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15. The role of brush mats in mitigating machine-induced soil disturbances: an assessment using absolute and relative soil bulk density and penetration resistance

Author

Labelle, Eric R., Poltorak, Benjamin J., and Jaeger, Dirk

Subjects
Disturbance (Ecology) -- Control, Forest machinery -- Environmental aspects, Overlays (Materials engineering) -- Usage, Earth sciences
Abstract

Forest soils often exhibit low bearing capacities and as a result are often incapable of withstanding high axle loads. In New Brunswick, Canada, five different brush amounts (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 kg x [m.sup.-2]) were applied as brush mats on machine operating trails during a cut-to-length harvesting operation in a softwood stand to analyze soil disturbance as a result of off-road forest harvesting machine traffic. Soil absolute and relative bulk density and soil penetration resistance measurements were completed below the varying brush mats both before and after forwarding. The mean differences between pre- and post-impact absolute soil dry bulk density values recorded on track areas were 0.24 g x [cm.sup.-3] for 5-20 kg x [m.sup.-2] of brush and 0.33 g x [cm.sup.-3] for 0 kg x [m.sup.-2] of brush. On average, 40.5%, 17.9%, 14.3%, 15.5%, and 3.6% of all post-forwarding measurements exceeded the threshold for growth-impeding soil bulk density (80% standard Proctor density) for 0, 5,10,15 and 20 kg x [m.sup.-2] of brush, respectively. Soil penetration values >3.0 MPa represented 23.7%, 15.0%, 9.4%, 4.6%, and 0.7% of all post-forwarding test plots with 0, 5,10,15, and 20 kg x [m.sup.-2] of brush, respectively. The results suggest that softwood brush mats of 10 to 20 kg x [m.sup.-2] placed on machine operating trails play a considerable role in reducing forwarder-induced soil compaction and penetration resistance. Key words: timber harvesting, off-road equipment, tree growth, soil health, forest operations. Les sols forestiers offrent souvent de faibles capacites portantes et sont donc frequemment incapables de supporter de fortes charges a l'essieu. Au Nouveau-Brunswick, Canada, cinq quantites de debris de coupe (0, 5, 10, 15, et 20 kg x [m.sup.-2]) ont ete appliquees pour former un lit de debris de coupe dans les sentiers d'operation de la machinerie durant une coupe par bois tronconnes dans un peuplement resineux dans le but d'analyser la perturbation du sol apres que la machinerie hors-route qui recolte le bois ait circule. Les mesures de densites apparentes relative et absolue ainsi que de resistance a la penetration ont ete completees sous les differents lits de debris de coupe avant et apres le transport des bois en foret. Les differences moyennes entre les valeurs de densite apparente absolue du sol sec avant et apres l'impact enregistrees dans les traces laissees par la machinerie etaient de 0,24 g x [cm.sup.-3] pour 5-20 kg x [m.sup.-2] de debris de coupe et 0,33 g x [cm.sup.-3] pour 0 kg x [m.sup.-2] de debris de coupe. En moyenne, 40,5, 17,9,14,3,15,5 et 3,6 % de toutes les mesures prises apres le transport des bois en foret excedaient le seuil correspondant a une densite apparente du sol (densite de 80 % a l'essai Proctor standard) nefaste pour la croissance pour respectivement 0, 5,10,15 et 20 kg x [m.sup.-2] de debris de coupe. Les valeurs de penetration du sol >3,0 MPa representaient 23,7,15,0, 9,4, 4,6 et 0,7 % de toutes les placettes d'essai apres le transport des bois en foret contenant respectivement 0, 5,10,15 et 20 kg x [m.sup.-2] de debris de coupe. Les resultats indiquent que les lits de debris de coupe d'essences resineuses de 10 a 20 kg x [m.sup.-2] places sur les sentiers empruntes par la machinerie jouent un role considerable dans la reduction de la compaction et de la resistance a la penetration du sol causee par la machinerie. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles : recolte de bois, equipement hors-route, croissance des arbres, sante du sol, operations forestieres., 1. Introduction Modern harvesting systems rely on heavy machinery to economically and safely extract timber from forest stands. These machines have gross masses of up to 55 000 kg and, [...]

