of energy that can be harvested. Researchers have presented several papers focusing on each of these topics separately. This paper aims to develop a hybrid power generator and storage system using these three sources of energy in order to improve both structural multifunctionality and system-level robustness in energy harvesting. A multilayer structure with flexible solar, piezoceramic, thin-film battery and metallic substructure layers is developed (with the overhang dimensions of 93 mm x 25 mm x 1.5 mm in cantilevered configuration). Thermal energy is also used for charging the thin-film battery layers using a 30.5 mm x 33 mm x 4.1 mm generator. Performance results are presented for charging and discharging of the thin-film battery layers using each one of the harvesting methods. It is shown based on the extrapolation of a set of measurements that 1 mA h of a thin-film battery can be charged in 20 min using solar energy (for a solar irradiance level of 223 W m-2), in 40 min using thermal energy (for a temperature difference of 31 deg C) and in 8 h using vibrational energy (for a harmonic base acceleration input of 0.5g at 56.4 Hz).

Ranchero is a coaxial magnetic flux compression generator (FCG) initiated simultaneously on-axis, which is intended to produce currents approaching 100 MA. We continue with both applications and development, striving for both cost effectiveness and high performance. In this paper we discuss on-going work, provide details of the sophisticated detonation system, and show high current predictions from our active modeling effort. We intend further tests that will push the limits of Ranchero performance., See also ADM002371. 2013 IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, Digest of Technical Papers 1976-2013, and Abstracts of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science. IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference (19th). Held in San Francisco, CA on 16-21 June 2013., The original document contains color images.

The PHELIX Liner Demonstration Experiment (PLD-1) took place in September of 2010 at Los Alamos National Laboratory. The PHELIX machine consists of a 500 kJ single-marx capacitor bank cable-coupled to a toroidal 1:4 current step-up transformer which delivers multi-Mega- Ampere currents to a cm size load. In this experiment the load consisted of a 3 cm radius, 0.8 mm thick, 3 cm tall aluminum liner, copper glide planes, a thin polyethylene insulator, and a 0.5 cm thick aluminum return conductor. Two independent channels of fiber optic Faraday rotation measured a peak load current 4 MA with a pulse width of 10 s. Four linear Rogowski coils measured the output current of the 4 marx modules. High-resolution flash X-radiography imaged a stable, highly symmetric and uniform liner 14.5 s after current start. A 12 channel laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) system tracked the inside surface of the liner throughout the experiment and showed a peak velocity before impact with probes of 1 km/s. The LDV probes were arrayed axially as well as azimuthally and confirmed the symmetry of the liner trajectory. Surprisingly, the LDV showed distribution of velocities of the inner liner surface late in time. PLD-1 is the first step towards utilizing the PHELIX pulsed-power system at the Los Alamos proton radiography facility., See also ADM002371. 2013 IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, Digest of Technical Papers 1976-2013, and Abstracts of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science. IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference (19th). Held in San Francisco, CA on 16-21 June 2013., The original document contains color images.

ALT-3 (Advanced Liner Technology) is a collaboration between VNIIEF and LANL that aims to conduct high velocity material experiments and measure shock velocities at pressures near 1 TPa. The DEMG (Disk Explosive Magnetic Generator) is used to drive a 60MA current that accelerates an aluminum liner to speeds in excess of 20 km/s. A simple circuit model is presented that models the DEMG to reasonable accuracy and is then coupled with 1-D magnetohydrodynamic simulations of both the liner and target. 2-D hydrodynamic simulations of the target are also presented along with implications for measurement accuracy and expected results., See also ADM002371. 2013 IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, Digest of Technical Papers 1976-2013, and Abstracts of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science. IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference (19th). Held in San Francisco, CA on 16-21 June 2013., The original document contains color images.

The PHELIX pulsed power project will introduce magnetically driven hydrodynamics experiments to the Los Alamos National Laboratory s proton radiography facility (pRad). The Precision High Energy-density Liner Implosion eXperiment (PHELIX) has been commissioned at Los Alamos. A small footprint capacitor bank consisting of four parallel connected single-stage marx units (500 kJ) is cable coupled to a toroidal, current stepup transformer to deliver multi-Mega-Ampere, 10 s current pulses to cm size cylindrical loads. In a sequence of tests the performance of each component (capacitor bank and transformer) was evaluated and compared to a circuit model. The transformer coupling was observed to be k 0.93. The tests culminated in a liner implosion experiment in which an 3 cm radius, 0.8 mm thick, 3 cm tall aluminum liner was accelerated to a velocity of 1 km/s. The suite of machine diagnostics included linear Rogowski coils and Faraday rotation for current measurements. The experimental diagnostics include Bdot probes, multi-channel photon Doppler velocimetry (PDV), and single-frame, flash X-radiography to evaluate the performance of the high precision liner implosion. Currently, work is focused on integrating PHELIX into normal operations with the 800 MeV proton radiography facilities. There, high-resolution, high-frame-rate imaging of hydrodynamic experiments will be possible., See also ADM002371. 2013 IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, Digest of Technical Papers 1976-2013, and Abstracts of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science. IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference (19th). Held in San Francisco, CA on 16-21 June 2013., The original document contains color images.

