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International audience; Exome sequencing used for molecular diagnosis of Mendelian disorders considerably increases the number of missense variants of unclear significance, whose pathogenicity can be assessed by a variety of prediction tools. As the performance of algorithms may vary according to the datasets, complementary specific resources are needed to improve variant interpretation. As a model, we were interested in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR) causing cystic fibrosis, in which at least 40% of missense variants are reported. Cystic fibrosis missense analysis (CYSMA) is a new web server designed for online estimation of the pathological relevance of CFTR missense variants. CYSMA generates a set of computationally derived data, ranging from evolutionary conservation to functional observations from three-dimensional structures, provides all available allelic frequencies, clinical observations, and references for functional studies. Compared to software classically used in analysis pipelines on a dataset of 141 well-characterized missense variants, CYSMA was the most efficient tool to discriminate benign missense variants, with a specificity of 85%, and very good sensitivity of 89%. These results suggest that such integrative tools could be adapted to numbers of genes involved in Mendelian disorders to improve the interpretation of missense variants identified in the context of diagnosis.

Studies of high temperature oxidation of polyethylene are not much present in the literature though it can really be a problem especially in polymer production and processing. This study aims to detect oxidation flaws in polyethylene and to determine their impact on polymer structure and properties. Besides, we suggest a method via PLS-regression to determine the degree of flaws that can occur during polymer processing due to oxidation. Several kinds of oxidation flaws were reproduced in laboratory at 150°C in an oven operating in air and Raman spectroscopy analysis was performed on each sample. Using statistical tools as chemometrics on these spectra, we have built a Partial Least Square (PLS) model able to predict the oxidation degree of flaws. Interpretation of the model construction and further characterization tests show that oxidation can be followed with the evolution of the crystalline carbon group and of the created carbonyl functions. Finally we suggest possible mechanisms which can explain the high temperature oxidation process in LPDE, and we link them to the modification of the material properties.

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The possibilities of applications of vibrational spectroscopy techniques (Raman spectroscopy) in the analysis and characterization of polymers are more and more used and accurate. In this paper, our purpose is to characterize Low Density Poly(Ethylene) (LDPE) grades by Raman spectroscopy and in particular with CH2 Raman vibration modes. With temperature measurements, we determine different amorphous and crystalline Raman assignments. From these results and on the basis of the evolution of CH2 bending Raman vibration modes, we develop a phenomenological model in correlation with Differential Scanning Calorimetry and in particular with crystalline lamella thickness determination.

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Le rotavirus est l'agent pathogène responsable de nombreuses épidémies de GEA chez les enfants âgés de 0 à 5 ans et notamment chez les 0 à 2 ans qui y sont particulièrement sensibles. Deux vaccins anti rotavirus sont actuellement commercialisés et ne sont pas remboursés : Rotarix® et RotaTeq®. L'objectif de cette thèse est de préciser l'utilisation actuelle des vaccins anti rotavirus et d'étudier l'impact possible de leur utilisation généralisée sur l'indicateur de l'InVS de détection des cas de GEA. Une enquête en officine a permis le recueil de 729 ordonnances contenant au moins un médicament "cible" de la gastro-entérite avec 441 prescriptions correspondant à une gastroentérite aigüe et 288 à des prescriptions témoins. Au cours de cette étude, 28 prescriptions de Rotarix® et 17 de RotaTeq® ont également été retrouvées. Ces prescriptions émanaient principalement de pédiatres. L'étude de l'impact de la vaccination a été faite en partant de l'hypothèse que l'efficacité du vaccin permet de considérer une protection à 100% des enfants de 0 à 5 ans durant l'épidémie hivernale à rotavirus. Il en ressort qu'il n'y a pas de réel changement au niveau de l'indicateur de l'InVS en ce qui concerne la sensibilité (0,90 contre 0,89 actuellement), la spécificité augmente légèrement passant de 0,62 à 0,67.Actuellement, les recommandations sont à l'utilisation des SRO. Cependant, lors de cette étude, sur 117 cas de GEA chez les moins de 5 ans seulement 46 enfants se sont vus prescrire un SRO montrant ainsi le "faible" impact de ces recommandations.

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Polyethylene (PE) is a very important material. In 2008, almost 30% of the world plastics production was dedicated to this polymer (70 million tons) [1]. It is a consumer polymer because of its moderate cost of manufacturing and its physical and mechanical properties compatible with various applications in everyday life. Indeed, PE is generally easily processable. It possesses an excellent electric insulation and shock resistance combined with a very good chemical and biological inertia [2]. For each application, there is a particular grade, i.e. a polyethylene with well defined rheological properties. Therefore, it is essential to know how to differentiate these different grades by suitable methods of characterization.Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is one of the techniques usually used for this purpose. The knowledge of characteristic temperatures such as melting, cold crystallization or glass transition gives information on the viscosity and thus, on the grade of the polymer. DSC also allows the detection of defects, (for example, presence of unmelted pieces). However DSC is a tedious method for on‐line quality control, limiting its scope. The determination of the polymer structure represents a major challenge in the industrial world of polymers.Raman spectroscopy, another technique of polymer analysis, is nowadays growing fast because of the advantages it presents. It is a non‐destructive method, capable of also giving useful information about the morphology of the polymer. This technique can be perfectly used in industry by means of adapted sensors and devices with more and more reduced dimensions [3]. That technique is used to obtain the characteristic temperatures of PE and information on the polymer structure.The purpose of this article is to establish the correlation between the viscosity of a polymer and its characteristic temperatures obtained by DSC and subsequent possibilities of quality control in industry. These measurements are correlated with others obtained by Raman spectroscopy, to get additional details concerning the structure and transitions of the material, the final goal being to use these results in on‐line analysis.

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Feministes « abolitionnistes » et feministes « pro-sexe » s’opposent sur la question de la pornographie. Pour les premieres, elle constitue une atteinte a la dignite des femmes ; pour les secondes, elle peut contribuer a mettre en avant des sexualites alternatives. Comment faire la part de l’influence, directe et indirecte, de la pornographie sur les representations et les comportements qui en resultent ?

ResumeLe travail educatif est un accompagnement de l’autre, c’est vivre avec autrui dans son entierete. L’histoire, les ressentis, les emotions et les sentiments font partis de la personne. Comment pourrait-on faire dans la pratique professionnelle s’ils sont occultes ?Impossible ! Bien qu’il soit necessaire de se distancer d’une situation emotionnelle trop difficile, les sentiments sont la, en nous en l’autre.

Robin Victor, Velu Henri, Lahure R. Pénicillines-retard et posologie. In: Bulletin de l'Académie Vétérinaire de France tome 102 n°10, 1949. pp. 399-405.