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We introduce Pixtral-12B, a 12--billion-parameter multimodal language model. Pixtral-12B is trained to understand both natural images and documents, achieving leading performance on various multimodal benchmarks, surpassing a number of larger models. Unlike many open-source models, Pixtral is also a cutting-edge text model for its size, and does not compromise on natural language performance to excel in multimodal tasks. Pixtral uses a new vision encoder trained from scratch, which allows it to ingest images at their natural resolution and aspect ratio. This gives users flexibility on the number of tokens used to process an image. Pixtral is also able to process any number of images in its long context window of 128K tokens. Pixtral 12B substanially outperforms other open models of similar sizes (Llama-3.2 11B \& Qwen-2-VL 7B). It also outperforms much larger open models like Llama-3.2 90B while being 7x smaller. We further contribute an open-source benchmark, MM-MT-Bench, for evaluating vision-language models in practical scenarios, and provide detailed analysis and code for standardized evaluation protocols for multimodal LLMs. Pixtral-12B is released under Apache 2.0 license.

The Phase-Space approach (PSA), which was originally introduced in [Lacroix et al., Phys. Rev. D 106, 123006 (2022)] to describe neutrino flavor oscillations for interacting neutrinos emitted from stellar objects is extended to describe arbitrary numbers of neutrino beams. The PSA is based on mapping the quantum fluctuations into a statistical treatment by sampling initial conditions followed by independent mean-field evolution. A new method is proposed to perform this sampling that allows treating an arbitrary number of neutrinos in each neutrino beam. We validate the technique successfully and confirm its predictive power on several examples where a reference exact calculation is possible. We show that it can describe many-body effects, such as entanglement and dissipation induced by the interaction between neutrinos. Due to the complexity of the problem, exact solutions can only be calculated for rather limited cases, with a limited number of beams and/or neutrinos in each beam. The PSA approach considerably reduces the numerical cost and provides an efficient technique to accurately simulate arbitrary numbers of beams. Examples of PSA results are given here, including up to 200 beams with time-independent or time-dependent Hamiltonian. We anticipate that this approach will be useful to bridge exact microscopic techniques with more traditional transport theories used in neutrino oscillations. It will also provide important reference calculations for future quantum computer applications where other techniques are not applicable to classical computers.

We present photometric and spectroscopic observations of SN2020xga and SN2022xgc, two hydrogen-poor superluminous supernovae (SLSNe-I) at $z = 0.4296$ and $z = 0.3103$ respectively, that show an additional set of broad Mg II absorption lines, blueshifted by a few thousand km s$^{-1}$ with respect to the host galaxy absorption system. Previous work interpreted this as due to resonance line scattering of the SLSN continuum by rapidly expanding CSM expelled shortly before the explosion. The peak rest-frame $g$-band magnitude of SN2020xga is $-22.30 \pm 0.04$ mag and of SN2022xgc is $-21.97 \pm 0.05$ mag, placing them among the brightest SLSNe-I. We use high-quality spectra from ultraviolet to near-infrared wavelengths to model the Mg II line profiles and infer the properties of the CSM shells. We find that the CSM shell of SN2020xga resides at $\sim 1.3 \times 10^{16} \rm cm$ moving with a maximum velocity of $4275~\rm km~s^{-1}$, and the shell of SN2022xgc is located at $\sim 0.8 \times 10^{16} \rm cm$ reaching up to $4400~\rm km~s^{-1}$. These shells were expelled $\sim 11$ and $\sim 5$ months before explosion for SN2020xga and SN2022xgc respectively, possibly as a result of Luminous Blue Variable-like eruptions or pulsational pair instability (PPI) mass loss. We also analyze optical photometric data and model the light curves considering powering from the magnetar spin-down mechanism. The results support very energetic magnetars, approaching the mass-shedding limit, powering these SNe with ejecta masses of $\sim 7-9 \rm~M_\odot$. The ejecta masses inferred from the magnetar modeling are not consistent with the PPI scenario pointing towards stars $> 50~\rm M_\odot$ He-core, hence alternative scenarios such as fallback accretion are discussed., Comment: 25 pages text, 8 pages appendix, 21 figures. Submitted to A&A

Being able to study the dynamics of quantum systems interacting with several environments is important in many settings ranging from quantum chemistry to quantum thermodynamics, through out-of-equilibrium systems. For such problems tensor network-based methods are state-of-the-art approaches to perform numerically exact simulations. However, to be used efficiently in this multi-environment non-perturbative context, these methods require a clever choice of the topology of the wave-function Ans\"atze. This is often done by analysing cross-correlations between different system and environment degrees of freedom. We show for canonical model Hamiltonians that simple orderings of bosonic environmental modes, which enable to write the joint {System + Environments} state as a matrix product state, reduce considerably the bond dimension required for convergence. These results suggest that complex correlation analyses in order to tweak tensor networks topology (e.g. entanglement renormalization) are usually not necessary and that tree tensor network states are sub-optimal compared to simple matrix product states in several applications., Comment: All comments welcome. 11 pages and 9 figures

