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1. Supercapacitor ageing at constant temperature and constant voltage and thermal shock

Author

Hamid Gualous, Boubekeur Tala-Ighil, Bertrand Boudart, R. Gallay, Amrane Oukaour, Ph. Makany, Guven Alcicek, Laboratoire de recherche en Electronique, Electrotechnique et Systèmes ( L2ES ), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité ( INRETS ) -Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard ( UTBM ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), Laboratoire Universitaire des Sciences Appliquées de Cherbourg ( LUSAC ), Université de Caen Normandie ( UNICAEN ), Normandie Université ( NU ) -Normandie Université ( NU ), Laboratoire de recherche en Electronique, Electrotechnique et Systèmes (L2ES), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Laboratoire Universitaire des Sciences Appliquées de Cherbourg (LUSAC), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), and Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)

Subjects
Thermal shock, Test bench, 020209 energy, 02 engineering and technology, 7. Clean energy, symbols.namesake, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], [ SPI.NRJ ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, [ SPI ] Engineering Sciences [physics], Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Composite material, Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Arrhenius equation, Supercapacitor, Equivalent series resistance, Chemistry, business.industry, [SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, Electrical engineering, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Ageing, symbols, 0210 nano-technology, business, Constant (mathematics), Voltage
Abstract

This paper presents supercapacitor ageing according to the voltage, the temperature and thermal shock tests. To investigate this effect, a test bench of accelerated supercapacitor calendar ageing was carried out. Experimental tests are realized at constant temperature when the supercapacitors are polarized at the maximum voltage. To quantify the supercapacitor ageing, the equivalent series resistance (ESR) and the equivalent capacitance (C) are measured using the DC and AC characterization. To lead to the determination of the supercapacitor lifetime, Arrhenius law, that describes the effect of temperature on the velocity of a chemical reaction, is considered. Finally, experimental results of supercapacitor thermal shock are presented.

Published
2010

2. SEDIGISM: Structure, excitation, and dynamics of the inner Galactic interstellar medium

Author

Schuller, F., Csengeri, T., Urquhart, S., Duarte-Cabral, A., Barnes, P. J., Giannetti, A., Hernandez, A. K., Leurini, S., Mattern, M., Medina, S.-N. X., Agurto, C., Azagra, F., Anderson, L. D., Beltrán, M. T., Beuther, H., Bontemps, Sylvain, Bronfman, L., Dobbs, L., Dumke, M., Finger, R., Ginsburg, A., Gonzalez, E., Henning, T., Kauffmann, J., Mac-Auliffe, F., Menten, M., Montenegro-Montes, F. M., Moore, T. J. T., Muller, E., Parra, R., Perez-Beaupuits, P., Pettitt, A., Russeil, D., Sánchez-Monge, Á., Schilke, P., Schisano, E., Suri, S., Testi, L., Torstensson, K., Venegas, P., Wang, K., Wienen, M., Wyrowski, F., Zavagno, Annie, Urquhart, J. S., Dobbs, C. L., Menten, K. M., Perez-Beaupuits, J.-P., Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), Institut de Veille Sanitaire (INVS), Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, FORMATION STELLAIRE 2017, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Southern Observatory (ESO), Laboratoire de recherche en Electronique, Electrotechnique et Systèmes (L2ES), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Laboratoire Dynamique de la Biodiversité (LADYBIO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Haemophilia Unit, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital [Barcelona], Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Physikalisches Institut [Köln], Universität zu Köln, Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali - INAF (IAPS), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), University of Oxford [Oxford], School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exceter, University of Exceter, Millimeter and Submillimeter Astronomy, Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität zu Köln = University of Cologne, and University of Oxford

Subjects
Infrared, ISM: structure, Rotational transition, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, ISM: clouds, surveys, 0103 physical sciences, Isotopologue, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Galaxy: structure, QC, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, QB, Physics, radio lines: ISM, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Molecular cloud, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Galactic plane, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Galaxy, Interstellar medium, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), [SDU.ASTR.GA]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.GA], Data reduction
Abstract

The origin and life-cycle of molecular clouds are still poorly constrained, despite their importance for understanding the evolution of the interstellar medium. We have carried out a systematic, homogeneous, spectroscopic survey of the inner Galactic plane, in order to complement the many continuum Galactic surveys available with crucial distance and gas-kinematic information. Our aim is to combine this data set with recent infrared to sub-millimetre surveys at similar angular resolutions. The SEDIGISM survey covers 78 deg^2 of the inner Galaxy (-60 deg < l < +18 deg, |b| < 0.5 deg) in the J=2-1 rotational transition of 13CO. This isotopologue of CO is less abundant than 12CO by factors up to 100. Therefore, its emission has low to moderate optical depths, and higher critical density, making it an ideal tracer of the cold, dense interstellar medium. The data have been observed with the SHFI single-pixel instrument at APEX. The observational setup covers the 13CO(2-1) and C18O(2-1) lines, plus several transitions from other molecules. The observations have been completed. Data reduction is in progress, and the final data products will be made available in the near future. Here we give a detailed description of the survey and the dedicated data reduction pipeline. Preliminary results based on a science demonstration field covering -20 deg < l < -18.5 deg are presented. Analysis of the 13CO(2-1) data in this field reveals compact clumps, diffuse clouds, and filamentary structures at a range of heliocentric distances. By combining our data with data in the (1-0) transition of CO isotopologues from the ThrUMMS survey, we are able to compute a 3D realization of the excitation temperature and optical depth in the interstellar medium. Ultimately, this survey will provide a detailed, global view of the inner Galactic interstellar medium at an unprecedented angular resolution of ~30"., 30 pages. Accepted for publication in A&A. Abstract slightly shortened due to arXiv requirements

Published
2017
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3. Characterization of supercapacitors matrix

Author

Gallay, R., Alcicek, G., Tala-Ighil, B., Oukaour, A., Boudart, B., Makany, Ph., Sakka, Monzer Al, Gualous, Hamid, Van Mierlo, Joeri, Laboratoire de recherche en Electronique, Electrotechnique et Systèmes (L2ES), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Laboratoire Universitaire des Sciences Appliquées de Cherbourg (LUSAC), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), and Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)

Subjects
Power management, Hybrid power sources, Computer science, General Chemical Engineering, Topology (electrical circuits), 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Capacitance, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Hardware_GENERAL, Supercapacitors matrix, Supercapacitors, Electrochemistry, Supercapacitors characterization, Electronic circuit, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Supercapacitor, Electrolytic capacitor, business.industry, [SPI.FLUID]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Reactive fluid environment, Electrical engineering, Degraded mode, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Computer data storage, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

International audience; This paper treats supercapacitors matrix characterization. In order to cut off transient power peaks and to compensate for the intrinsic limitations in embedded sources, the use of supercapacitors as a storage system is quite suitable, because of their appropriate electrical characteristics (huge capacitance, small series resistance, high specific energy, high specific power), direct storage (energy ready for use), and easy control by power electronic conversion. This use requires supercapacitors modules where several cells connected in serial and/or in parallel, thus a bypass system to balance the charging or the discharging of supercapacitors is required. In the matrix of supercapacitors, six elements of three parallel BCAP0350 supercapacitors in serial connections have been considered. This topology permits to reduce the number of the bypass circuits and it can work in degraded mode. Actually, it allows the system to have more reliability by providing power continually to the load even when there are one or more cells failed. Simulation and experimental results are presented and discussed.