A single-turn magnet pulsed power system at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL) at Los Alamos was originally designed to study actinide samples in extremes of high magnetic field (to 300 Tesla) [1, 2]. A simple modification to the single-turn magnet has converted it to a fast turnaround dynamic high pressure measurement system for Isentropic Compression Experiments (ICE). This paper details the work done including design, theory, modeling and results. The NHMFL system has the advantage of a relatively long- duration current with a 2.3- s rise time, which allows for large sample dimensions, i.e., up to 5 mm thickness, see II.D. The maximum stress is 50GPa (0.5 Mbar) at the maximum bank voltage (60 kV); higher stresses may be obtained with modifications to the load design. For the design and predictions of performance of the NHMFL-ICE experiment it is important to have good numerical models. A novel SPICE code simulation was chosen to model all aspects of the experiment, electrical and physical. To this end, accurate dynamic load models were developed to simulate the compression and expansion of the dynamic load at high pressures using shock physics principles. In this study feasibility of adapting the existing NHMFL capacitor bank for ICE experiments up to 100 GPa is demonstrated. The adaptation saved the expense of building a dedicated capacitor bank yet this new system produces high quality ICE data with a rapid turnaround and very low cost per experiment. A series of proof-of-principle experiments [3] demonstrated the feasibility of the NHMFL-ICE technique; some of the results will be shown here to illustrate the effectiveness of the new technique., See also ADM002371. 2013 IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, Digest of Technical Papers 1976-2013, and Abstracts of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science. IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference (19th). Held in San Francisco, CA on 16-21 June 2013, The original document contains color images.

The idea of damage assessment based on using a steady-state chaotic excitation and state space embedding, proposed during the recent few years, has led to the development of a computationally feasible SHM technique based on comparisons between the geometry of a baseline attractor and a test attractor at some unknown state of health. This study explores an extension to this concept, namely a hyperchaotic excitation. The feature that is used to analyze the responses of the structures to the chaotic/hyperchaotic excitations is called Nonlinear Auto- Prediction Error (NAPE), which is based on attractor geometry. A comparison between the results from the chaotic excitation with the results from each of the hyperchaotic excitations, obtained both numerically and experimentally, highlights the higher sensitivity of hyperchaotic excitations relative to a chaotic excitation., See also ADA580921. Presented at the International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring: From Condition-based Maintenance to Autonomous Structures held in Stanford, CA on 13-15 Sep 2011. U.S. Government or Federal Purpose Rights License. Prepared in cooperation with the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces and the Department of Structural Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA.

This paper presents the SHM result of a 9m CX-100 wind turbine blade under full-scale fatigue loads. The test was performed at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. The 9-meter blade was instrumented with piezoelectric transducers, accelerometers, acoustic emission sensors, and foil strain gauges on the surface of the blade. The blade underwent fatigue excitation at 1.8 Hz for defined intervals, and data from the sensors were collected between and during fatigue loading sessions. The data were measured at multi-scale, high frequency ranges for identifying fatigue damage initiation, and low-frequency ranges for assessing damage progression. High and Low frequency response functions, time series based methods, and Lamb wave date measured by piezoelectric transducers were utilized to analyze the condition of the turbine blade, along with other sensing systems (acoustic emission). A specially designed hardware developed by Los Alamos National Laboratory was also implemented for performance comparison. This paper summarizes considerations needed to design such SHM systems, experimental procedures and results, and additional issues that can be used as guidelines for future investigations., See also ADA580921. Presented at the International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring: From Condition-based Maintenance to Autonomous Structures held in Stanford, CA on 13-15 Sep 2011. U.S. Government or Federal Purpose Rights License.

Herein, spherical nanoindentation (NI) was used to investigate the room temperature deformation behavior of C-plane LiTaO3 single crystals loaded along the [0001] direction as a function of ion irradiation. When the NI load-displacement curves of 3 different nanoindenter radii (1.4 micro m, 5 micro m, and 21 micro m) were converted to NI stress-strain curves, good agreement between them was found. The surface first deforms elastically with a Young s modulus of 205 +/- 5 GPa, calculated from the stiffness versus contact radii curves and 207 +/- 3 GPa measured using a Berkovich tip and then plastically deforms at 6 GPa. Repeated loading into the same location results in large, reproducible, fully reversible, nested hysteresis loops attributed to the formation of incipient kink bands (IKBs). The latter are coaxial fully reversible dislocation loops that spontaneously shrink when the load is removed. The IKBs most probably nucleate within the (1012) twins that form near the surface. The sharper radii resulted in twin nucleation at lower stresses. The changes in the reversible loops shape and areas can be related to the width of the twins that form. The latter were proportional to the nanoindenter tip radii and confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and by the fact that larger threshold stresses were needed for IKB nucleation with the smaller tip sizes. No effect of irradiation was observed on the NI response, presumably because of the mildness of the irradiation damage., Published in the Journal of Applied Physics, v110 article ID 023516, 25 Jul 2011. Prepared in cooperation with the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA.

We solve the zero-temperature unitary Fermi gas problem by incorporating a BCS importance function into the auxiliary-field quantum Monte Carlo method. We demonstrate that this method does not suffer from a sign problem and that it increases the efficiency of standard techniques by many orders of magnitude for strongly paired fermions. We calculate the ground-state energies exactly for unpolarized systems with up to 66 particles on lattices of up to 27(expn 3) sites, obtaining an accurate result for the universal parameter . We also obtain results for interactions with different effective ranges and find that the energy is consistent with a universal linear dependence on the product of the Fermi momentum and the effective range. This method will have many applications in superfluid cold atom systems and in both electronic and nuclear structures where pairing is important., Published in Physical Review A, v84 article ID 061602, 7 Dec 2011. Prepared in collaboration with the Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, and the Department of Physics, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA. Sponsored in part by DoE DE-AC52-06NA25396.