The ADAPT-VQE approach is used to solve the neutron-proton pairing problem in atomic nuclei. This variational approach is considered today as one of the most powerful methods to iteratively find the ground state of a many-body problem, provided a performing set of operators, called the pool of operators, is used to explore the Hilbert space of many-body wave-functions. Three different pools of operators, which might eventually break one or several symmetries of the Hamiltonian during the descent to the ground state, are tested for the neutron-proton pairing problem. We observe that the breaking of some symmetries during the optimization of the trial wave-function might, in general, help to speed up the convergence towards the ground state. Still, we rejected the pool of operators that might explicitly break the total particle number because they become uncontrollable during the optimization process. Overall, we observed that the iterative optimization process rapidly becomes a delicate problem when the number of parameters to build the ansatz increases, and the energy might get stuck at energies higher than the ground state energy. To improve the convergence in this case, several techniques have been proposed, with some better controlling the symmetries during the energy minimization. Among the proposed methods, two have proven effective: one based on an embedding technique and the other on a randomized preparation of the initial state. We conclude that the ADAPT-VQE, complemented by these techniques, can provide a very accurate description of the neutron-proton pairing problem, and can outperform other standardly used techniques that break the particle number symmetry and restore afterwards.

As robots become increasingly integrated into our daily lives, the need to make them transparent has never been more critical. Yet, despite its importance in human-robot interaction, a standardized measure of robot transparency has been missing until now. This paper addresses this gap by presenting the first comprehensive scale to measure perceived transparency in robotic systems, available in English, German, and Italian languages. Our approach conceptualizes transparency as a multidimensional construct, encompassing explainability, legibility, predictability, and meta-understanding. The proposed scale was a product of a rigorous three-stage process involving 1,223 participants. Firstly, we generated the items of our scale, secondly, we conducted an exploratory factor analysis, and thirdly, a confirmatory factor analysis served to validate the factor structure of the newly developed TOROS scale. The final scale encompasses 26 items and comprises three factors: Illegibility, Explainability, and Predictability. TOROS demonstrates high cross-linguistic reliability, inter-factor correlation, model fit, internal consistency, and convergent validity across the three cross-national samples. This empirically validated tool enables the assessment of robot transparency and contributes to the theoretical understanding of this complex construct. By offering a standardized measure, we facilitate consistent and comparable research in human-robot interaction in which TOROS can serve as a benchmark.

Quantum error correction provides a path to reach practical quantum computing by combining multiple physical qubits into a logical qubit, where the logical error rate is suppressed exponentially as more qubits are added. However, this exponential suppression only occurs if the physical error rate is below a critical threshold. In this work, we present two surface code memories operating below this threshold: a distance-7 code and a distance-5 code integrated with a real-time decoder. The logical error rate of our larger quantum memory is suppressed by a factor of $\Lambda$ = 2.14 $\pm$ 0.02 when increasing the code distance by two, culminating in a 101-qubit distance-7 code with 0.143% $\pm$ 0.003% error per cycle of error correction. This logical memory is also beyond break-even, exceeding its best physical qubit's lifetime by a factor of 2.4 $\pm$ 0.3. We maintain below-threshold performance when decoding in real time, achieving an average decoder latency of 63 $\mu$s at distance-5 up to a million cycles, with a cycle time of 1.1 $\mu$s. To probe the limits of our error-correction performance, we run repetition codes up to distance-29 and find that logical performance is limited by rare correlated error events occurring approximately once every hour, or 3 $\times$ 10$^9$ cycles. Our results present device performance that, if scaled, could realize the operational requirements of large scale fault-tolerant quantum algorithms., Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, Supplementary Information

In this study, we employ molecular simulations to investigate the enhancement in thermal conductance at the solid/liquid interface in the presence of a meniscus reported previously (Klochko et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 25(4):3298-3308, 2023). We vary the solid/liquid interaction strength at Lennard-Jones interfaces for both confined liquid and meniscus systems, finding that the presence of a meniscus yields an enhancement in the interfacial thermal conductance across all wettabilities. However, the magnitude of the enhancement is found to depend on the surface wettability, initially rising monotonously for low to moderate wettabilities, followed by a sharp rise between moderate and high wettabilities. The spectral decomposition of heat flux formalism was applied to understand the nature of this phenomenon further. By computing the in-plane and out-of-plane components of the heat fluxes within both the interfacial solid and liquid, we show that the initial monotonous rise in conductance enhancement predominantly stems from a rise in the coupling of out-of-plane vibrations within both the solid and the liquid. In contrast, the subsequent sharp rise at more wetting interfaces is linked to sharp increases in the utilization of the in-plane modes of the solid and liquid. These observations result from the interplay between the solid/liquid adhesive forces and the liquid/vapor interfacial tension. Our results can aid engineers in optimizing thermal transport at realistic interfaces, which is critical to designing effective cooling solutions for electronics, among other applications.