Published
2010

4. Design of experiment techniques for fuel cell characterisation and development

Author

Gérard Coquery, Jean-Marie Kauffmann, Fabien Harel, Xavier François, Bouchra Wahdame, Denis Candusso, Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Technologies Nouvelles (INRETS/LTN), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS), Laboratoire commun de recherche (FC LAB), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy 1 (UHP)-Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine (INPL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Laboratoire de recherche en Electronique, Electrotechnique et Systèmes (L2ES), and Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC)

Subjects
Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Computer science, 020209 energy, Design of experiments, media_common.quotation_subject, [SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, ENERGIE, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, Statistical model, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 7. Clean energy, Field (computer science), Reliability engineering, Fuel Technology, Stack (abstract data type), 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Fuel efficiency, Relevance (information retrieval), Electric power, 0210 nano-technology, Function (engineering), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, media_common
Abstract

Designs of Experiments (DoE) can be of immediate relevance for various research works conducted in the Fuel Cell (FC) area. DoE techniques allow efficient test definitions for rapid conceptions and well-organised characterisations of FC materials and components, individual cells, stacks or even complete generators. In the DoE method, some statistic-based models can be proposed in pre-stages of physical models. The statistical/numerical relations are used to predict the behaviour of the investigated systems as a function of various operating parameters. Some control strategies can also be developed to optimise relevant criteria like FC voltage, fuel consumption, and maximal electrical power or stack lifetime. A review of various DoE applications in the field of FC research is first proposed in this paper. Then, some examples of works are detailed. A conceptual typology of different possibilities offered by the DoE methodology in the FC domain is given in the conclusion.

Published
2009

5. Design and New Control of DC/DC Converters to Share Energy Between Supercapacitors and Batteries in Hybrid Vehicles

Author

A. Berthon, Mamadou Bailo Camara, Frédéric Gustin, Hamid Gualous, Laboratoire de recherche en Electronique, Electrotechnique et Systèmes (L2ES), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Gustin, Frédéric

Subjects
Alternator (automotive), Electric motor, Engineering, energy management, Computer Networks and Communications, 020209 energy, hybrid vehicle, Aerospace Engineering, 02 engineering and technology, 7. Clean energy, Energy storage, law.invention, law, Power electronics, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hybrid vehicle, Supercapacitor, supercapacitors, energy storage, business.industry, [SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, Electrical engineering, multisource system, control strategy, Automotive Engineering, Electric power, business, Buck–boost converter, [SPI.NRJ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, Voltage
Abstract

International audience; In this paper, the authors propose the supercapacitor integration strategy in a hybrid series vehicle. The designed vehicle is an experimental test bench developed at the Laboratory of Electrical Engineering and Systems (L2ES) in collaboration with the Research in Electrical Engineering and Electronics Center of Belfort (CREEBEL). This test bench currently has two diesel motors (each connected to one alternator) and lead-acid batteries with a voltage rating of 540 V and a fluctuation margin between +12% and −20% of the rated voltage. The alternators are connected to the dc link by rectifiers. An original strategy of the supercapacitor integration in this vehicle with their control is presented to find a better compromise between the dimensions of the embarked devices, the share energy efficiency, the dynamics of the supply, and the electric power storage. The supercapacitor packs are made up of two modules of 108 cells each and present a maximum voltage of 270 V. The main objective is to provide a peak power of 216 kW over 20 s from supercapacitors to the dc link. Various topologies of dc/dc converters are presented with effective methodologies of electric power management in the hybrid vehicle.

Published
2008

6. Modelling of the Supercapacitors During Self-Discharge

Author

Pascal Venet, Hamid Gualous, Zheng Ding, Gérard Rojat, Ampère (AMPERE), École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire de recherche en Electronique, Electrotechnique et Systèmes (L2ES), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), and Ampère, Publications

Subjects
Supercapacitor, Materials science, Open-circuit voltage, [SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, Ionic bonding, Electrolyte, Engineering physics, Ion, modelling, self-discharge, Electronic engineering, Equivalent circuit, supercapacitor, double-layer capacitor, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Self-discharge, [SPI.NRJ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, Leakage (electronics)
Abstract

International audience; The self-discharge behaviour of supercapacitors is an important factor because it determines the duration time of stored energy on open circuit. For the supercapacitor technology with activated carbon and organic electrolyte, the self-discharge is based on two mechanisms [1]. The first is due to the diffusion of ions from regions of excess ionic concentration. The second is due to the leakage of charge across the double-layer at the electrolyte-carbon interfaces. This paper treats the modelling of the supercapacitors, which takes into account the self-discharge phenomenon. Supercapacitor characterization is presented and analyzed, particularly the behaviour of self-discharge. To establish the supercapacitor model parameters, it's proposed to supplement an existing equivalent circuit model [2] by adding some new elements, which can be, describe the supercapacitor self-discharge behaviour Simulation and experimental results are presented and compared.

Published
2007

7. New design of a PEM fuel cell air automatic climate control unit

Author

Marie-Cécile Péra, F. Harel, Daniel Hissel, R. Glises, Laboratoire de recherche en Electronique, Electrotechnique et Systèmes (L2ES), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), and Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)

Subjects
[SPI.OTHER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Other, Engineering, Waste management, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, business.industry, Powertrain, 020209 energy, System of measurement, Control unit, Energy balance, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, Proton exchange membrane fuel cell, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 7. Clean energy, Automotive engineering, Air conditioning, Thermal, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, HYDRATATION, 0210 nano-technology, business, Overheating (electricity)
Abstract

Temperature and hydration management are very important points for operating fuel cell systems and for optimizing their energy balance. In this paper, the design and the manufacture of an air conditioning device dedicated to proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells are presented. Experimental thermal behavior laws are described and are intended to be integrated in a fuel cell powertrain model to drive the fuel cell without using an expensive and not adapted hygrometry measurement system. Experiments on a low power-testing bench (500 W) have been carried out, showing the efficiency of the system. Fuel cell polarization curves are shown, overheating and thermal inertia durations are also provided and taken into account for optimizing the regulation.