The intentional and controlled release of an aerosolized bacterium provides an opportunity to investigate the implications of a biological attack. Since 2006, Los Alamos National Laboratory has worked with several urban areas, including Fairfax County, VA, to design experiments to evaluate biodefense concepts of operations using routine spraying of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk). Btk is dispersed in large quantities as a slurry to control the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. Understanding whether personnel and equipment pick up residual contamination during sampling activities and transport it to other areas is critical for the formulation of appropriate response and recovery plans. While there is a growing body of literature surrounding the transmission of viral diseases via fomites, there is limited information on the transport of Bacillus species via this route. In 2008, LANL investigated whether field sampling activities conducted near sprayed areas, postspray, resulted in measurable cross-contamination of sampling personnel, equipment, vehicles, and hotel rooms. Viable Btk was detected in all sample types, indicating transport of the agent occurred via fomites., The original document contains color images. Pub. in Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science, v9 n3, p288-300, 2011.

Models of laterally varying attenuation and site effects of regional phases and their codas are necessary to correct regional amplitudes to reveal source effects of importance to identification and yield estimation procedures. We accomplish this using 2-D amplitude tomography, incorporating absolute spectral estimates based on precise ratio techniques and moment tensor results. The spectral constraints allow calibration to absolute levels, and can be used to validate amplitude prediction models. Constraints may also be used to improve resolution in the margins of ray path coverage where source-path tradeoffs would otherwise dominate. Our recent efforts have focused on improving coda analysis in areas of low Q and blockage. We must be able to use whatever coda type appears in our records if we are to estimate Mw for MDAC purposes, or use in yield estimation studies. The Lg coda has been used the most in such studies; however low crustal Q can strip the Lg and its coda from the record, especially at long distances and high frequencies. We often observe high quality Pn and Sn coda in such cases. Pg coda is observed for close in recordings, and behaves similarly to the Lg, with strength in lower bands, but generally has limited application outside local distance ranges. We have examined coda envelopes in plate boundary regions of Asia that are known to severely attenuate Lg, picking Pn, Pg, Sn, and Lg coda manually. We then processed coda using standard methods before turning amplitude data over to a simultaneous inversion of multi-coda type and multi-band data for 2-D path effects, site effects, and the absolute transfer function. The multiple coda types improved the bandwidths of observed seismic spectra as Lg covered low frequencies, and Pn and Sn coda covered overlapping high frequency bands, with the Pn band slightly higher than the Sn band. Distances were too great to include Pg coda in this study., Published in the Proceedings of the 2011 Monitoring Research Review - Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies, 13-15 September 2011, Tucson, AZ. Volume I. Sponsored by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). U.S. Government or Federal Rights License

An isotopic spectrum from localized air samples has potential technical information to provide a rapid first-order yield estimate of an underground nuclear explosion (UNE) or a simple yes/no detection of a UNE in the context of On-site Inspection (OSI). The isotopic spectrum is presumed to be derived from environmental air samples near the location of the UNE containing nuclear products from the fission reaction of the explosion. Additionally, a seismic spectrum is derived from the sensed ground motion caused by the coupled energy of the UNE to the earth. A mathematical representation of these two measurements has two essential terms in common-the origin time of the event t0 and the log yield W = log10 Y of the explosion (kilotons TNT). A critical component of the mathematical framework for yield estimation from nuclear measurements is the mathematical representation of isotopic gas migration through rock to the air. This research will complete the scientific development leading to a mathematical representation of isotopic gas migration through rock, and validate the mathematics through simulation studies. If successful, this research has the potential to fully enable a rapid, first-order estimate of the yield of a UNE, or UNE yes/no detection in many monitoring settings., Published in the Proceedings of the 2011 Monitoring Research Review - Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies, 13-15 September 2011, Tucson, AZ. Volume II. Sponsored by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). U.S. Government or Federal Rights License

This paper reports on continued research toward establishing a consistent modeling framework for calculating nuclear explosions in earth materials. The model must be consistent with observed phenomena in the near-field by correctly 1) calculating the resulting explosive cavity radius for a given yield and depth of burial, 2) accounting for the correct energy deposition by partitioning it into internal (heat and plastic strain) and kinetic (e.g. radiated seismic) energy, 3) predicting the free-field displacement/velocities waveforms and 4) predicting the measured attenuation of the free-field peak velocity with distance. The model developed in the last year satisfies all of these criteria and has been exercised in the investigation of the 2009 North Korean nuclear test. The main findings reported in this paper are: a) the extension of the developed model to the analysis of scaled depth of burial and free surface effects in 2D Earth structure, and b) the improvement of the computational equation of state (EOS) for granite/granodiorite and some examples of the models self-consistency. Our study focuses on the North Korean test site and the May 2009 test. When compared to the Denny and Johnson (1991) and to the Heard and Ackerman (1967) cavity radius scaling models, the results presented in this paper show a clear preference to the statistical model developed by Denny and Johnson. In addition, comparative work between Patton (2011) and the model developed under this project provides a lower limit to the yield and depth of burial for the 2009 North Korean test. A series of sensitivity analysis comprising the variation of key material properties and the incorporation of topography is being produced at the time of writing this paper and will be presented at the conference., Published in the Proceedings of the 2011 Monitoring Research Review - Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies, 13-15 September 2011, Tucson, AZ. Volume I. Sponsored by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). U.S. Government or Federal Rights License

