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3 results on '"LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES DIVISION LOS ALAMOS USA"'

1. The homogeneous response of tree architecture to climate in various biomes: consequences for forest adaptation to climate change

Author

Vennetier, M., Girard, F., Buissard, F., Caraglio, Yves, Sabatier, S.A., Guibal, F., Munson, A., Delagrange, Sylvain, Bautista, S., Turrion, D., Adams, H.D., Briggs, S., Cobb, N., Golden, E., Redmond, M., Normandin, D.P., Volin, N., Gehres, N., Boutz, A., Allen, C.D., Boer, M., Sarris, D., Riegling, A., Trumer, D., Feichtinger, L., Schaub, M., Gessler, Arthur, Du Toit, D., Kunneke, A., Bentouati, A., Alatou, D., Chaima, C., Thabeet, A., Risques, Ecosystèmes, Vulnérabilité, Environnement, Résilience (RECOVER), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Université de Montréal (UdeM), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval), UNIVERSITE DU QUEBEC CAN, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), UNIVERSITY OF ALICANTE ESP, LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES DIVISION LOS ALAMOS USA, NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY USA, COLORADO UNIVERSITY USA, UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO USA, UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY USA, Western Sydney University, OPEN UNIVERSITY OF CYPRUS CYP, Swiss Federal Research Institute, AWARD ZAF, UNIVERSITE DE BATNA DZA, UNIVERSITE DE CONSTANTINE DZA, University of Aleppo [Aleppo], Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)

Subjects
MODÉLISATION, CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE, ARCHITECTURE DES ARBRES, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, CROISSANCE, SÉCHERESSE
Abstract

[Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]SEDYVIN [ADD1_IRSTEA]Dynamique et fonctionnement des écosystèmes; International audience; Des forêts semi-arides aux forêts boréales, en passant par les biomes méditerranéens, tempérés, et montagnards, 19 équipes ont étudié la plasticité du développement architectural de 18 espèces d'arbres soumis à des variations et stress climatiques dans 8 pays sur 3 continents. L'analyse porte sur la croissance des branches, leur ramification, le nombre et la taille des feuilles, la reproduction qui interfère avec ce développement et la phénologie qui en est l'un des moteurs. Le tout dans le milieu naturel, suivant de larges gradients d'altitude et de latitude, et dans des expérimentations contrôlant le climat (température, exclusion de pluie, irrigation). De façon très homogène, tous les arbres étudiés quel que soit le milieu réagissent aux stress en réduisant leur taux de ramification et le nombre de feuilles, en réduisant la taille des feuilles si la contrainte est hydrique et en modifiant leur stratégie reproductive. Nous montrons que l'adaptation de la surface foliaire à la ressource en eau est largement pilotée par la branchaison. L'inertie architecturale restreint l'adaptation foliaire et tamponne la production de biomasse longtemps après un stress fort ou répété. Le changement climatique modifie la phénologie de ces arbres, ajoutant des contraintes à leur développement. La modélisation du développement architectural des arbres dans ses relations au climat est une avancée significative pour comprendre leur capacité d'adaptation au changement climatique et les risques qui en découlent pour la production forestière.