Published
2019
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21. Business Process Reengineering of a Large-Scale Public Forest Enterprise Through Harvester Data Integration

Author

Labelle, Eric R., Kemmerer, Julia, Labelle, Eric R., and Kemmerer, Julia

Abstract

Despite the extensive use of cut-to-length mechanized systems, harvester data remains largely underutilized by most stakeholders in Germany. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine how business processes should be restructured to allow for a continuous use of forest machine data, with the main focus on harvester production data, along the German wood supply chain. We also wanted to identify possible benefits and challenges of the restructuring through a qualitative analysis of the newly designed business process. The Bavarian State Forest Enterprise was chosen for a case study approach. Based on expert interviews, the current and to-be processes were modeled. Results obtained from the qualitative data indicated that an integration of harvester data is achievable in Germany. Harvester data from forest operations can be provided to all subsequent activities along the supply chain. Core changes were the addition of a digital work order, the data exchange between harvester and forwarder, the pile order and the exchange of production data. Benefits for every stakeholder were determined. Through the reengineered process, harvesting and timber information are available and known at an earlier stage of the process, throughput information stations could be eliminated and working comfort could be improved. Ecological benefits could also be achieved through an anticipated reduction of CO2 emissions and protection of sensitive nature areas. Negative consequences of harvester data integration could appear in the social sphere and were in line with the reduction of personal contact. Challenges for the implementation in reality, besides the legal...

Published
2022

24. Modifying conventional harvesting heads: a technical approach to in-stand debarking under central European conditions

Author

Labelle, Eric R. (Prof. Dr.), Labelle, Eric R. (Prof. Dr.);Wittkopf, Stefan (Prof. Dr.);Richter, Klaus (Prof. Dr.), Heppelmann, Joachim Bernd, Labelle, Eric R. (Prof. Dr.), Labelle, Eric R. (Prof. Dr.);Wittkopf, Stefan (Prof. Dr.);Richter, Klaus (Prof. Dr.), and Heppelmann, Joachim Bernd

Abstract

Within a basic research project, conventional European harvesting heads were modified with parts of Eucalyptus debarking heads, in order to add in-stand debarking to fully mechanized harvesting operations. The carried out modifications resulted in a debarking percentage of up to 90% for summer harvesting operations. During winter harvesting operations, the absence of the sap flow resulted in a 46% decreased debarking percentage. However, conventional head modifications acted beneficially on the nutrient supply, bark beetle infestation control and logistic challenges., Im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojektes wurden konventionell genutzte Harvesterfällköpfe so modifiziert, dass während des Fäll- und Aufarbeitungsprozesses gleichzeitig entrindet werden kann. Innerhalb der Sommerversuche, resultierten die durchgeführten Modifikationen in einem Entrindungsprozent von bis zu 90%. Durch das Fehlen des Saftflusses im Stamm, reduzierte sich das Entrindungsergebnis für Wintereinsätze um 46%. Dennoch wirkte sich die Entrindung nachweislich positiv auf die Nährstoffversorgung, den Borkenkäferbefall und logistische Prozesse aus.

Published
2020

26. The Effect of Yarding Technique on Yarding Productivity and Cost: Conventional Single-Hitch Suspension vs. Horizontal Double-Hitch Suspension

Author

Spinelli, Raffaele, Magagnotti, Natascia, Cosola, Giulio, Labelle, Eric R., Visser, Rien, Erber, Gernot, Spinelli, Raffaele, Magagnotti, Natascia, Cosola, Giulio, Labelle, Eric R., Visser, Rien, and Erber, Gernot

Abstract

Cable yarding is a well establish technology for the extraction of timber in steep terrain. However, it is encumbered with relatively low productivity and high costs, and as such this technology needs to adapt and progress to remain viable. The development of biomass as a valuable byproduct, and the availability of processors to support yarder operations, lend themselves to increasing the level of whole-tree extraction. Double-hitch carriages have been developed to allow for full suspension of whole-tree and tree-length material. This study compared a standard single-hitch to a double-hitch carriage under controlled conditions, namely in the same location using the same yarder with downhill extraction. As expected, the double-hitch carriage took longer to load up (+14%), but was able to achieve similar productivity (10–11 m3 per productive machine hour) through increased inhaul speed (+15%). The importance of this study is that it demonstrates both the physical and economic feasibility of moving to whole-tree extraction using the double-hitch type carriage for longer corridors, for settings with limited deflection, or areas with lower tolerance for soil disturbance.

