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6. The Role of Carnosic Acid in the UV‐B Stress Resistance Signalling Pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Author

Han, Danlu, Lin, Chufang, Xia, Simin, Zheng, Xiaoting, Zhu, Chengluo, Shen, Yue, Chen, Yue, Peng, Changlian, Wang, Caijuan, He, Jinming, Lai, Jianbin, and Yang, Chengwei

Subjects
CARNOSIC acid, PLANT protection, FLAVONOIDS, METABOLITES, CELLULAR signal transduction
Abstract

Carnosic acid (CA) is recognized as an antioxidant that confers protection to plants against various forms of oxidative stress, including UV‐B stress. However, limited research has been conducted to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying its defence against UV‐B stress. In this study, we demonstrated that CA exhibits more efficacy compared to other antioxidants in UV‐B resistance. Moreover, CA was found to enhance the accumulation of secondary metabolites in Arabidopsis leaves. Through the analysis of differentially expressed genes in response to UV‐B stress with or without CA treatment, we uncovered that the exogenous application of CA effectively activates the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in Arabidopsis to improve resistance of Arabidopsis to UV‐B stress. Summary statement: Carnosic acid (CA) is a widely acknowledged antioxidant that provides protection to plants against a range of oxidative stresses, including UV‐B radiation. However, there has been limited research on the molecular mechanisms underlying the UV‐B resistance of plants mediated by CA. The findings of this study demonstrate that exogenous application of CA significantly enhances plant resistance to UV‐B radiation compared to other antioxidants. Experimental analyses revealed that CA effectively mitigates UV‐B‐induced damage to chlorophyll in Arabidopsis leaves. Furthermore, the transcriptome data of UV‐B‐stressed plants with and without CA treatment revealed that, apart from directly scavenging harmful free radicals from the leaves, CA also upregulates the expression of flavonoid biosynthesis genes in Arabidopsis thaliana, leading to increased accumulation of flavonoids. Therefore, it can be concluded that CA serves as a high‐quality natural sunscreen for plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2025
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13. SIZ1-mediated SUMOylation of CPSF100 promotes plant thermomorphogenesis by controlling alternative polyadenylation.

Author

Yu, Zhibo, Wang, Jun, Zhang, Cheng, Zhan, Qiuna, Shi, Leqian, Song, Bing, Han, Danlu, Jiang, Jieming, Huang, Junwen, Ou, Xiaolin, Zhang, Zhonghui, Lai, Jianbin, Li, Qingshun Quinn, and Yang, Chengwei

Abstract

Under warm temperatures, plants adjust their morphologies for environmental adaption via precise gene expression regulation. However, the function and regulation of alternative polyadenylation (APA), an important fine-tuning of gene expression, remains unknown in plant thermomorphogenesis. In this study, we found that SUMOylation, a critical post-translational modification, is induced by a long-term treatment at warm temperatures via a SUMO ligase SIZ1 in Arabidopsis. Disruption of SIZ1 altered the global usage of polyadenylation signals and affected the APA dynamic of thermomorphogenesis-related genes. CPSF100, a key subunit of the CPSF complex for polyadenylation regulation, is SUMOylated by SIZ1. Importantly, we demonstrated that SUMOylation is essential for the function of CPSF100 in genome-wide polyadenylation site choice during thermomorphogenesis. Further analyses revealed that the SUMO conjugation on CPSF100 attenuates its interaction with two isoforms of its partner CPSF30, increasing the nuclear accumulation of CPSF100 for polyadenylation regulation. In summary, our study uncovers a regulatory mechanism of APA via SIZ1-mediated SUMOylation in plant thermomorphogenesis. In response to warm temperatures, the Arabidopsis SUMO ligase SIZ1 upregulates the SUMOylation of CPSF100 to suppress its association with two isoforms of CPSF30, leading to an increase in the nuclear accumulation of CPSF100. Subsequently, CPSF100 and CPSF30 collaborate to modulate the usage of poly(A) signals, thereby controlling the alternative polyadenylation of genes associated with warm temperature responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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39. A Numerical Test of Soil Layering Effects on Theoretical and Practical Beerkan Infiltration Runs

Author

Lai Jianbin, Vincenzo Bagarello, and Massimo Iovino

Abstract

With reference to a more compacted and less conductive upper soil layer overlying a less compacted and more conductive subsoil, a simple three-dimensional (3D) infiltration run is expected to yield more representative results of the upper layer than the subsoil. However, there is the need to quantitatively establish what is meant by more representativeness. At this aim, numerically simulated infiltration was investigated for a theoretically unconfined process under a null ponded head of water (d0H0 setup, with d = depth of ring insertion and H = ponded depth of water) and a practical beerkan run (d1H1 setup, d = H = 1 cm). The considered layered soils differed by both the layering degree (from weak to strong) and the thickness of the upper soil layer (0.5-3 cm). It was confirmed that water infiltration should be expected to be more representative of the upper soil layer when this layer is the less permeable since, for a 2-h experiment, the instantaneous infiltration rates for the layered soil were 1.0-2.1 times greater than those of the homogeneous low permeable soil and 1.3-20.7 smaller than those of the homogeneous coarser soil that constituted the subsoil. Similarity with the homogeneous fine soil increased as expected as the upper layer became thicker. For a weak layering condition, the layered soil yielded an intermediate infiltration as compared with that of the two homogeneous soils forming the layered system. For a strong layering degree, the layered soil was more similar to the homogeneous fine soil than to the homogeneous coarse soil. Using the practical setup instead of the theoretical one should have a small to moderate effect on the instantaneous infiltration rates since all the calculated percentage differences between the d1H1 and d0H0 setups fell into the relatively narrow range of -18.8% to +17.4%. A sequential analysis procedure appeared usable to detect layering conditions but with some modifications as compared with the originally proposed procedure. The practical setup enhanced the possibility to recognize the time at which the characteristics of the subsoil start to influence the infiltration process. In conclusion, this investigation contributed to better interpret both the theoretical and the practically established 3D infiltration process in a soil composed of a less conductive upper soil layer overlying a more conductive subsoil and it also demonstrated that modifying a recently proposed procedure only using infiltration data could be advisable to determine the time when layering starts to influence the process.

Published
2023
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