Published
2017

2. A multi-species synthesis of physiological mechanisms in drought-induced tree mortality

Author

David D. Breshears, Patrick J. Hudson, Greg A. Barron-Gafford, Chonggang Xu, Melanie J. B. Zeppel, Simon M. Landhäusser, Alison K. Macalady, David A. Galvez, Arthur Gessler, Danielle A. Way, Maurizio Mencuccini, Uwe G. Hacke, Sanna Sevanto, Enrico A. Yepez, William T. Pockman, Rodrigo Hakamada, Leander D. L. Anderegg, Matthew J. Germino, Timothy J. Brodribb, Michael G. Ryan, Joe Quirk, Andy Hector, Lucía Galiano, James D. Lewis, Frida I. Piper, Travis E. Huxman, David M. Love, Henry D. Adams, Jennifer A. Plaut, David J. Beerling, Nate G. McDowell, Jean-Marc Limousin, Francesco Ripullone, Harald Bugmann, Trenton E. Franz, Brent E. Ewers, William R. L. Anderegg, J. D. Muss, Jeffrey M. Kane, Rodrigo Vargas, David T. Tissue, Michael W. Jenkins, Keith Reinhardt, Michael O'Brien, Richard Cobb, Thomas Kolb, Michel Vennetier, Monica L. Gaylord, Elizabeth A. Pinkard, Jordi Martínez-Vilalta, Núria Garcia-Forner, Anna Sala, Craig D. Allen, Darin J. Law, Patrick J. Mitchell, Robert E. Pangle, Henrik Hartmann, Honglang Duan, Adam D. Collins, Anthony P. O'Grady, L. Turin Dickman, John S. Sperry, DEPARTMENT OF PLANT BIOLOGY ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY STILLWATER USA, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE SYDNEY AUS, UNIVERSITY OF UTAH SALT LAKE CITY USA, MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JENA DEU, University of Alberta, Western Sydney University, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA IRVINE USA, UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO ALBUQUERQUE USA, UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA LINCOLN USA, U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY NEW MEXICO LANDSCAPES FIELD STATION LOS ALAMOS USA, UNIVERSITY OF WAHINGTON SEATTLE USA, University of Arizona, UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD GBR, UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA SCHOOL OF BIOLOGY HOBART AUS, ETH ZURICH CHE, University of California [Davis] (UC Davis), University of California (UC), LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES DIVISION LOS ALAMOS USA, INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY NANCHANG CHN, UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING LARAMIE USA, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), UNIVERSITY OF COIMBRA PRT, NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY FLAGSTAFF USA, U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FOREST AND RANGELAND ECOSYSTEM SCIENCE CENTER BOISE USA, Swiss Federal Research Institute, UNIVERSIDADE DE SAO PAULO PIRACICABA BRA, UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD GBR, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ USA, HUMBOLDT STATE UNIVERSITY ARCATA USA, LOUIS CALDER CENTER FORDHAM UNIVERSITY ARMONK USA, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT WASHINGTON USA, CREAF ESP, CSIRO HOBART AUS, ESTACIÓN EXPERIMENTAL DE ZONAS ÁRIDAS ALMERÍA ESP, CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN ECOSISTEMAS DE LA PATAGONIA COYHAIQUE CHILE, IDAHO STATE UNIVERSITY POCATELLO USA, UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI BASILICATA POTENZA ITA, COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY FORT COLLINS USA, UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA MISSOULA USA, UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE NEWARK USA, Risques, Ecosystèmes, Vulnérabilité, Environnement, Résilience (RECOVER), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), DUKE UNIVERSITY NICOLAS SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT DURHAM USA, PACIFIC NORTHWEST NATIONAL LABORATORY RICHLAND USA, UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA DEPARTMENT OF RENEWABLE RESOURCES EDMONTON CAN, UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA TUCSON USA, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS USA, and Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, TREE MORTALITY, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate Change, Biome, Population Dynamics, Climate change, Biology, 01 natural sciences, CARBON STARVATION, Trees, Magnoliopsida, Hydraulic conductivity, Xylem, Stress, Physiological, NON STRUCTURAL CARBOHYDRATES, DROUGHT, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Ecology, HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY, fungi, food and beverages, Global change, Plant Transpiration, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, XILEMA, Carbon, Droughts, Plant ecology, Tree (data structure), Cycadopsida, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, HYDRAULIC FAILURE, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

[Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]SEDYVIN; International audience; Widespread tree mortality associated with drought has been observed on all forested continents and global change is expected to exacerbate vegetation vulnerability. Forest mortality has implications for future biosphere–atmosphere interactions of carbon, water and energy balance, and is poorly represented in dynamic vegetation models. Reducing uncertainty requires improved mortality projections founded on robust physiological processes. However, the proposed mechanisms of drought-induced mortality, including hydraulic failure and carbon starvation, are unresolved. A growing number of empirical studies have investigated these mechanisms, but data have not been consistently analysed across species and biomes using a standardized physiological framework. Here, we show that xylem hydraulic failure was ubiquitous across multiple tree taxa at drought-induced mortality. All species assessed had 60% or higher loss of xylem hydraulic conductivity, consistent with proposed theoretical and modelled survival thresholds. We found diverse responses in non-structural carbohydrate reserves at mortality, indicating that evidence supporting carbon starvation was not universal. Reduced non-structural carbohydrates were more common for gymnosperms than angiosperms, associated with xylem hydraulic vulnerability, and may have a role in reducing hydraulic function. Our finding that hydraulic failure at drought-induced mortality was persistent across species indicates that substantial improvement in vegetation modelling can be achieved using thresholds in hydraulic function