The dominant contribution to the energy relaxation of state-of-the-art superconducting qubits is often attributed to their coupling to an ensemble of material defects which behave as two-level systems. These defects have varying microscopic characteristics which result in a large range of observable defect properties such as resonant frequencies, coherence times and coupling rates to qubits $g$. Here, we investigate strategies to mitigate losses to the family of defects that strongly couple to qubits ($g/2\pi\ge$ 0.5 MHz). Such strongly coupled defects are particularly detrimental to the coherence of qubits and to the fidelities of operations relying on frequency excursions, such as flux-activated two-qubit gates. To assess their impact, we perform swap spectroscopy on 92 frequency-tunable qubits and quantify the spectral density of these strongly coupled modes. We show that the frequency configuration of the defects is rearranged by warming up the sample to room temperature, whereas the total number of defects on a processor tends to remain constant. We then explore methods for fabricating qubits with a reduced number of strongly coupled defect modes by systematically measuring their spectral density for decreasing Josephson junction dimensions and for various surface cleaning methods. Our results provide insights into the properties of strongly coupled defect modes and show the benefits of minimizing Josephson junction dimensions to improve qubit properties.

Layered Nickelates have gained intensive attention as potential high-temperature superconductors, showing similarities and subtle differences to well-known Cuprates. This study introduces a modelling framework to analyze the tunability of electronic structures by focusing on effective orbitals and additional Fermi pockets, mimicking doping or external pressure qualitatively. It investigates the role of the $3d_{z^2}$ orbital in interlayer hybridization, which leads to the formation of a second pocket in the Fermi surface. The resulting effective model also predicts specific charge and spin susceptibility in the form of Lindhard susceptibility at wave vector $\mathbf{q_{0}} = (\pi, \pi)$, which can be tuned by doping or pressure. These results provide valuable insights into tunable orbital contributions and their influence on potential ordering and electronic instabilities in Layered Nickelates.

Generalised quantifiers, which include Henkin's branching quantifiers, have been introduced by Mostowski and Lindstr\"om and developed as a substantial topic application of logic, especially model theory, to linguistics with work by Barwise, Cooper, Keenan. In this paper, we mainly study the proof theory of some non-standard quantifiers as second order formulae . Our first example is the usual pair of first order quantifiers (for all / there exists) when individuals are viewed as individual concepts handled by second order deductive rules. Our second example is the study of a second order translation of the simplest branching quantifier: ``A member of each team and a member of each board of directors know each other", for which we propose a second order treatment.

The properties of helium-filled nanopores in amorphous silicon are elucidated by combining theoretical knowledge of helium electronic structure with the results of Scanning Transmission electron microscopy/electron energy loss spectroscopy (STEM/EELS). Two of the properties determined are the density and pressure of the confined helium, these being key properties which are needed for application. The experimental data consists, firstly of the shift of the helium 1s^2-> 1s2p(^1P) excitation energy from that of a free atom upon entering a condensed phase, and secondly, the intensities of both the elastically and inelastically scattered electron beams. Analysis uniting theory with the STEM/EELS measurements for both the helium-filled pores and earlier similar studies of helium encapsulated as bubbles in solid silicon is combined with fully trustworthy and closely related data for helium in its bulk condensed phases. The non-empirical theory used, containing no free parameters, is validated by the excellent agreement between the energy shifts predicted for bulk condensed helium with the entirely independently measured values. The above comparisons between the pores and bubbles with the bulk material show that the helium behaviour is essentially the same in all three of these environments. This means that, although the pressure is clearly temperature dependent, the other important properties are governed solely by the helium density. Although the energy of the electron beam used for the pore measurements differs from that in the bubble experiments, it is shown that scaling the results of either the pore or bubbles results using standard scattering theory almost exactly reproduces the experimental results for the other system. This provides confirmatory evidence that the behaviour of the helium in the pores is essentially the same as that in the bubbles.