Published
2005

8. Optimization of SMES and superconducting magnets with a derivative free deterministic method

Author

P. Hiebel, V. Picaud, J. M. Kauffmann, Laboratoire de recherche en Electronique, Electrotechnique et Systèmes (L2ES), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), and Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)

Subjects
Optimization, Mathematical optimization, Optimization problem, General Computer Science, Duality (mathematics), 010103 numerical & computational mathematics, Superconducting magnet, Superconducting magnetic energy storage, 01 natural sciences, Theoretical Computer Science, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], 0103 physical sciences, 0101 mathematics, Multi-swarm optimization, Mathematics, 010302 applied physics, Superconductivity, Numerical Analysis, Augmented Lagrangian, Augmented Lagrangian method, Applied Mathematics, Constrained optimization, SMES, Derivative free, [SPI.TRON]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electronics, Modeling and Simulation, Superconductor
Abstract

International audience; This article presents a constrained optimization method, based on the duality theory, which does not need the gradients. The method is used to optimize superconducting devices. In order to reduce the computing effort, the initial optimization problem is divided into two coupled optimization problems. One manages the geometrical parameters, the other finds the best current densities for a given geometrical configuration.

Published
2003

9. Self-Discharge Characterization and Modeling of Electrochemical Capacitor Used for Power Electronics Applications

Author

Hamid Gualous, Pascal Venet, Y. Diab, Gérard Rojat, Ampère (AMPERE), École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire de recherche en Electronique, Electrotechnique et Systèmes (L2ES), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), and Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)

Subjects
self-discharge modeling, Materials science, 020209 energy, 02 engineering and technology, Hardware_PERFORMANCEANDRELIABILITY, Decoupling capacitor, Capacitance, law.invention, law, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, supercapacitor, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Electrochemical capacitor, Supercapacitor, Electrolytic capacitor, business.industry, Constant phase element, [SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, Electrical engineering, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Capacitor, self-discharge, Equivalent circuit, Capacitance probe, 0210 nano-technology, business, self-discharge characterization
Abstract

Nos remerciements à IEEE pour l'autorisation de mise à disposition du papier complet. © IEEE Copyright Notice : Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE.; International audience; The self-discharge of an electrochemical capacitor, also referred to as a supercapacitor, is an important factor in determining the duration of maintaining stored energy, especially in low-duty-cycle applications. The study of self-discharge is conducted as follows: first, the self-discharge is characterized by measuring the decline of open-circuit voltage of the electrochemical capacitor. Second, the mechanisms of self-discharge, leakage current, and diffusion of ions at the electrode-electrolyte interfaces are modeled by an electrical equivalent circuit. The equivalent circuit elements are experimentally determined according to the self-discharge time behavior. In addition, the dependence of the self-discharge parameters on both temperature and initial voltage across the electrochemical capacitor is described in detail.

Published
2009

10. Lithium Ion capacitor characterization and modelling

Author

Gualous, Hamid, Alcicek, G., Diab, Youssef, Hammar, A., Venet, Pascal, Adams, K., Akiyama, M., Marumo, C., Laboratoire de recherche en Electronique, Electrotechnique et Systèmes (L2ES), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Ampère (AMPERE), École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), PVI, entreprise, JSR Micro, JM Energy, and Ampère, Publications

Subjects
[SPI.TRON] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electronics, [SPI.TRON]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electronics
Abstract

International audience; To develop electrical busses for applications with a fast recharge system in stations, PVI has been testing some electrical energy components like supercapacitors and batteries with high power density. Nevertheless, supercapacitors limit average autonomy between two recharge points, due to their poor energy density. On the other side cycle life of batteries are very dependent on current. To surmount these problems, PVI in collaboration with the FCLAB laboratory and the AMPERE laboratory, are studying Lithium-ion capacitor (LIC) for applications with fast recharge. We take to assess how the storage system meets busses power and energy requirements in heavy electric vehicles. We note that the advantage of LIC technology compared to conventional supercapacitor lies in the fact that the energy density and the nominal voltage are higher. In this study, the Li-ion capacitor is characterized and modelled. The characterization and modelling methods are the same of supercapacitor with double layer activated carbon technology. The LIC efficiency will be discussed.

Published
2008

11. Control strategy and Optimisation of paralleling DC-DC converters with supercapacitors and batteries for peak power in Hybrid Vehicle Applications

Author

Mamadou Baïlo CAMARA, Frédéric Gustin, Hamid Gualous, Alain Berthon, Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de recherche en Electronique, Electrotechnique et Systèmes (L2ES), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), and Gustin, Frédéric

Subjects
energy storage, [SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, HEV hybrid electric vehicle, battery management, super capacitor, [SPI.NRJ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power
Abstract

International audience; This paper will present the control strategy to share energy between supercapacitors and batteries in hybrid vehicle DC-link. The experimental test platform ECCE is a 120kW series hybrid vehicle with 4 independent wheels. The electric generator feeds 4 electric traction motors. The paper will present a parallel DC/DC converters and their control strategy. The supercapacitors bank voltage will provide rated voltage between 135V and 270V.

Published
2008

12. Energy management strategy for Coupling Supercapacitors and Batteries with DC-DC converters for hybrid vehicle applications

Author

Frédéric Gustin, Mamadou Baïlo CAMARA, Hamid Gualous, Alain Berthon, Gustin, Frédéric, Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de recherche en Electronique, Electrotechnique et Systèmes (L2ES), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), and Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)

Subjects
Energy storage, Power converters for HEV, [SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, Energy system management, Supercapacitors, Hybrid power integration, Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), Energy converters for HEV, [SPI.NRJ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power
Abstract

International audience; In this paper, the authors propose an approach to the problem of the energy management in ECCE laboratory hybrid vehicle project. ECCE is a series hybrid vehicle, which currently has three sources of energy: two diesel motors each coupled with an alternator and a battery module of rated voltage DC 540V. This contribution is focused on the energy coupling between batteries and two supercapacitors modules. The authors present a strategy for coupling these power sources with the batteries in order to find the best compromise between sizes of the on-board devices, dynamics of the supply and efficiency of the energy storage. The target is to provide 200kW power during 20s from the supercapacitors modules.