There is a need for routine measurements of infrasound from earthquakes, in conjunction with modeling, to better constrain our understanding of the generation of infrasound from earthquakes, in particular the effect of source depth. Here, we first outline a systematic search for infrasound from earthquakes from a range of magnitudes. Based on our observations, earthquakes with Mw5 appear to be reliable sources of infrasound, independent of depth with the detection of infrasound at regional distances largely driven by path and receiver effects. We identified clear infrasound detections from large earthquakes as deep as 123 km. In contrast, earthquakes with Mw4 are poor infrasound sources and are unlikely to be detected regionally. In particular, we note that there has yet to be a conclusive detection from an earthquake with Mw3.0. Our results imply that magnitude, rather than depth, appears to be the dominant factor influencing the generation of infrasound from earthquakes. To understand these observations further, we have developed a coupled seismoacoustic modeling technique comprising a three-dimensional (3D) finite difference algorithm, Rayleigh integral, and time domain parabolic equation. By gluing these techniques together, we are modeling the generation and propagation of infrasound from earthquakes. The effect of depth on these simulations, with comparison to our observational dataset, is discussed., Published in the Proceedings of the 2011 Monitoring Research Review - Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies, 13-15 September 2011, Tucson, AZ. Volume II. Sponsored by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). U.S. Government or Federal Rights License

Physical insight into source properties that contribute to the generation of infrasound signals is critical to understanding the differences in atmospheric signals from near-surface explosions and earthquakes. This understanding provides the background for assessing the possibility of signal discrimination from these different source types. This research attempts to develop a dataset necessary to address these issues and to provide constraints to the development of a physical basis for signal generation. The data component of this study is supported by the operation and maintenance of nine infrasonic arrays by the University of Utah Seismograph Stations (UUSS). Each array consists of four elements with an aperture of 150 m, with one element being co-located with a seismic station. One of the goals of this project is the recording of infrasound from earthquakes of moderate size on multiple infrasound arrays in order to assess the location of the infrasound source and its sensitivity to source mechanism and depth, as well as the characteristics of the signal. We report on processing results using infrasound data for all ML 3 earthquakes in the UUSS catalog from January 1, 2007, through March 31, 2011. We then focus on multiarray recordings of infrasound data from a moderate-sized event (Mw 4.6) in Utah. This event occurred on January 3 2011, at 12:06:37 UTC, within a known seismically active belt along the western side of the Sevier Valley in the Tushar Mountains (in the proximity of the city of Circleville). The event was widely felt in the surrounding communities, had a normal faulting mechanism and a depth constrained, by full moment tensor estimation, between 5 and 9 km. The main shock and 85 aftershocks were recorded by Utah's regional seismic network. Epicentral infrasound from the main event was detected by six of the nine infrasonic arrays distributed throughout Utah., Published in the Proceedings of the 2011 Monitoring Research Review - Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies, 13-15 September 2011, Tucson, AZ. Volume II, p743-754. Sponsored by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). U.S. Government or Federal Rights License

To meet the United States Government nuclear explosion monitoring requirements with high confidence, the Air Force Technical Applications Center needs new and improved capabilities for analyzing regional seismic teleseismic, and infrasound event data. Recently, the National Nuclear Security Administration has decided to move toward 3D modeling to improve knowledge of the compressional and shear velocity structure and enable us to reduce uncertainty and more accurately detect, locate, and identify small (body wave magnitude mb4) seismic events. For seismically active areas, inaccurate models can be corrected using the kriging methodology and therefore, it is possible to detect, locate, and identify large events even with limited resolution models. This is not necessarily the case for smaller events, however, and it is even more of a challenge for aseismic regions. Furthermore, interest on near-regional to local monitoring demands that we address the Earth's heterogeneities and 3D complexities. Motivated by the shortcomings of existing single-parameter inversion methods in accurate prediction of other geophysical parameters, this research was mainly focused on the development and refinement of advanced multivariate inversion techniques to generate a realistic, comprehensive, and high-resolution 3D model of the seismic structure of the crust and upper mantle that satisfies multiple independent geophysical datasets. We present 3D seismic velocity models of the crust and upper mantle beneath three different regions (northwest China; the East Africa Rift System; and Utah) resulting from the simultaneous and joint use of seismic body wave arrival times surface wave dispersion measurements, and gravity data., Published in the Proceedings of the 2011 Monitoring Research Review - Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies, 13-15 September 2011, Tucson, AZ. Volume I. Sponsored by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). U.S. Government or Federal Rights License