The unprecedented statistics of detected Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) brought by the Zwicky Transient Facility enables us to probe the impact of the Large-Scale Structure on the properties of these objects. The goal of this paper is to explore the possible impact of the under-dense part of the large-scale structure on the intrinsic SALT2 light curve properties of SNe Ia and uncover possible biases in SN Ia analyses. With a volume-limited selection of ZTF-Cosmo-DR2 Type Ia supernovae overlapping with the SDSS-DR7 survey footprint, we investigate the distribution of their properties with regard to voids detected in the SDSS-DR7 galaxy sample. We further use Voronoi volumes as proxy for local density environments within the large-scale structure. We find a moderate dependency of the stretch toward the localisation around the void centre and none when considering colour. The local Voronoi volumes mostly affect the fraction of low/high stretch supernovae. With the current statistics available, we consider that the impact of high or low local density environment can be considered as a proxy for the colour of the host galaxy. Under-dense environments should not cause any biases in supernova analyses., Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures. Submitted to A&A

Multimodal Large Language Models (mLLMs) are trained on a large amount of text-image data. While most mLLMs are trained on caption-like data only, Alayrac et al. [2022] showed that additionally training them on interleaved sequences of text and images can lead to the emergence of in-context learning capabilities. However, the dataset they used, M3W, is not public and is only in English. There have been attempts to reproduce their results but the released datasets are English-only. In contrast, current multilingual and multimodal datasets are either composed of caption-like only or medium-scale or fully private data. This limits mLLM research for the 7,000 other languages spoken in the world. We therefore introduce mOSCAR, to the best of our knowledge the first large-scale multilingual and multimodal document corpus crawled from the web. It covers 163 languages, 315M documents, 214B tokens and 1.2B images. We carefully conduct a set of filtering and evaluation steps to make sure mOSCAR is sufficiently safe, diverse and of good quality. We additionally train two types of multilingual model to prove the benefits of mOSCAR: (1) a model trained on a subset of mOSCAR and captioning data and (2) a model train on captioning data only. The model additionally trained on mOSCAR shows a strong boost in few-shot learning performance across various multilingual image-text tasks and benchmarks, confirming previous findings for English-only mLLMs., Comment: Preprint. Under review

The MPSDynamics.jl package provides an easy to use interface for performing open quantum systems simulations at zero and finite temperatures. The package has been developed with the aim of studying non-Markovian open system dynamics using the state-of-the-art numerically exact Thermalized-Time Evolving Density operator with Orthonormal Polynomials Algorithm (T-TEDOPA) based on environment chain mapping. The simulations rely on a tensor network representation of the quantum states as matrix product states (MPS) and tree tensor network (TTN) states. Written in the Julia programming language, MPSDynamics.jl is a versatile open-source package providing a choice of several variants of the Time-Dependent Variational Principle (TDVP) method for time evolution (including novel bond-adaptive one-site algorithms). The package also provides strong support for the measurement of single and multi-site observables, as well as the storing and logging of data, which makes it a useful tool for the study of many-body physics. It currently handles long-range interactions, time-dependent Hamiltonians, multiple environments, bosonic and fermionic environments, and joint system-environment observables., Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures

Type Ia supernova (SNIa) are excellent probes of local distance, and the increasing sample sizes of SNIa have driven an increased need to study the associated systematic uncertainties and improve the standardisation methods in preparation for the next generation of cosmological surveys into the dark energy equation-of-state $w$. We aim to probe the potential change in the SNIa standardisation parameter $c$ with redshift and the host-galaxy of the supernova. Improving the standardisation of SNIa brightnesses will require accounting for the relationship between the host and the SNIa, and potential shifts in the SNIa standardisation parameters with redshift will cause biases in the recovered cosmology. Here, we assemble a volume-limited sample of ~3000 likely SNIa across a redshift range of $z = 0.015$ to $z = 0.36$. This sample is fitted with changing mass and redshift bins to determine the relationship between intrinsic properties of SNe Ia and their redshift and host galaxy parameters. We then investigate the colour-luminosity parameter $\beta$ as a further test of the SNIa standardisation process. We find that the changing colour distribution of SNe Ia with redshift is driven by dust at a confidence of $>4\sigma$. Additionally, we show a strong correlation between the host galaxy mass and the colour-luminosity coefficient $\beta$ ($> 4\sigma$), even when accounting for the quantity of dust in a host galaxy.