Published
2021

36. Multifunctionality of Forests: A White Paper on Challenges and Opportunities in China and Germany

Author

Benz, J. Philipp, primary, Chen, Shaolin, additional, Dang, Shuangren, additional, Dieter, Matthias, additional, Labelle, Eric R., additional, Liu, Guangzhe, additional, Hou, Lin, additional, Mosandl, Reinhard M., additional, Pretzsch, Hans, additional, Pukall, Klaus, additional, Richter, Klaus, additional, Ridder, Ralph, additional, Sun, Shuaichao, additional, Song, Xiaozhou, additional, Wang, Yifei, additional, Xian, Hongli, additional, Yan, Li, additional, Yuan, Jie, additional, Zhang, Shuoxin, additional, and Fischer, Anton, additional

Published
2020
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37. Management Implications of Using Brush Mats for Soil Protection on Machine Operating Trails during Mechanized Cut-to-Length Forest Operations

Author

Labelle, Eric R. and Jaeger, Dirk

Subjects
biomass, trafficability, lcsh:Plant ecology, lcsh:QK900-989, bioenergy, harvesting, sustainability
Abstract

Mechanized cut-to-length forest operations often rely on the use of brush mats created from harvesting debris (tree limbs, tops, and foliage) to reduce soil disturbances as a result of in-stand machine traffic. These brush mats, placed directly on the forest floor within machine operating trails, distribute loads of timber harvesting and extraction machinery to a greater area, thereby reducing peak pressures exerted to the ground and rutting for maintaining technical trafficability of operating trails. Forest biomass has also been promoted as a source of green and renewable energy, to reduce carbon emissions from energy production. However, to maintain sufficient quality of biomass for bioenergy operations (high heating value and low ash content), brush needs to be free of contaminants such as mineral soil. This constraint eliminates the possibility of the dual use of brush, first as a soil protective layer on machine operating trails and afterwards for bioenergy generation. Leaving machine operating trails uncovered will cause machine loads to be fully and directly applied to the soil, thus increasing the likelihood of severe soil disturbance, tree growth impediment and reducing trail trafficability. The main objective of this study was to quantify the effect of varying machine operating trail spacing and width on the amount of brush required for soil protection. This was achieved by creating five model forest stands (four mature and one immature), commonly found in New Brunswick, Canada, and using their characteristics as input in the Biomass Opportunity and Supply Model (BiOS) from FPInnovations. BiOS provided several key biomass related outputs allowing the determination of the amount of biomass available for soil protection, which was the main focus of this research. The simulation results showed that regardless of trail area tested, all four mature forest stands were able to support uniform distribution of 20 kg m&minus, 2 brush mats (green mass) throughout their entire trail network during clear-cut operations but not during partial harvests. From the three factors assessed (brush amount, trail width, and trail spacing), trail width had the highest effect on the required brush amount for trail protection, which in turn has a direct impact on the amount of brush that could be used for bioenergy generation.

Published
2018

38. Ecological Restoration of Compacted Soil Following the Application of Different Leaf Litter Mulches on the Skid Trail over a Five-Year Period

Author

Jourgholami, Meghdad, Nasirian, Ali, and Labelle, Eric R.

Subjects
Environmental sciences, recovery, Environmental effects of industries and plants, soil properties, maple, hornbeam, TJ807-830, leave litter, GE1-350, beech, TD194-195, Renewable energy sources, forest soils
Abstract