Published
2017
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3. Impact du changement climatique et des événements extrêmes sur l'architecture des arbres : implication sur les dépérissements de forêts

Author

Vennetier, M., Buissart, F., Girard, F., Thabeet, A., Ouarmim, S., Caraglio, Yves, Sabatier, Sylvie-Annabel, Taugourdeau, Olivier, Cailleret, Maxime, Turrion, D., Bautista, S., Adams, H.D., Briggs, S., Normandin, D.P., Cobb, N., Golden, E.S., Volin, N., Redmond, M., Gehres, N., Boutz, A., Allen, C.D., Delagrange, Sylvain, Munson, A., Boer, M., Irstea Publications, Migration, Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Ecosystèmes continentaux et risques environnementaux (ECCOREV), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montréal (UdeM), University of Aleppo [Aleppo], UNIVERSITE DU QUEBEC EN ABITIBI TEMISCAMINGUE CAN, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY IMEM UNIVERSITY OF ALICANTE ESP, LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES DIVISION LOS ALAMOS USA, NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY USA, COLORADO UNIVERSITY USA, UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO USA, UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY USA, UNIVERSITE DU QUEBEC RIPON CAN, Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval), Western Sydney University, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)

Subjects
TREE ARCHITECTURE, [SDE] Environmental Sciences, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, CLIMATE CHANGE, FOREST DECLINE, LEAF AREA, FOREST DIE-BACK, CLIMATE EXTREME EVENTS
Abstract

[Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]SEDYVIN; International audience; Global climate models agree in predicting a warmer climate on most continental areas, with more frequent extreme events such as heat waves and repeated or exceptional droughts. By increasing drought stress, global warming is a direct threat to forest health and survival in all types of forest ecosystems around the world. Two physiological mechanisms can be involved, separately or simultaneously, in tree decline or mortality during these stressing events: hydraulic failure and carbon starvation. Study goals: We present a study performed as an international effort to understand the influence of climate change and extreme events on the architectural development of forest trees, mainly conifers, in several countries. We discuss its potential contribution to forest decline and die-back. Fourteen conifers and one broadleaved species from Europe, USA and Canada were studied with the same protocol. In 47 sites as a whole, nearly 11000 twigs, from 2300 branches of 470 trees were sampled between 2005 and 2014, some of them repeatedly every year or few years. Branch and trunk length growth, architectural development (branching and polycyclism rates) and reproduction were retrospectively measured from morphological markers over a period of 10 to 45 years according to species. Needle or leaf number per growth unit, size and life span were measured on a subsample of twigs. Study sites include four experimental designs with climate manipulation in controlled conditions: rain exclusion, irrigation or heating and combinations of heat and drought on one of them. A phenological survey was performed on three of them to monitor monthly tree architectural development. Study sites cover conditions going from the limit of the desert to the tree line in mountains. We developed a generic architectural model for conifer trunks or branches, based on the relationships between climate and all measured parameters of tree architecture and needles. It aims at simulating the immediate consequences and after-effects of climate stresses on tree architecture and leaf area, for 10-year periods. In both Europe and Northern America, repeated or extreme droughts, heat waves and other stresses considerably reduced tree and branch vigour for all species at all sites, leading to reduced branch length and tree height growth, low polycyclism and branching rates, shorter and narrower than normal needles or leaves, and small number of needles or leaves per growth unit. A strong reduction of the life span of leaves and needles for evergreen species was also measured. Thus a significant leaf area deficit was observed and modelled during or just after but also several years after severe stresses. Two mechanisms explained the long lasting legacies of these stresses: (i) the slow recovery of the number of active twigs, due to the twig deficit induced by a low branching rate during and after the stress, limiting the number of leaves and needles, and (ii) the persistence, for many years on some species, of the cohorts of small leaves and needles formed in the bad years. The long lasting reduction of tree leaf area may contribute to carbon shortage and, in extreme cases, to delayed die-off by carbon starvation.

Published
2015

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