The Source Physics Experiment (SPE-N) was designed to provide a carefully controlled seismic and strong motion data set from buried explosions at the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS). The first experiment in a series (SPE1) was conducted in May of this year. It consisted of a 100 kg high explosive stemmed for coupling at 180 feet below the surface. In preparation for this experiment, predictive hydrodynamic calculations were performed, strong ground motion free-field and surface gauges were fielded, and a dense network of seismometers and some complimentary infrasound sensors were deployed. The data return for a majority of these sensors was excellent. This paper reports on a finite element analysis of the observable effects of an explosion in realistic earth material with particular focus on predicted and observed strong ground motion patterns. The model correctly incorporates the near-field cavity dynamics, energy deposition partitioned into internal (heat and plastic strain) and kinetic (e.g., radiated seismic) energy, giving more confidence in predicted free-field displacement/velocities and measured attenuation of the free-field peak velocity with distance. The degree of source asymmetry is studied with predictions of the hydrodynamic calculations for close-in free-field particle velocities. We present progress in improving our near-source modeling and predictive capabilities. A number of material test are presented on the granodiorite for both intact and weathered/damaged rock samples. These were used to improve our material model for the near-source environment. Additionally, a detailed 3D geologic framework model was created to represent the complex heterogeneities in the near-source environment (topography, faults, lithology, saturation and weathering)., Published in the Proceedings of the 2011 Monitoring Research Review - Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies, 13-15 September 2011, Tucson, AZ. Volume I. Sponsored by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). U.S. Government or Federal Rights License

Several studies have shown that global 3D models of the compression wave speed in the Earth's mantle can provide superior first P travel time predictions at both regional and teleseismic distances. However, given the variable data quality and uneven data sampling associated with this type of model, it is essential that there be a means to calculate high-quality estimates of the path-dependent variance and covariance associated with the predicted travel times of ray paths through the model. In this paper, we show a methodology for accomplishing this by exploiting the full model covariance matrix. Typical global 3D models have on the order of 1/2 million nodes, so the challenge in calculating the covariance matrix is formidable: 0.9 TB storage for 1/2 of a symmetric matrix, necessitating an Out-Of-Core (OOC) blocked matrix solution technique. With our approach the tomography matrix (G which includes Tikhonov regularization terms) is multiplied by its transpose (GTG) and written in a blocked sub-matrix fashion. We employ a distributed parallel solution paradigm that solves for (GTG)-1 by assigning blocks to individual processing nodes for matrix decomposition update and scaling operations. We first find the Cholesky decomposition of GTG which is subsequently inverted. Next, we employ OOC matrix multiplication methods to calculate the model covariance matrix from (GTG)-1 and an assumed data covariance matrix. Given the model covariance matrix we solve for the travel-time covariance associated with arbitrary ray-paths by integrating the model covariance along both ray paths. Setting the paths equal yields the variance for that path., Published in the Proceedings of the 2011 Monitoring Research Review - Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies, 13-15 September 2011, Tucson, AZ. Volume I. Sponsored by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). U.S. Government or Federal Rights License

This paper reports on the first year's accomplishments of a new project to extend explosion models, accounting for source medium damage, to high frequencies. This project builds on a previous three-year project which developed kinematic source descriptions for such models and investigated the seismic radiation for frequencies below 0.2 Hz. Direct and indirect effects of shock waves including free surface interactions cause material damage which in general contributes volumetric, compensated linear vector dipole (CLVD), and double-couple (DC) sources of seismic radiation. The past project studied two important features of these models: (i) Rayleigh waves excited by a CLVD source and the impact on performance of mb-Ms discrimination and (ii) volumetric moment caused by damage and its impact on estimates of isotropic moment MI and yield estimation. The goal of the current project is to advance these models with a sound physical basis in order to study S wave generation for high frequencies. The tasking is broken down into three major phases: (1) develop and quantify mathematical descriptions of effective source functions for damage, which, up until now, were assumed to be a step function, (2) test and validate models against observed spectral features of P/S ratios for the 0.5-3 Hz band, and (3) test and validate models against scaling observations of P/S ratios for the 1-10 Hz band. This year's work involved empirical studies quantifying the amount of volumetric moment contributed by source medium damage., Published in the Proceedings of the 2011 Monitoring Research Review - Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies, 13-15 September 2011, Tucson, AZ. Volume I. Sponsored by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). U.S. Government or Federal Rights License

To test the hypothesis that high quality 3D Earth models will produce seismic event locations that are more accurate and more precise than currently used 1D and 2/2.5D models, we are developing a global 3D P wave velocity model of the Earth's crust and mantle using seismic tomography. In this paper, we present the most recent version of our model, SALSA3D (SAndia LoS Alamos 3D) version 1.7, and demonstrate its ability to reduce mislocations for a large set of realizations derived from a carefully chosen set of globally-distributed ground truth events, compared to existing models and/or systems. Our model is derived from the latest version of the Ground Truth (GT) catalog of P and Pn travel time picks assembled by Los Alamos National Laboratory. To prevent over-weighting due to ray path redundancy and to reduce the computational burden, we cluster rays to produce representative rays. Reduction in the total number of ray paths is 50%. The model is represented using the triangular tessellation system described by Ballard et al. (2009), which incorporates variable resolution in both the geographic and radial dimensions. For our starting model, we use a simplified layer crustal model derived from the NNSA Unified model in Eurasia and Crust 2.0 model everywhere else, over a uniform ak135 mantle. Sufficient damping is used to reduce velocity adjustments so that ray path changes between iterations are small. We obtain proper model smoothness by using progressive grid refinement, refining the grid only in areas where the data warrant it. In previous versions of SALSA3D, we based this refinement on velocity changes from previous model iterations. For version 1.7, we utilize the diagonal of the model resolution matrix to control where grid refinement occurs, resulting in more consistent and continuous areas of refinement than before., Published in the Proceedings of the 2011 Monitoring Research Review - Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies, 13-15 September 2011, Tucson, AZ. Volume I. Sponsored by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). U.S. Government or Federal Rights License