As Type Ia supernova cosmology transitions from a statistics dominated to a systematics dominated era, it is crucial to understand leftover unexplained uncertainties affecting their luminosity, such as the ones stemming from astrophysical biases. Indeed, SNe Ia are standardisable candles, whose absolute magnitude reach a 0.15~mag scatter once empirical correlations with their lightcurve stretch and colour and with their environment are accounted for. In this paper, we investigate how the standardisation process of SNe Ia depends on environment, to ultimately reduce their scatter in magnitude, focusing on colour standardisation. We use the volume-limited ZTF SN Ia DR2 sample, which offers unprecedented statistics for the low redshift ($z<0.06$) range. We first study the colour distribution, focusing on the effects of dust, to then select a dustless subsample of objects from low stellar mass environments and from the outskirts of their host galaxies. We then look at the colour-residuals relation and its associated parameter $\beta$. Finally, we investigate the colour dependency of the environment-dependent magnitude offsets (steps), to try to disentangle intrinsic and extrinsic colour origin. Our sample probes well the red tail of the colour distribution, up to $c=0.8$. The dustless sample exhibits a significantly lower red tail ($4.6\sigma$) in comparison to the whole sample. This suggests that reddening above $c\geq0.2$ is dominated by host interstellar dust absorption. Looking at the colour-residuals relation, we find it to be linear with lightcurve colour. We show hints of a potential evolution of $\beta$ with host stellar mass at a $2.5\sigma$ level. Finally, unlike recent claims from the literature, we see no evolution of steps as a function of lightcurve colour, suggesting that dust may not be the dominating mechanism responsible for the environmental dependency of SNe Ia magnitude., Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures, submitted to Astronomy and Astrophysics

We present significant improvements to our previous work on noise reduction in {\sl Herschel} observation maps by defining sparse filtering tools capable of handling, in a unified formalism, a significantly improved noise reduction as well as a deconvolution in order to reduce effects introduced by the limited instrumental response (beam). We implement greater flexibility by allowing a wider choice of parsimonious priors in the noise-reduction process. More precisely, we introduce a sparse filtering and deconvolution approach approach of type $l^2$-$l^p$, with $p > 0$ variable and apply it to a larger set of molecular clouds using {\sl Herschel} 250 $\mu $m data in order to demonstrate their wide range of application. In the {\sl Herschel} data, we are able to use this approach to highlight extremely fine filamentary structures and obtain singularity spectra that tend to show a significantly less $\log$-normal behavior and a filamentary nature in the less dense regions. We also use high-resolution adaptive magneto-hydrodynamic simulation data to assess the quality of deconvolution in such a simulated beaming framework., Comment: 24 pages, 32 figures, official acceptance date on 16/05/2024 (Astronomy & Astrophysics)

To get distances, Type Ia Supernovae magnitudes are corrected for their correlation with lightcurve width and colour. Here we investigate how this standardisation is affected by the SN environment, with the aim to reduce scatter and improve standardisation. We first study the SN Ia stretch distribution, as well as its dependence on environment, as characterised by local and global (g-z) colour and stellar mass. We then look at the standardisation parameter $\alpha$, which accounts for the correlation between residuals and stretch, along with its environment dependence and linearity. We finally compute magnitude offsets between SNe in different astrophysical environments after colour and stretch standardisation, aka steps. This analysis is made possible due to the unprecedented statistics of the ZTF SN Ia DR2 volume-limited sample. The stretch distribution exhibits a bimodal behaviour, as previously found in literature. However, we find the distribution means to decrease with host stellar mass at a 9.0$\sigma$ significance. We demonstrate, at the 14.3$\sigma$ level, that the stretch-magnitude relation is non-linear, challenging the usual linear stretch-residuals relation. Fitting for a broken-$\alpha$ model, we indeed find two different slopes between stretch regimes ($x_1<-0.49\pm0.06$): $\alpha_{low}=0.28\pm0.01$ and $\alpha_{high}=0.09\pm0.01$, a $\Delta_{\alpha}=-0.19\pm0.01$ difference. As the relative proportion of SNe Ia in the high-/low-stretch modes evolves with redshift and environment, this implies that a linear $\alpha$ also evolves with redshift and environment. Concerning the environmental magnitude offset $\gamma$, we find it to be greater than 0.14 mag regardless of the considered environmental tracer used (local or global colour and stellar mass), all measured at the $\geq 6\sigma$ level, increased to $\sim0.18\pm0.01$ mag when accounting for the stretch-non linearity., Comment: 15 pages, 9 figures, submitted to Astronomy and Astrophysics

Directed collective cell migration is central in morphogenesis, wound healing and cancer progression1,2. Although it is well-accepted that the molecular anisotropy of the micro-environment guides this migration3,4, its impact on the pattern of the cell flows remains largely unexplored. Studying confluent human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) in vitro, we show that subcellular microgrooves elicit a polar mode of collective migration in millimeter-long bidirectional lanes that are much wider than a cell size, even though cell flows are highly disordered on featureless surfaces 5. This directed flocking-like transition6,7 can be accounted for by a hydrodynamic theory of active polar fluids and corresponding numerical simulations. This model further predicts that anisotropic friction resulting from the grooves lowers the threshold of the transition, which we confirm experimentally. Therefore, microscopic anisotropy of the environment not only directs the collective motion of the cells in the easy direction, but also shapes the cell migration pattern. Flow patterns induced by collective contact guidance are thus markedly different from those induced by supracellular confinement8, demonstrating that all length-scales of the micro-environment must be considered in a comprehensive description of collective migration. Furthermore, artificial microtopographies designed from theoretical considerations can provide a rational strategy to direct cells to specific geometries and functions, which has broad implications, for instance, for tissue engineering strategies in organoid morphogenesis., Comment: Nature Physics, 2024