Ground-based skidding operations performed with heavy machinery have drastic effects on forest soils, which normally culminate in an increased soil bulk density and removal of the litter layer. We aimed to assess the efficacy of different tree species litter on the recovery of soil physical, chemical, and biological properties over a 5-year period in the Hyrcanian forests, northern Iran. Therefore, treatments included 45 combinations of five treatments (undisturbed area&mdash, UND, untreated trail or bare soil&mdash, U, and three leaf litter types: pure beech&mdash, B, beech-hornbeam&mdash, B-H, and beech-hornbeam-maple&mdash, B-H-M) replicated in three plots in three transects. Results show that the highest litter thickness, and concentrations of C and N in the litter were observed in the UND treatment. The litter C/N ratios were highest in the untreated trail (U, 27.52) followed by B &gt, B-H &asymp, B-H-M &gt, UND treatments. The highest recovery of soil bulk density, total porosity, macroporosity, soil penetration resistance, and aggregate stability was observed on the B-H-M and B-H treatment followed by the B treatment. The highest recovery values of pH, C, N, C/N ratio, C and N sequestration recovery rates were observed on the B-H-M treatment, followed by the B-H treatment. Significantly higher values of available nutrients (P, K, Ca, and Mg), earthworm density, and biomass were found in the UND treatment followed by B-H-M &asymp, B-H &gt, B treatment, while the lowest amounts of available P, K, Ca, and Mg were detected for the U trail. The high-quality litter species (hornbeam and maple) allowed for better recovery of the soil organic matter and increased nutrient availability compared to the lower quality litter (beech). We can conclude that by applying the different litters on compacted soil, the measured soil properties were significantly improved at the B, B-H, and B-H-M treatments. Nevertheless, the soil properties following the B, B-H, and B-H-M treatments still demonstrated significant differences with the UND treatment, even over a 5-year period.

Published
2018

48. Tree and stand structure and implications for functions and services - New evidence by novel terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) methodologies

Author

Labelle, Eric R. (Prof. Dr.), Pauleit, Stephan (Prof. Dr.), Pretzsch, Hans (Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c.), Bayer, Dominik, Labelle, Eric R. (Prof. Dr.), Pauleit, Stephan (Prof. Dr.), Pretzsch, Hans (Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c.), and Bayer, Dominik

Abstract

Structure and function of trees, tree groups and stands are heavily interwoven. The spatially explicit structure of standing trees, especially regarding the inner crown is hard to measure in a non-destructive manner. Therefore, this dissertation is based on the development of novel methodologies for the processing of terrestrial laser scanner data as well as the TLS-based measurement of structures of different tree species on different detail levels and under varying environmental conditions., Struktur und Funktion von Bäumen, Baumgruppen und Beständen sind eng miteinander verbunden. Die räumliche Struktur von stehenden Bäumen, insbesondere im Kronenraum ist nur schwer zerstörungsfrei zu quantifizieren. Diese Dissertation befasst sich daher mit der Entwicklung neuartiger Auswertungsverfahren terrestrischer Laserscannerdaten sowie der TLS-basierten Messung von Strukturen verschiedener Baumarten auf unterschiedlichen Detailebenen und unter unterschiedlichen Umweltbedingungen.

Published
2018

49. Tree and stand structure and implications for functions and services - New evidence by novel terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) methodologies

Author

Pretzsch, Hans (Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c.), Pretzsch, Hans (Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c.); Labelle, Eric R. (Prof. Dr.); Pauleit, Stephan (Prof. Dr.), Bayer, Dominik, Pretzsch, Hans (Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c.), Pretzsch, Hans (Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c.); Labelle, Eric R. (Prof. Dr.); Pauleit, Stephan (Prof. Dr.), and Bayer, Dominik

Abstract

Structure and function of trees, tree groups and stands are heavily interwoven. The spatially explicit structure of standing trees, especially regarding the inner crown is hard to measure in a non-destructive manner. Therefore, this dissertation is based on the development of novel methodologies for the processing of terrestrial laser scanner data as well as the TLS-based measurement of structures of different tree species on different detail levels and under varying environmental conditions., Struktur und Funktion von Bäumen, Baumgruppen und Beständen sind eng miteinander verbunden. Die räumliche Struktur von stehenden Bäumen, insbesondere im Kronenraum ist nur schwer zerstörungsfrei zu quantifizieren. Diese Dissertation befasst sich daher mit der Entwicklung neuartiger Auswertungsverfahren terrestrischer Laserscannerdaten sowie der TLS-basierten Messung von Strukturen verschiedener Baumarten auf unterschiedlichen Detailebenen und unter unterschiedlichen Umweltbedingungen.

Published
2018

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