The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), a global ban on nuclear explosions, is currently pre-entry into force. Under the CTBT, a monitoring system of seismic, hydroacoustic, infrasonic and radionuclide sensors operates and data from this system is analyzed by the International Data Centre (IDC). The IDC provides CTBT signatories basic seismic event parameters and a screening analysis indicating whether an event exhibits explosion characteristics (for example, shallow depth). An important component of the screening analysis is a statistical test of the the null hypothesis H0: Explosion Characteristics using empirical measurements of seismic energy (magnitudes). Relative to mb, earthquakes generally have a larger Ms magnitude than explosions. This paper proposes a hypothesis test (screening analysis) using Ms and mb that expressly accounts for physical correction model inadequacy in the standard error of the test statistic. With this hypothesis test formulation, the 2009 Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) announced nuclear weapon test fails to reject the null hypothesis H0: Explosion Characteristics., Published in the Proceedings of the 2011 Monitoring Research Review - Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies, 13-15 September 2011, Tucson, AZ. Volume I. Sponsored by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). U.S. Government or Federal Rights License.

By modeling synthetic Pn amplitudes in 2007, my colleagues and I proposed a Pn geometric-spreading model (Y2007) that takes into account the spherical shape of the Earth. In this study, we used a set of observed Pn amplitudes from the tectonically active regions of Asia to evaluate the performance of Y2007 and to develop new observation-based Pn spreading models. Even though Y2007 provides improved geometric-spreading correction of Pn amplitudes over the traditional power-law model, the corrected amplitudes exhibit undesirable decay-rate variations. To address this issue, we used a procedure to develop Pn spreading models based on observed data. We first correct the Pn amplitudes for attenuation using an average quality factor Q estimated from Y2007-corrected Pn amplitudes. We then develop a spreading model, which is a simplified version of Y2007, by fitting the corrected amplitudes. Compared with Y2007, the new spreading model significantly reduces amplitude variations, particularly at short distances. To more accurately model the complex data behavior, we also developed a segmented spreading model in which separate sets of model parameters are derived for amplitudes in different distance ranges. The spreading models developed in this study account for radially symmetric elastic and other effects, such as velocity gradient, forwarding scattering and potential depth-dependent attenuation variation, as well as geometric wavefront expansion and the spherical shape of the Earth. Using the new model for spreading correction results in better attenuation isolation and allows amplitudes in a broader distance range to be used in the accurate mapping of lateral attenuation variations. The method we employed in this study could be used as a general procedure to develop observation-based Pn spreading models for other regions., Published in the Proceedings of the 2011 Monitoring Research Review - Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies, 13-15 September 2011, Tucson, AZ. Volume I. Sponsored by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). U.S. Government or Federal Rights License

The natural space environment continues to surprise us. We recently witnessed the quietest solar minimum in the past 100 years, casting huge uncertainties on our expectations for approach to Solar Maximum. The overall space environment is made up of many related but independent parts. The Dynamic Radiation Environment Assimilation Model (DREAM) focuses on the spacecraft charging environment. DREAM-RB (Radiation Belt) covers the internal charging (penetrating radiation) environment and DREAM-RC (Ring Current) covers the external, surface charging environment. A third component of DREAM is an electron source model (ESM) that calculates the trapped electron environment produced by high altitude nuclear explosions (HANE). All three major components of DREAM have undergone accelerated development over the past 18 months and now comprise an integrated code system for real-time nowcasting, for retrospective analysis of events, and for assessing threats from nuclear scenarios. DREAM-ESM has many similarities to the legacy SNRTACS code system but was developed to give us a modern code architecture with well-understood physics that could be integrated into the full DREAM system. The core of that system is the radiation belt model that uses data assimilation from geosynchronous, GPS, and other radiation measuring platforms to provide a highly accurate nowcast of the penetrating electron environment. DREAM includes codes that implement spacecraft tracking using the space catalog to calculate the specific internal charging and dose rate conditions at a specific satellite of interest. Targeted applications include alerts/warnings, anomaly resolution for more reliable operations, and attack/anomaly assessment for space situational awareness. The DREAM system is written to be fully compliant with Service Oriented Architecture standards and even has an iDREAM Space Weather app for the publicly-available space weather services., Presented at AMOS, Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference, 12-16 Sep 2011, Maui, HI. Sponsored in part by AFRL. U.S. Government or Federal Rights License

The identification of a signature relating depth to a remotely recorded infrasound signal requires a dataset of earthquakes, recorded infrasonically, with well-constrained depths. Although the premise is simple, five significant complications arise: (1) Earthquakes can generate infrasound via a variety of processes, which have occasionally been confused in past studies due to the complexity of the process; (2) mining explosions are efficient infrasound generators and can be mistaken for earthquakes; (3) coherent noise on infrasound arrays can be confused with transient signals; (4) atmospheric path effects must be adequately accounted for; and (5) seismic estimates of depth trade-off with origin time without a measurement in the near-epicentral region. This study provides a comprehensive framework for addressing these limitations, building on a focused study of the Wells, Nevada earthquake sequence that was performed as part of the previous year of this research effort (Arrowsmith et al., 2009). Such an approach is necessary to robustly identify a depth signature within a signal that incorporates various source, path, and receiver effects. In addition, we outline a complementary seismo-acoustic modeling approach, also being explored as part of this study, which should provide insight into the physical basis of an infrasonic depth signature., Published in Proceedings of the 2010 Monitoring Research Review - Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies, 21-23 September 2010, Orlando, FL. Volume II. Sponsored by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). U.S. Government or Federal Rights License