Several protocols are proposed to build continuous energy surfaces of many-body quantum systems, regarding both energy and states. The standard variational principle is augmented with constraints on state overlap, ensuring arbitrary precision on continuity. As an illustration, the lowest energy and excited state paths relevant for the $^{240}$Pu asymmetric fission are studied. The scission is clearly signed, with a neutron excess in the neck, the ultimate glue before its rupture. Our approach can potentially connect any couple of Hilbert space states, which opens up new horizons for various applications., Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures

Gravitationally lensed Type Ia supernovae (glSNe Ia) are unique astronomical tools for studying cosmological parameters, distributions of dark matter, the astrophysics of the supernovae and the intervening lensing galaxies themselves. Only a few highly magnified glSNe Ia have been discovered by ground-based telescopes, such as the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF), but simulations predict the existence of a fainter, undetected population. We present a systematic search in the ZTF archive of alerts from 1 June 2019 to 1 September 2022. Using the AMPEL platform, we developed a pipeline that distinguishes candidate glSNe Ia from other variable sources. Initial cuts were applied to the ZTF alert photometry before forced photometry was obtained for the remaining candidates. Additional cuts were applied to refine the candidates based on their light curve colours, lens galaxy colours, and the resulting parameters from fits to the SALT2 SN Ia template. Candidates were also cross-matched with the DESI spectroscopic catalogue. Seven transients passed all the cuts and had an associated galaxy DESI redshift, which we present as glSN Ia candidates. While superluminous supernovae (SLSNe) cannot be fully rejected, two events, ZTF19abpjicm and ZTF22aahmovu, are significantly different from typical SLSNe and their light curves can be modelled as two-image glSN Ia systems. From this two-image modelling, we estimate time delays of 22 $\pm$ 3 and 34 $\pm$ 1 days for the two events, respectively, which suggests that we have uncovered a population with longer time delays. The pipeline is efficient and sensitive enough to parse full alert streams. It is currently being applied to the live ZTF alert stream to identify and follow-up future candidates while active. This pipeline could be the foundation for glSNe Ia searches in future surveys, like the Vera C. Rubin Observatory's Legacy Survey of Space and Time., Comment: 21 pages, 15 figures

The widespread practice of delivering antibiotics through drinking water to livestock leads to considerable variability in exposure levels among animals, raising concerns regarding disease outbreaks and the emergence of antibiotic resistance. This variability is primarily driven by three pivotal factors: fluctuations in drug concentration within water pipes, variances in drinking behavior among animals, and differences in individual pharmacokinetic parameters. This article introduces an approach aimed at improving medication distribution by customizing it according to the drinking patterns of pigs, without escalating the medication dose. As examples, we demonstrate that incorporating the drinking behavior into the delivery of amoxicillin results in an increase in the percentage of piglets reaching an AUC/MIC ratio greater than 25h. Specifically, with Pasteurella multocida, the percentage rises from 30% to at least 60%, while with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, it increases from 20% to more than 70%.

Binary Tree States (BTS) are states whose decomposition on a quantum register basis formed by a set of qubits can be made sequentially. Such states sometimes appear naturally in many-body systems treated in Fock space when a global symmetry is imposed, like the total spin or particle number symmetries. Examples are the Dicke states, the eigenstates of the total spin for a set of particles having individual spin $1/2$, or states obtained by projecting a BCS states onto particle number, also called projected BCS in small superfluid systems. Starting from a BTS state described on the set of $n$ qubits or orbitals, the entanglement entropy of any subset of $ k$ qubits is analyzed. Specifically, a practical method is developed to access the $k$ qubits/particles von Neumann entanglement entropy of the subsystem of interest. Properties of these entropies are discussed, including scaling properties, upper bounds, or how these entropies correlate with fluctuations. Illustrations are given for the Dicke state and the projected BCS states., Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, any comment/remarks welcome