Published
2008

13. A review on existing modelling methodologies for PEM Fuel Cell Systems

Author

François, B., Grandidier, J.C., Harel, F., Hilairet, M., Hinaje, M., Jemei, S., Lottin, O., Madier, L., Maranzana, G., Martemaniov, S., Nguyen, D., Ortega, R., Outbib, R., Pera, M.C., Raël, S., Retière, N., Riu, D., Sailler, S., Talj, R., Zhou, T., Hissel, D., Turpin, Christophe, Astier, Stéphan, Boulon, L., Bouscayrol, A., Bultel, Y., Candusso, D., Caux, Stéphane, Chupin, S., Colinart, T., Coquery, G., Davat, B., Bernardinis, A., Deseure, J., Didierjean, S., Dillet, J., Druart, F., Fadel, Maurice, Fontès, Guillaume, Pistre, Karine, Architecture et réactivité de l'ARN (ARN), Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pprime (PPRIME), Université de Poitiers-ENSMA-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Technologies Nouvelles (INRETS/LTN), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS), Laboratoire de génie électrique de Paris (LGEP), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Ecole Supérieure d'Electricité - SUPELEC (FRANCE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Groupe de Recherche en Electrotechnique et Electronique de Nancy (GREEN), Université de Lorraine (UL), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Laboratoire Énergies et Mécanique Théorique et Appliquée (LEMTA ), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Mécanique et Physique des Matériaux (LMPM), Laboratoire d'études thermiques (LET), Université de Poitiers-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et d'Aérotechnique [Poitiers] (ISAE-ENSMA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Nucléaire Analytique et Bio-environnementale (CNAB), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de recherche en Electronique, Electrotechnique et Systèmes (L2ES), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Laboratoire d'électrotechnique de Grenoble (LEG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sciences pour l'environnement (SPE), Université Pascal Paoli (UPP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Groupe ENergie Electrique et SYStémique (LAPLACE-GENESYS), LAboratoire PLasma et Conversion d'Energie (LAPLACE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT), Laboratoire d’Électrotechnique et d’Électronique de Puissance - ULR 2697 (L2EP), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL), Electrochimie Interfaciale et Procédés (EIP), Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et de Physico-chimie des Matériaux et des Interfaces (LEPMI ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Systèmes et Applications des Technologies de l'Information et de l'Energie (SATIE), École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay (ENS Paris Saclay)-Université Gustave Eiffel-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), COmmande et DIAgnostic des Systèmes Electriques (LAPLACE-CODIASE), Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Matériaux de Bretagne (LIMATB), Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Brest (UBO), and Convertisseurs Statiques (LAPLACE-CS)

Subjects
[SPI.OTHER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Other, [SPI.OTHER] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Other
Abstract

International audience; This paper is a common review research paper written in the framework of the "Energy program" of the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS). In this program, funding has been provided to a project aiming to federate all the French competencies around fuel cell systems. Thus, as a first achievement, a review on existing modelling methodologies for PEM fuel cell systems is here proposed.

Published
2008

14. Supercapacitors and battery power management for hybrid vehicle applications using multi boost and full bridge converters

Author

Hamid Gualous, A. Berthon, Frédéric Gustin, Mamadou Bailo Camara, Groupe de Recherche en Electrotechnique et Automatique du Havre (GREAH), Université Le Havre Normandie (ULH), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Universitaire des Sciences Appliquées de Cherbourg (LUSAC), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Laboratoire de recherche en Electronique, Electrotechnique et Systèmes (L2ES), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), and Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)

Subjects
Power management, Battery (electricity), Alternator (automotive), Test bench, Engineering, Topology (electrical circuits), 02 engineering and technology, 7. Clean energy, law.invention, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], 0203 mechanical engineering, law, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Supercapacitors, Hybrid vehicle, [PHYS]Physics [physics], business.industry, [SPI.FLUID]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Reactive fluid environment, Boost converter, Full bridge converter, 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, [SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, Electrical engineering, 020302 automobile design & engineering, DC-BUS, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, business
Abstract

International audience; This paper presents supercapacitors and battery association methodology for ECCE Hybrid vehicle. ECCE is an experimental Hybrid Vehicle developed at L2ES Laboratory in collaboration with the Research Center in Electrical Engineering and Electronics in Belfort (CREEBEL) and other French partners. This test bench has currently lead-acid batteries with a rated voltage of 540 V, two motors each one coupled with one alternator. The alternators are feeding a DC-bus by rectifers. The main objective of this paper is to study the management of the energy provides by two supercapacitor packs. Each supercapacitors module is made of 108 cells with a maximum voltage of 270 V. This experimental test bench is carried out for studies and innovating tests for the Hybrid Vehicle applications. The multi boost and multi full bridge converter topologies are studied to define the best topology for the embarked power management. The authors propose a good power management strategy by using the multi boost and the multi full bridge converter topologies. The experimental and simulation results of the two converter topologies are presented.

Published
2007

15. MEGEVH project: graphical modeling for energy management of hybrid electric vehicles

Author

BOUSCAYROL, Alain, DELPRAT, Sebastien, Hissel, Daniel, Trigui, Rochdi, Laboratoire d’Électrotechnique et d’Électronique de Puissance - ULR 2697 (L2EP), Centrale Lille-Haute Etude d'Ingénieurs-Université de Lille-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM), Laboratoire d'Automatique, de Mécanique et d'Informatique industrielles et Humaines - UMR 8201 (LAMIH), Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-INSA Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Hauts-de-France (INSA Hauts-De-France), Laboratoire de recherche en Electronique, Electrotechnique et Systèmes (L2ES), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Laboratoire Transport et Environnement (INRETS/LTE), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL), and Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES, [SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, POWERTRAIN, ENERGIE, VEHICLE PERFORMANCE, ENERGY CONSUMPTION, VEHICULE HYBRIDE, CONSOMMATION ENERGETIQUE, VEHICULE ELECTRIQUE
Abstract

EET-2007 European Ele-Drive Conference, BRUXELLES, BELGIQUE, 30-/05/2007 - 01/06/2007; The French national MEGEVH project deals with energy management of hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). The objective is to provide general methodologies to model HEV and optimize their energy flows. The project is subdivided in modeling and optimization sub-projects. Graphical modeling has been chosen to highlight energetic properties of the studied vehicles. Two actual vehicles are taking as reference for the developments. Theoretical methods will be first developed independently of the kind of HEV. Then these methods will be tested on the reference vehicles. The MEGEHV objectives and organization are firstly detailed. In a second section, Energetic Macroscopic Representation of a parallel HEV is described as an example of use of graphical modeling for energy management.