Understanding the source properties responsible for infrasound generation is critical to developing a seismo-acoustic data discriminant to distinguish between near-surface explosions and earthquakes. The regional seismicity, complex topography, open-pit quarries, and subsurface mining in the Utah region create a unique setting for the study of near-field infrasound. The Utah network has been operating three permanent infrasound arrays collocated with seismic stations NOQ (2006), BGU (2007), and EPU (2007). Additionally, four new arrays were installed and collocated with existing seismic stations BRPU, FSUT, HWUT, and WMUT. This summer three additional arrays will be collocated at stations LCMT, PSUT, and RCJ. Each array consists of four infrasound sensors with an average spacing of 100 m, recording at 100 samples/s, and all data is telemetered to the University of Utah in near-real-time. This increased array coverage provides greater likelihood for independent locations of infrasound sources using crossing backazimuth estimates. The data from the arrays are being processed with InfraMonitor which generates lists of detections and catalogs of located infrasound sources. Once processing is complete, the detections will be used to correlate and model the infrasound generation by earthquakes utilizing preexisting earthquake scaling relations dependent on depth, magnitude, and mechanism. The observations made during this study will contribute to refining the source excitation model for infrasound., Published in Proceedings of the 2010 Monitoring Research Review - Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies, 21-23 September 2010, Orlando, FL. Volume II. Sponsored by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). U.S. Government or Federal Rights License

The ratio of 6-8 Hz P/S energy is a robust discriminant between earthquakes and explosions at regional distances. We have examined the P/S discriminant at regional and local distances for simultaneously-detonated chemical explosions conducted for the Non-Proliferation Experiment (NPE), Source Phenomenology Experiments in Arizona (SPE Black Mesa and Morenci), Alaska Frozen Rock Experiments (FRE Frozen and Unfrozen), the New England Damage Experiment (NEDE) and other datasets. The shots were conducted at various scaled depths of burial in lithologies ranging from granite to alluvium. Several of these datasets have delay-fired mining explosions detonated in close proximity to the dedicated shots for comparison. At regional distances, the discrimination analysis includes identifying and picking the onset times of the local and regional phases Pn, Pg, and Lg, making amplitude measurements in a variety of passbands, normalizing those measurements for the effects of source and path using the Magnitude and Distance Amplitude Correction (MDAC) methodology, and calculating P/S ratios for each event. We find that the MDAC-corrected SPE Black Mesa ratios fall in the middle of the nuclear explosion population at station KNB with very little variation due to the differing shot conditions. At local distances, we windowed the P- and S-waves based on travel times and particle motion. We then estimated smoothed spectra for the P- and S-waves and formed P/S spectral ratios. The signal quality and difficulty in picking the shear arrival varied between the data sets. The NEDE dataset had the best S-wave development, while other datasets were complicated by P-coda, small amplitude shear-wave generation, and additional arrivals that were not shear waves based on velocity and polarization analyses. Some of the variability in the P/S results could be related to error in the phase picking and analysis., Published in Proceedings of the 2010 Monitoring Research Review - Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies, 21-23 September 2010, Orlando, FL. Volume I. Sponsored by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). U.S. Government or Federal Rights License

This paper reports on research activities developed during the first year of this project. The main tasks accomplished and reported in this paper are: a) the development of new computational equation of state (EOS) for granite. One-dimensional calculations using this EOS captures the first principles physics of the near source region and identifies the critical material properties for cavity dynamics. Cavity dynamics are an important consideration for methods that are used to determine accurate estimates of yield under varying emplacement conditions; and b) the extension of the newly developed material models to the analysis of scaled depth of burial and free surface effects in a 2D heterogeneous structure. Efforts in this area are focused on a better understanding of the source stress-cage region as well as free surface Rayleigh and shear wave generation. A strong motion code for uniform source region structures was used to investigate the dependence of cavity dynamics and final radius on material properties (Young's modulus, shear modulus, gas porosity, overburden, etc.). The material model developed was obtained by taking the PILEDRIVER and the HARDHAT nuclear test events as the main design references. The following aspects of the problem were identified as the driving points when developing the material model: velocity profiles at given stations (near field), source modeling alternatives (iron pill vs. ideal gas vs. Hydses/SESAME), energy partition after the shot, peak velocity and peak displacement attenuation profiles and cavity size as a function of the depth of burial. Previous attempts made with existing material models failed to comply with one or more of the main aspects of the problem. Because of this, a Tillotson type of equation of state with an improved handling of the porosity evolution (crushing and bulking) was implemented, along with a constant yield surface strength model., Published in Proceedings of the 2010 Monitoring Research Review - Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies, 21-23 September 2010, Orlando, FL. Volume I. Sponsored by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). U.S. Government or Federal Rights License

The U. S. capability to monitor foreign underground nuclear test activities relies heavily on measurement of explosion phenomena, including characteristic seismic, infrasound, radionuclide, and acoustic signals. Despite recent advances in each of these fields, empirical, rather than physics-based, approaches are used to predict and explain observations. Seismologists rely on prior knowledge of the variations of teleseismic and regional seismic parameters such as p- and s-wave arrivals from simple one-dimensional models for the teleseismic case to somewhat more complicated enhanced two-dimensional models for the regional case. Likewise, radionuclide experts rely on empirical results from a handful of limited experiments to determine the radiological source terms present at the surface after an underground test. To make the next step in the advancement of the science of monitoring we need to transform these fields to enable predictive, physics-based modeling and analysis., Published in Proceedings of the 2010 Monitoring Research Review - Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies, 21-23 September 2010, Orlando, FL. Volume I. Sponsored by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). U.S. Government or Federal Rights License

We have begun a major research effort consisting of a combination of seismic field deployments, historical seismic data retrieval, and seismic data analysis to further improve the calibration of northern Asia for nuclear explosion monitoring purposes. This project builds off previous work, and is a cooperative effort between Michigan State University (MSU), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and several seismic networks in Russia and Japan. The geographic scope of this project covers Russia from the Urals to the Bering Strait and from the Arctic Ocean to the North Korean border. We are expanding our unique data set on earthquakes and nuclear and industrial explosions. Combining historic datasets with data from approximately 50 existing Russian and MSU/Russian and Japanese/Russian digital seismic stations, new deployments, and geologic information, we will substantially increase ground truth data and our understanding of the seismicity, velocity structure, explosion discrimination, and wave propagation characteristics in northern Asia. Our work will further improve location and detection and discrimination capabilities, crustal and upper mantle structure, wave propagation, and natural seismic source characteristics of northern Asia. Our initial work on this project covers several aspects. * Updated our seismicity map and seismic database for eastern Russia through 2009. This update has added many thousands of events with associated bulletin information (phase arrival times, amplitude measurements, etc.). We are extending the map to cover the Altai-Sayan network. * Targeted research on active faulting in the Nera Basin and the Moma Range by combining hypocenter locations, satellite and field analysis of fault scarps, and geomorphological analysis of geologic structures and river drainage. * Continued our efforts to digitize and analyze historic seismograms from Soviet Peaceful Nuclear Explosions (PNEs)., Published in Proceedings of the 2010 Monitoring Research Review - Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies, 21-23 September 2010, Orlando, FL. Volume I. Sponsored by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). U.S. Government or Federal Rights License

The objective of this project is to identify and apply seismic event discriminants that will reliably separate small crustal earthquakes (magnitudes less than about 4 and depths less than about 40 to 50 km) from small, deep earthquakes (depths between about 50 and 300 km). These deep earthquakes are known to occur in the Asia-India continental collision zone, mostly north of the Indian subcontinent, including far western China. Not only are the depths of these subcrustal earthquakes difficult to reliably estimate using conventional arrival time location methods (when event-station distances are large), but they can also appear with explosion-like characteristics on discrimination plots designed to separate nuclear explosions from crustal earthquakes. Thus, reliably flagging these small, deep events is critical in improving discrimination performance, because deep earthquakes can immediately be removed from further event identification analyses. Further, reliably identifying subcrustal earthquakes will allow us to eliminate deep events (previously misidentified as crustal earthquakes) from research datasets, thereby refining event identification parameters for the Magnitude and Distance Amplitude Correction (MDAC) process and ultimately leading to more robust capabilities for separating small, crustal earthquakes from explosions. Our research approach involves 4 primary steps: (1) assemble a control data set of waveforms from reliably located, mostly larger earthquakes (both crustal and deep events) from the Hindu Kush region, (2) measure body-wave and coda-wave amplitudes of the control earthquakes, (3) experiment with amplitude ratios and other measurements as discriminants for separating crustal and deep events, and (4) apply the discriminants to a data set of small Hindu Kush earthquakes and assess discrimination performance., Published in Proceedings of the 2010 Monitoring Research Review - Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies, 21-23 September 2010, Orlando, FL. Volume I. Sponsored by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). U.S. Government or Federal Rights License

To meet the United States Government nuclear explosion monitoring requirements with high confidence, the Air Force Technical Applications Center needs new and improved capabilities for analyzing regional seismic teleseismic, and infrasound event data. Recently, the National Nuclear Security Administration has decided to investigate three-dimensional (3D) modeling in an effort to further improve knowledge of the compressional and shear-velocity structure as well as reduce uncertainty and more accurately detect, locate, and identify small (body wave magnitude mb4) seismic events. For seismically active areas, inaccurate models can be corrected using the kriging methodology; therefore, it is possible to detect, locate, and identify large events even with limited resolution models. This is not necessarily the case for smaller events, however, and it is even more of a challenge for aseismic regions. On the other hand, improving near-regional to local monitoring demands that we address the Earth's heterogeneities and 3D complexities. Motivated by the shortcomings of existing single-parameter inversion methods in accurate prediction of other geophysical parameters, this research was mainly focused during its first year on the development of advanced multivariate inversion techniques to generate a realistic, comprehensive, and high-resolution 3D model of the seismic structure of the crust and upper mantle that satisfies multiple independent geophysical datasets. During its second year, we have focused on the efficient implementation of the newly developed technique. Application to different areas around the globe with different sets of observations allows us to study sensitivities, trade-offs, and possible improvements of the methodology. We present 3D seismic velocity models of the crust and upper mantle beneath several regions, resulting from the simultaneous and joint use of seismic body-wave arrival times surface-wave dispersion measurements, and gravity data., Published in Proceedings of the 2010 Monitoring Research Review - Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies, 21-23 September 2010, Orlando, FL. Volume I. Sponsored by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). U.S. Government or Federal Rights License