Nano-engineering crystalline materials can be used to tailor their thermal properties. By adding new nanoscale phonon scattering centers and controlling their size, one can effectively decrease the phonon mean free path and hence the thermal conductivity of a fully crystalline material. In this letter, we use the 3$\omega$ method in the temperature range of 100-300 K to experimentally report on the more than threefold reduction of the thermal conductivity of an epitaxially-grown crystalline germanium thin film with embedded polydispersed crystalline \ch{Ge3Mn5} nano-inclusions with diameters ranging from 5 to 25~nm. A detailed analysis of the structure of the thin film coupled with Monte Carlo simulations of phonon transport highlight the role of the nano-inclusions volume fraction in the reduction of the phononic contribution to the thermal conductivity, in particular its temperature dependence, leading to a phonon mean free path that is set by geometrical constraints., Comment: Applied Physics Letters, In press

In recent years, wearable devices have become more common to capture a wide range of health behaviors, especially for physical activity and sedentary behavior. These sensor-based measures are deemed to be objective and thus less prone to self-reported biases, inherent in questionnaire assessments. While this is undoubtedly a major advantage, there can still be measurement errors from the device recordings, which pose serious challenges for conducting statistical analysis and obtaining unbiased risk estimates. There is a vast literature proposing statistical methods for adjusting for measurement errors in self-reported behaviors, such as in dietary intake. However, there is much less research on error correction for sensor-based device measures, especially sedentary behavior. In this paper, we address this gap. Exploiting the excessive multiple-day assessments typically collected when sensor devices are deployed, we propose a two-stage linear mixed effect model (LME) based approach to correct bias caused by measurement errors. We provide theoretical proof of the debiasing process using the Best Linear Unbiased Predictors (BLUP), and use both simulation and real data from a cohort study to demonstrate the performance of the proposed approach while comparing to the na\"ive plug-in approach that directly uses device measures without appropriately adjusting measurement errors. Our results indicate that employing our easy-to-implement BLUP correction method can greatly reduce biases in disease risk estimates and thus enhance the validity of study findings.

The nature of the progenitor systems and explosion mechanisms that give rise to Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are still debated. The interaction signature of circumstellar material (CSM) being swept up by expanding ejecta can constrain the type of system from which it was ejected. Most previous studies have focused on finding CSM ejected shortly before the SN Ia explosion still residing close to the explosion site, resulting in short delay times until the interaction starts. We use a sample of 3627 SNe Ia from the Zwicky Transient Facility discovered between 2018 and 2020 and search for interaction signatures over 100 days after peak brightness. By binning the late-time light curve data to push the detection limit as deep as possible, we identify potential late-time rebrightening in 3 SNe Ia (SN 2018grt, SN 2019dlf, SN 2020tfc). The late-time detections occur between 550 and 1450 d after peak brightness, have mean absolute $r$-band magnitudes of -16.4 to -16.8 mag and last up to a few hundred days, significantly brighter than the late-time CSM interaction discovered in the prototype SN 2015cp. The late-time detections all occur within 0.8 kpc of the host nucleus and are not easily explained by nuclear activity, another transient at a similar sky position, or data quality issues. This suggests environment or specific progenitor characteristics playing a role in producing potential CSM signatures in these SNe Ia. By simulating the ZTF survey we estimate that <0.5 per cent of normal SNe Ia display late-time strong H $\alpha$-dominated CSM interaction. This is equivalent to an absolute rate of $8_{-4}^{+20}$ to $54_{-26}^{+91}$ Gpc$^{-3}$ yr$^{-1}$ assuming a constant SN Ia rate of $2.4\times10^{-5}$ Mpc$^{-3}$ yr$^{-1}$ for $z \leq 0.1$. Weaker interaction signatures, more similar to the strength seen in SN 2015cp, could be more common but are difficult to constrain with our survey depth., Comment: 24 pages, 13 figures, 6 tables, A&A accepted

There is still a gap in understanding phonons scattering by geometrical defects at the nanoscale, and it remains a significant challenge for heat transfer management in nanoscale devices and systems. In this study, we aim to explore the characteristics of phonon scattering by a single pore to gain insights into thermal transport in nanostructures. The paper outlines a methodology for assessing the spatial distribution of the magnitude of the radial, azimuthal, and polar components of the velocity of scattered phonons by a spherical pore. We demonstrated that the size parameter, commonly employed in electromagnetic wave scattering theory, is vital in determining the scattering regime. Specifically, we show that calculated scattering efficiency has the same pattern as one commonly obtained in classical wave scattering theory. However, we found that crystallographic directions are pivotal in shaping the scattering patterns, especially in the regions where scattering patterns are defined by the Mie resonances. This observation holds significance in understanding the influence of phonon coherence on thermal transport in nanostructured materials.