Published
2007

16. Frequency, thermal and voltage supercapacitor characterization and modeling

Author

Hamid Gualous, A. Crausaz, R. Gallay, F. Rafik, A. Berthon, Haute Ecole du Paysage, d'Ingénierie et d'Architecture de Genève (HEPIA), Laboratoire de recherche en Electronique, Electrotechnique et Systèmes (L2ES), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), MAXWELL Technologies [Rossens], and MAXWELL Technologies

Subjects
Engineering, 020209 energy, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, 02 engineering and technology, 7. Clean energy, law.invention, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], law, Thermal, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Supercapacitor, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Frequency analysis, Computer simulation, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, business.industry, [SPI.FLUID]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Reactive fluid environment, Electrical engineering, Supercapacitor modeling, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Supercapacitor thermal characterization, Dielectric spectroscopy, Electrode, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Optoelectronics, RLC circuit, 0210 nano-technology, business, Supercapacitor dynamic behavior, Voltage
Abstract

International audience; A simple electrical model has been established to describe supercapacitor behaviour as a function of frequency, voltage and temperature for hybrid vehicle applications. The electrical model consists of 14 RLC elements, which have been determined from experimental data using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) applied on a commercial supercapacitor.The frequency analysis has been extended for the first time to the millihertz range to take into account the leakage current and the charge redistribution on the electrode. Simulation and experimental results of supercapacitor charge and discharge have been compared and analysed. A good correlation between the model and the EIS results has been demonstrated from 1 mHz to 1 kHz, from −20 to 60 °C and from 0 to 2.5 V.

Published
2007

17. Experimental study of temperature effect on ultracapacitor ageing

Author

Pascal Venet, Hamid Gualous, Abdellatif Miraoui, R. Gallay, G. Alcicek, Laboratoire de recherche en Electronique, Electrotechnique et Systèmes (L2ES), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Ampère (AMPERE), École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire Systèmes et Transports (SET), and Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Institut de Recherche sur les Transports, l'Energie et la Société - IRTES

Subjects
Supercapacitor, Test bench, Materials science, Equivalent series resistance, business.industry, [SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, Electrical engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Electrolyte, 7. Clean energy, Capacitance, [SPI.TRON]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electronics, 020202 computer hardware & architecture, Dielectric spectroscopy, Reliability (semiconductor), 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Composite material, business, Voltage
Abstract

International audience; Reliability is the key issue concerning ultracapacitor applications. In several power applications ultracapacitors are charged and discharged at high current which causes ultracapacitors heating. This paper presents ultracapacitor ageing according to the temperature. To investigate this effect, a test bench of accelerated ageing of ultracapacitor is carried out. Experimental tests are realized at constant temperature when the ultracapacitors are polarized at the maximum voltage. To quantify the ultracapacitor ageing, the equivalent series resistance (ESR) and the equivalent capacitance (Cequi) are measured using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The cause of this ageing is the degradation of the electrolyte and the activated carbon. The electrolyte decomposes during the oxydoreduction phenomena which creates by-products. This degradation leads to an increase of the Equivalent Series Resistance. These by-products deteriorate also the surface of the activated carbon which generates the reduction in the capacitance. After these tests, the ultracapacitor lifetime is obtained versus temperature for the fixed voltage. With the use of the law of Arrhenius the ultracapacitor lifetime is generalized at all the temperatures but always for an extreme voltage which is the nominal voltage of the component. Finally, other tests on various ultracapacitors are made to generalize the lifetime of the ultracapacitor according to the temperature.

Published
2007

18. Analysis and optimisation of fuel cell operations thanks to the experimental design methodology

Author

Wahdame, Bouchra, Laboratoire de recherche en Electronique, Electrotechnique et Systèmes (L2ES), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Université de Franche-Comté, Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard, Jean Marie KAUFFMANN, Denis CANDUSSO, and Wahdame, Bouchra

Subjects
application transport, durée de vie, "méthode des surfaces de réponse", "transport application", [SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, plans d'expériences, "application transport", "durée de vie", "durability", méthode des surfaces de réponse, "experimental design", "fuel cell system", "système pile à combustible", "plans d'expériences", système pile à combustible, "surface response methodology", [SPI.NRJ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power
Abstract

Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell (FC) generators have some performances which strongly depend on the operating conditions linked with their environment. Moreover, the control of these systems is difficult because of the high number of physical parameters involved as the load current, the stack temperature, the pressures, the flows, the gas hydrations... The Design of Experiment (DoE) methodology can be used to define the tests that allow the rapid and efficient characterisation of the FC. The parameters that have the largest and most significant impacts on the generator behaviour can be determined, and some possible interactions between theses factors can be highlighted as well. The aim of the FC generator characterisation by the DoE method is to predict the system behaviour as a function of the operating parameters, and then to propose some control strategies for the optimisation of a relevant criterion like the output voltage, the fuel consumption, the maximal electrical power, or even the stack lifetime.The PhD Thesis report is made of six chapters. After a brief overview of the PEMFC technology with its operating constraints (first chapter), the author provides some essential elements of the DoE methodology in order to make easier the work presented afterwards (second chapter). An experimental design is then proposed in order to evaluate the influences of the gas pressure and flow rate parameters over the maximal power of a 500W PEMFC operated in pressure regulation mode (third chapter). The full factorial design applied requires sixteen experiments. The analyses of variance made for this design and for the fractional design (composed of only eight experiments selected judiciously among the sixteen ones) lead to similar results, i.e. a major influence of the air flow factor over the maximal power reached by the studied FC. The tools and methods proposed in this first work are then developed and used to analyse some experimental data collected from a 5kW PEMFC (chapter four). The stack temperature, gas pressure and stoichiometry rate impacts over the fuel cell voltage are estimated for various load current levels. Some optimisations of the FC operation parameters leading to higher performances are performed thanks to numerical, statistical models. The fifth chapter is dedicated to the analysis of a durability test performed on a 100W PEMFC stack operated in steady-state conditions during 1000 hours. The study is made using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and it shows notably the interest of using some variable stoichiometry rates through the ageing time in order to obtain some high performances in term of FC voltage on the one hand, and lower cell voltage variability on the other hand. In the last chapter, the author shows how the DoE methodology can contribute to a deeper understanding of the physical phenomena encountered in the FC stacks. Three different domains are concerned: the pressure losses in the bipolar plates distributing the reactive gas flows inside the FC, the impact of humidification on the stack internal resistance, and finally the ageing of a stack operated at a temperature level higher than the nominal one.The research work presented aims at showing that the experimental design method can be a suitable medium to characterise, to analyse and also to improve a complex system like a fuel cell generator., Les générateurs piles à combustibles (PàC) ont des performances qui dépendent fortement des conditions de fonctionnement liées à l'environnement dans lequel ils se trouvent. De plus, le pilotage de ces systèmes demeure délicat en raison du grand nombre de paramètres physiques mis en jeu tels que le profil du courant imposé par la charge, la température du stack, les températures, les pressions, les débits, l'hydratation des gaz... La méthodologie des Plans d'Expériences (PE) permet de définir de manière rationnelle les essais visant à caractériser rapidement et efficacement une PàC. Elle permet de déterminer les paramètres les plus influents sur le comportement de la pile et de mettre en évidence les interactions éventuelles qui lient ces facteurs. D'autre part, la caractérisation du générateur PàC par des PE a pour finalité de prédire le comportement du système vis-à-vis de ses paramètres de fonctionnement et d'envisager ainsi, par la suite, des stratégies de pilotage du système visant à optimiser un critère déterminant tel que la tension, la consommation d'hydrogène, la puissance électrique maximale, voire la durée de vie du stack.Le mémoire est divisé en six chapitres. Après un bref aperçu du fonctionnement d'une PàC et de ses contraintes (premier chapitre), l'auteur donne les éléments essentiels de la méthodologie des PE nécessaires à la compréhension de la suite du travail (deuxième chapitre). Un plan destiné à étudier l'influence des débits et des pressions, côté hydrogène et côté air, sur la puissance maximale de la pile a été réalisé sur une pile PEM 500W utilisée en mode régulation de pression (troisième chapitre). Le plan complet comporte seize essais. Les analyses de la variance pour le plan complet et pour le plan fractionnaire (huit expériences choisies judicieusement parmi les seize réalisées) ont conduit à des résultats sensiblement identiques, à savoir une influence majeure du facteur débit d'air sur le niveau de puissance maximal atteint par la pile étudiée. Les plans et les outils logiciels mis au point ont ensuite été développés et utilisés pour analyser des résultats expérimentaux collectés sur une pile PEM 5kW (chapitre quatre). Les analyses réalisées permettent de cerner clairement et d'exprimer quantitativement, pour différents niveaux de courant de charge, les incidences des paramètres température de stack, pressions et surstoechiométries des gaz réactifs sur les performances de la PàC. Une modélisation statistique de la tension de pile en fonction des paramètres étudiés est mise en œuvre pour optimiser les conditions de fonctionnement de la pile. Le cinquième chapitre est consacré à l'analyse par la Méthode des Surfaces de Réponse (MSR) de résultats expérimentaux issus d'un essai d'endurance d'une PàC 100W ayant fonctionné en régime stationnaire pendant 1000 heures. Cette étude a notamment permis de montrer l'intérêt d'adopter des surstoechiométries variables au cours du temps pour aboutir d'une part à des performances élevées en terme de tension de pile et d'autre part à une diminution de la variabilité des tensions de cellules. Le dernier chapitre montre comment les PE peuvent contribuer à une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes physiques intervenant dans les PàC. Trois domaines sont considérés : les pertes de charge dans les plaques bipolaires distributrices des gaz réactifs, l'impact de l'humidification sur la variation de la résistance interne de la pile et le vieillissement à une température de fonctionnement supérieure à la valeur nominale.L'ensemble des travaux réalisés montre comment la méthode des plans d'expériences peut être un moyen approprié pour caractériser, analyser et améliorer le système complexe que représente un générateur PàC.

Published
2006

19. Control strategies of embedded fuel cell - supercapacitor hybrid source

Author

Thounthong, Phatiphat, Rael, Stéphane, Gualous, Hamid, Hissel, Daniel, Davat, Bernard, Berthon, Alain, Groupe de Recherche en Electrotechnique et Electronique de Nancy (GREEN), Université de Lorraine (UL), Laboratoire de recherche en Electronique, Electrotechnique et Systèmes (L2ES), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), and Pierson, Christine

Subjects
[SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, [SPI.NRJ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power
Abstract

This paper proposes two innovative control strategies for a voltage regulated dc hybrid power source, employing PEM fuel cell as the main energy source and supercapacitors as the auxiliary power source. Both strategies are conceived with regard to constraints due to fuel cell dynamic limitation, in order to avoid gas starvation during transients. The first strategy is based on using supercapacitors during the gas flow establishment. The second strategy is based on a standard dc link voltage regulation using the storage device for supplying the required energy. The fuel cell is then considered as a standard load, working only in regenerative breaking in order to keep the storage device charged.

Published
2006

20. Macroscopic Model of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack for Integrating in a Generator Simulation

Author

Chnani, Moussa, Péra, Marie-Cécile, Glises, Raynal, Kauffmann, J.M., Laboratoire de recherche en Electronique, Electrotechnique et Systèmes (L2ES), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), European Project: 30157,FELICITAS, Chnani, Moussa, and Fuel cell power trains and clustering in heavy-duty transports - FELICITAS - 30157 - OLD

Subjects
[SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, modeling, SOFC, Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, [SPI.NRJ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power
Abstract

International audience; This paper presents a macroscopic model of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) with the aim to perform a simulation of the whole generator. Three sub-models have been developed to take into fluidic, thermal and electrical phenomena. The fluidic sub-model is based on an equivalent circuit based on electrical analogy. Pressure drops in channels are modelled by resistances and the fluid accumulation in the volume is modelled by capacitor. Each electrode compartment (channel+electrode) is represented by two resistances and one capacitor. We have used this model to calculate the pressure at the catalytic sites and gas flows at fuel cell input and output. The electrical response is based on the classical Nernst potential equation, activation, ohmic and concentration overvoltages. The thermal modelling is based on a (2D) nodal network. Two aspects are studied in this article (conduction and the convection heat transfer). Results have been validated on a 5 cell stack.

Published
2006

21. Thermal management of a PEMFC stack by 3D nodal modeling

Author

Jean-Marie Kauffmann, H. Louahlia-Gualous, L. Dumercy, R. Glises, Laboratoire de recherche en Electronique, Electrotechnique et Systèmes (L2ES), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), and Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Infrared, 020209 energy, Nuclear engineering, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, Proton exchange membrane fuel cell, 02 engineering and technology, Thermal management of electronic devices and systems, Thermographic camera, 7. Clean energy, law.invention, symbols.namesake, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Stack (abstract data type), law, Thermal, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Electronic engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Network model, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Chemistry, Dirichlet conditions, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, symbols, Thermal management, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

This paper describes a 3D thermal modeling by a nodes network model for two PEMFC of 150 and 500 W (respectively, 3 and 20 cells). Modeling are realized for each case for one cell before to be integrated on all the stack. Absolute temperatures of H 2 , air and water channels are used as Dirichlet conditions. Temperatures of external surfaces are obtained thanks to an infrared thermographic camera. Final external heat fluxes are deduced from the integrated model.

Published
2006

22. Thermal management of a PEMFC stack by nodal modeling

Author

Dumercy, L., Glises, R., Gualous, Hasna, Kauffmann, J.M., Laboratoire de recherche en Electronique, Electrotechnique et Systèmes (L2ES), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Gualous, Hasna

Subjects
[SPI.MECA.THER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Thermics [physics.class-ph], [PHYS.MECA.MEFL]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Fluid mechanics [physics.class-ph], Thermal management, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SPI.MECA.THER] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Thermics [physics.class-ph]
Abstract

International audience

Published
2006

23. Étude de la Désaimantation dans l'Air d'un Inducteur Cylindrique de Machines à Aimants permanents montés en Surface

Author

Dubas, Frédéric, Zire, Hakim-Saber, Sairi, Salim, Espanet, Christophe, Miraoui, A., Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de recherche en Electronique, Electrotechnique et Systèmes (L2ES), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Laboratoire Systèmes et Transports (SET), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Institut de Recherche sur les Transports, l'Energie et la Société - IRTES, and Dubas, Frédéric

Subjects
[SPI.ELEC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electromagnetism, [SPI.ELEC] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electromagnetism, [SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, [SPI.NRJ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power
Abstract

National audience; Cet article traite de la démagnétisation dans l'air des aimants permanents (AP) d'un inducteur cylindrique de machines à AP montés en surface. Les auteurs présentent d'abord un calcul analytique exact du champ pour une telle structure, puis les résultats obtenus sont confirmés par des simulations numériques 2D et 3D. Les auteurs déterminent ainsi, dans un cas concret, les limites en température et en épaisseur d'aimants pour se prémunir de la désaimantation dans l'air.

Published
2005

24. Modélisation d'un générateur pile à combustible à électrolyte polymère

Author

Chnani, Moussa, Laboratoire de recherche en Electronique, Electrotechnique et Systèmes (L2ES), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), European Project: 30157,FELICITAS, Chnani, Moussa, and Fuel cell power trains and clustering in heavy-duty transports - FELICITAS - 30157 - OLD

Subjects
électrolyte polymère, [SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, Pile à combustible, [SPI.NRJ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, modélisation
Abstract

National audience; La pile à combustible est une technologie alternative pour la propulsion des véhicules électriques. Elle est entourée par des auxiliaires (échangeurs, moto-compresseur, condenseur, humidificateur...) pour assurer l'alimentation et la gestion de l'hydrogène et de l'air. Un modèle du générateur à pile à combustible a été développé. La réponse électrique est modélisée avec une approche semi empirique. Le comportement fluidique des lignes de gaz (air + H2) est basé sur une analogie électrique. Les lignes sont représentées par des circuits RC simple. Les paramètres du modèle sont identifiés en utilisant des mesures expérimentales. Le modèle du générateur a été validé sur un profil de courant constant et un profil de courant standard utilisé dans les applications transport.

Published
2005

25. 42V Power Net with supercapacitor and battery for automotive applications

Author

A. Berthon, J.-N. Marie-Francoise, Rachid Outbib, Hamid Gualous, Laboratoire de recherche en Electronique, Electrotechnique et Systèmes (L2ES), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), and Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)

Subjects
Battery (electricity), Test bench, Engineering, 020209 energy, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, 02 engineering and technology, 7. Clean energy, Energy storage, Energy sources control, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Hardware_GENERAL, DC/DC converter, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Supercapacitor, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, business.industry, Supercapacitors modeling, [SPI.FLUID]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Reactive fluid environment, Electrical engineering, Energy management, Converters, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Power (physics), Microcontroller, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 0210 nano-technology, business, Voltage
Abstract

International audience; This paper presents simulation and experimental realization of 42 V Power Net for automotive auxiliary on-board applications. For energy storage, a pack of supercapacitors is used in parallel with a battery. For simulation, the mathematical models of battery, DC/DC converters and supercapacitors are developed using MATLAB/SIMULINK®. An experimental power test bench has been designed. The 42 V Power Net voltage and the load current of supercapacitors are controlled by a microcontroller. Simulation results and experimental ones are presented, compared and analysed.

Published
2005

26. Caractérisation du comportement magnétomécanique d'aciers électriques

Author

Lagonotte, Patrick, Masson, Jean-Pierre, Kedous-Lebouc, Afef, Glises, Raynal, Ducharne, Benjamin, Bertin, Yves, Laboratoire d'études thermiques (LET), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et d'Aérotechnique [Poitiers] (ISAE-ENSMA)-Université de Poitiers, Ampère (AMPERE), École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2ELab), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology, Laboratoire de recherche en Electronique, Electrotechnique et Systèmes (L2ES), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Garcia, Sylvie

Subjects
[SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SPI.NRJ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power
Abstract

International audience

Published
2005

27. ELECTRICAL ANALOGY MODELLING OF PEFC SYSTEM FED BY A COMPRESSOR

Author

Moussa Chnani, Hattab Maker, Denis Candusso, Marie-Cécile Péra, Hissel Daniel, Chnani, Moussa, FELICITAS - INCOMING, Laboratoire de recherche en Electronique, Electrotechnique et Systèmes (L2ES), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS), FELICITAS, and European Project

Subjects
hybrid, [SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, Fuel cell, compressor, [SPI.NRJ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power
Abstract

14; International audience; The PEFC generator for automotive application is expected to have a low cost, a low weight and a low size, to compete with more and more efficient combustion engine. To reach this aim, the complete system has to be taken into account, not only the stack itself, but also the fluid circuit ancillaries. A model is developed with the aim in view to be integrated in the simulation of an electrical vehicle power train. As many components have to be modelled, a macroscopic approach has been chosen. A general scheme of the system is proposed, which structure is representative of an embedded generator, i.e. few sensors, few actuators. Gaseous hydrogen is stored in a tank. The anode output is closed by a solenoid valve. It is opened when the fuel cell voltage reaches a minimum threshold, allowing flushes of the channels. Air is provided by a compressor which flow is controlled by the motor speed. The modelling of the fuel cell electrical response is developed, based on semi-empirical approach. The decrease of the output voltage which can be attributed to the anodic dead end operation is taken into account. The fluidic behaviour of the gas circuits has been dealt through an electrical analogy to facilitate the implementation in a usual electrical engineering software (Matlab/Simulink®). Each component of volume V and fluidic resistance Rf is represented by a RC cell. In a formal approach, the flow is related to the current and the pressure is related to the voltage. The model is validated with experimentations carried out on a low power test bench (100W). Then, it is simulated on a load cycle, compatible with vehicle application dynamics.

Published
2005

28. Experimental study of supercapacitor serial resistance and capacitance variations with temperature

Author

Hamid Gualous, David Bouquain, A. Berthon, Jean-Marie Kauffmann, Laboratoire de recherche en Electronique, Electrotechnique et Systèmes (L2ES), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), and Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)

Subjects
Thermal behavior of supercapacitor, Engineering, 020209 energy, Spice, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, 02 engineering and technology, Hardware_PERFORMANCEANDRELIABILITY, 7. Clean energy, Capacitance, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Hardware_GENERAL, Power electronics, Thermal, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Electronic engineering, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Supercapacitor, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Computer simulation, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, business.industry, [SPI.FLUID]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Reactive fluid environment, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Equivalent circuit, 0210 nano-technology, business, Charge and discharge, Electric energy storage
Abstract

International audience; This paper treats an experimental study of the electrical and the thermal behavior of supercapacitors for power electronics and transportation applications. In this study, the charge and discharge of supercapacitors have been characterized by taking into account the temperature variations of the device and its environment. Thermal dependence of supercapacitor serial resistance and capacitance is determined experimentally. An equivalent circuit is proposed to describe the electrical and the thermal behavior of the supercapacitors. The equivalent circuit is implemented in Saber and Spice software for simulations. Experimental and simulation results are presented, analyzed and compared.

Published
2003

29. Transient thermal computation of a PEM Fuel Cell by a nodes modelling

Author

Dumercy, Laurent, GLISES, Reynal, Kauffmann, Jean-Marie, Louahlia-Gualous, Hasna, Bases, Corpus, Langage, UMR 7320, Laboratoire de recherche en Electronique, Electrotechnique et Systèmes (L2ES), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Laboratoire Universitaire des Sciences Appliquées de Cherbourg (LUSAC), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), and Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)

Subjects
[SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Polymer Electrolytes, [SPI] Engineering Sciences [physics]
Abstract

In this paper, the authors propose a thermal modeling of a fuel cell. It has been validated on a 150 W power PEMFC. The thermal modeling uses a network of 172 nodes. It takes into account conduction and convection heat fluxes but also mass transfers due to electrochemical reaction. This thermal model is reduced to a global model describing electrical behavior and takes into account temperature regulation of the water cooling system. Matlab-Simulink software has been used. Dirichlet boundary conditions are obtained thanks to an SW infrared camera.

Published
2003

30. PEMFC System Modelling with Anodic Dead End Operating Mode

Author

Dumercy, Laurent, PERA, Marie Cécile, Glises, Raynal, Daniel, Hissel, HAMADI, Samer, Badin, François, Kauffmann, Jean-Marie, Laboratoire de recherche en Electronique, Electrotechnique et Systèmes (L2ES), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Laboratoire Commun de Belfort : Hydrogène et Pile à Combustible pour les applications au transport (FC LAB), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Laboratoire Transports et Environnement (IFSTTAR/AME/LTE), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Laboratoire des Technologies Nouvelles (IFSTTAR/COSYS/LTN), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Laboratoire Transport et Environnement (INRETS/LTE), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Laboratoire des Technologies Nouvelles (IFSTTAR/COSYS/LTN), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Laboratoire Transports et Environnement (IFSTTAR/AME/LTE), and Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon

Subjects
[SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Polymer Electrolytes
Abstract

no abstract

Published
2003

31. A gold–palladium thin-film microsensor array for thermal imaging of laser beam waists

Author

B Serio, J.P Prenel, H Gualous, Laboratoire de recherche en Electronique, Electrotechnique et Systèmes (L2ES), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), and Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)

Subjects
Laser power profilometer, Materials science, Planar array, 02 engineering and technology, Substrate (electronics), Integrated circuit, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, 010309 optics, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Optics, Thermocouple, law, Thin-film thermocouples, 0103 physical sciences, Thermoelectric effect, Sensor arrays, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Thin film, Instrumentation, [PHYS]Physics [physics], business.industry, [SPI.FLUID]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Reactive fluid environment, Metals and Alloys, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Laser beam quality, 0210 nano-technology, business, Gaussian beam
Abstract

International audience; A new thermal microsensor, developed to control the position, focusing and 2D energy profile of laser beam waists is described. The sensitive area consists of a planar array of 16 individual thin-film gold–palladium thermocouple junctions (8×8 μm2), processed by means of standard integrated circuit technology (metallization on a glass substrate). The sensor thermoelectric response is determined; especially, the dynamic behaviour is characterized by measuring the time constant. Finally, thermal images and 2D beam energy profiles are obtained by scanning the sensor through Gaussian waists; a good agreement between the experimental results and the Gaussian beam theory is observed.

Published
2000

32. Analysis of a fuel cell durability test based on design of experiment approach

Author

B. Wahdame, Denis Candusso, Jean-Marie Kauffmann, Xavier François, Daniel Hissel, Fabien Harel, M.C. Pera, Laboratoire de recherche en Electronique, Electrotechnique et Systèmes (L2ES), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Laboratoire des Technologies Nouvelles (INRETS/LTN), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), and Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Materials science, business.industry, Design of experiments, Nuclear engineering, [SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, Electrical engineering, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, Proton exchange membrane fuel cell, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 7. Clean energy, Durability, Dielectric spectroscopy, Stack (abstract data type), 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Response surface methodology, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 0210 nano-technology, business, Low voltage, Electrical efficiency, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

The results of a durability test performed during 1000 h on a proton exchange or polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell are analyzed using some well-suited design of experiment techniques. The response surface methodology is adopted to model the performance degradation over ageing time from various load current--fuel cell voltage curves recorded at regular time-spaced intervals and for various air utilization rates. The dual response surface approach is employed to determine the most convenient operating conditions for the cells (load current and air stoichiometry rate levels), leading to a tradeoff between elevated electrical efficiency and low voltage variability versus ageing time and cell positions in the stack. In addition, some electrochemical impedance spectra are used to provide some physical interpretations and to corroborate the observations made from the static measurements. The work shows notably the benefit of using some variable stoichiometry rates through ageing time to get high-power levels and stable performances as well.

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