In the past few years, the unifying frameworks of 4-dimensional Chern-Simons theory and affine Gaudin models have allowed for the systematic construction of a large family of integrable $\sigma$-models. These models depend on the data of a Riemann surface $C$ (here of genus 0 or 1) and of a meromorphic 1-form $\omega$ on $C$, which encodes the geometry of their spectral parameter and the analytic structure of their Lax connection. The main subject of this paper is the renormalisation of these theories and in particular two conjectures describing their 1-loop RG-flow in terms of the 1-form $\omega$. These conjectures were put forward in [2010.07879] and [2106.09781] and were proven in a variety of cases. After extending the proposal of [2010.07879] to the elliptic setup (with $C$ of genus 1), we establish the equivalence of these two conjectures and discuss some of their applications. Moreover, we check their veracity on an explicit example, namely an integrable elliptic deformation of the Principal Chiral Model on $\text{SL}_N(\mathbb{R})$., Comment: 38+23 pages. v2: published version; typos corrected

In this paper, we characterize the class of {\em contraction perfect} graphs which are the graphs that remain perfect after the contraction of any edge set. We prove that a graph is contraction perfect if and only if it is perfect and the contraction of any single edge preserves its perfection. This yields a characterization of contraction perfect graphs in terms of forbidden induced subgraphs, and a polynomial algorithm to recognize them. We also define the utter graph $u(G)$ which is the graph whose stable sets are in bijection with the co-2-plexes of $G$, and prove that $u(G)$ is perfect if and only if $G$ is contraction perfect., Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures

We introduce Mixtral 8x7B, a Sparse Mixture of Experts (SMoE) language model. Mixtral has the same architecture as Mistral 7B, with the difference that each layer is composed of 8 feedforward blocks (i.e. experts). For every token, at each layer, a router network selects two experts to process the current state and combine their outputs. Even though each token only sees two experts, the selected experts can be different at each timestep. As a result, each token has access to 47B parameters, but only uses 13B active parameters during inference. Mixtral was trained with a context size of 32k tokens and it outperforms or matches Llama 2 70B and GPT-3.5 across all evaluated benchmarks. In particular, Mixtral vastly outperforms Llama 2 70B on mathematics, code generation, and multilingual benchmarks. We also provide a model fine-tuned to follow instructions, Mixtral 8x7B - Instruct, that surpasses GPT-3.5 Turbo, Claude-2.1, Gemini Pro, and Llama 2 70B - chat model on human benchmarks. Both the base and instruct models are released under the Apache 2.0 license., Comment: See more details at https://mistral.ai/news/mixtral-of-experts/

These lecture notes present an introduction to classical Affine Gaudin models, which provide a general framework for the systematic construction and study of a large class of integrable two-dimensional field theories. A key role is played by Kac-Moody currents, which are fields satisfying a particular Poisson bracket. After reviewing this notion, we discuss in detail the construction of Affine Gaudin models in the language of Hamiltonian field theories. Special emphasis is placed on their symmetries and conserved quantities, including the construction of infinite families of local and non-local Poisson-commuting charges in terms of Kac-Moody currents. Moreover, we study explicit examples of affine Gaudin models, making the link with the realm of integrable sigma-models. Finally, we mention briefly various perspectives concerning these theories, including the question of their quantisation. Minimal prerequisites on classical Hamiltonian field theories and integrability are required to follow the presentation and a brief reminder of these notions is given at the beginning of the notes. Moreover, various exercises are included throughout the document. These notes were prepared for the Young Researchers Integrability School and Workshop held in Durham from 17 to 21 July 2023., Comment: 70 pages. These lecture notes were prepared for the school "YRISW 2023", held in Durham

The possibility of using the generator coordinate method (GCM) using hybrid quantum-classical algorithms with reduced quantum resources is discussed. The task of preparing the basis states and calculating the various kernels involved in the GCM is assigned to the quantum computer, while the remaining tasks, such as finding the eigenvalues of a many-body problem, are delegated to classical computers for post-processing the generated kernels. This strategy reduces the quantum resources required to treat a quantum many-body problem. We apply the method to the Lipkin model. Using the permutation symmetry of the Hamiltonian, we show that, ultimately, only two qubits is enough to solve the problem regardless of the particle number. The classical computing post-processing leading to the full energy spectrum can be made using standard generalized eigenvalues techniques by diagonalizing the so-called Hill-Wheeler equation. As an alternative to this technique, we also explored how the quantum state deflation method can be adapted to the GCM problem. In this method, variational principles are iteratively designed to access the different excited states with increasing energies. The methodology proposed here is successfully applied to the Lipkin model with a minimal size of two qubits for the quantum register. The performances of the two classical post-processing approaches with respect to the statistical noise induced by the finite number of measurements and quantum devices noise are analyzed. Very satisfactory results for the full energy spectra are obtained once noise correction techniques are employed., Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures