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This study examined the genetic relationships among six species—chicken (Gallus gallus), quail (Coturnix coturnix), duck (Anas platyrhynchos), goose (Anseranser domestica), and turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) and rabbit (Lepus capensis), using partial mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cyt-b) gene sequences. PCR amplification of the mitochondrial Cyt-b gene resulted in an approximately 358 bp amplicon in size for all species, and sequences alignment and phylogenetic analyses were performed with Bio Edit and MEGA X software’s to determine genetic similarities and distances. Results revealed high nucleotide similarity between chicken and quail (89.1%) and chicken and turkey (83.6%). The closest genetic relationship was between duck and domestic goose, with 87.4% identity and the smallest genetic distance of 0.126. Chicken (Gallus gallus) demonstrated a relatively close relationship with both duck and domestic goose, with identities (83.6%). While, Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) exhibited a slightly more distant relationship with avian species, with the lowest similarity at 81.6% with domestic goose. The rabbit, positioned at the root of the phylogenetic tree, exhibited the greatest genetic distance from avian species, with a 28.3% distance and 71.7% identity with chicken. This study provides solid evidence of the effectiveness of using Cyt-b gene sequences as a reliable tool for species identification across various applications, underscoring the effectiveness of partial Cyt-b gene sequences for avian species identification and genetic analysis, which is valuable for breeding and diversity studies.

This study examined the genetic relationships among six species—chicken (Gallus gallus), quail (Coturnix coturnix), duck (Anas platyrhynchos), goose (Anseranser domestica), and turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) and rabbit (Lepus capensis), using partial mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cyt-b) gene sequences. PCR amplification of the mitochondrial Cyt-b gene resulted in an approximately 358 bp amplicon in size for all species, and sequences alignment and phylogenetic analyses were performed with Bio Edit and MEGA X software’s to determine genetic similarities and distances. Results revealed high nucleotide similarity between chicken and quail (89.1%) and chicken and turkey (83.6%). The closest genetic relationship was between duck and domestic goose, with 87.4% identity and the smallest genetic distance of 0.126. Chicken (Gallus gallus) demonstrated a relatively close relationship with both duck and domestic goose, with identities (83.6%). While, Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) exhibited a slightly more distant relationship with avian species, with the lowest similarity at 81.6% with domestic goose. The rabbit, positioned at the root of the phylogenetic tree, exhibited the greatest genetic distance from avian species, with a 28.3% distance and 71.7% identity with chicken. This study provides solid evidence of the effectiveness of using Cyt-b gene sequences as a reliable tool for species identification across various applications, underscoring the effectiveness of partial Cyt-b gene sequences for avian species identification and genetic analysis, which is valuable for breeding and diversity studies.

ABSTRACT The randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to detect the genetic variations and polymorphism among three different colors of local quail (desert, brown and white). Out of twenty random primers used, thirteen were able to amplify and showed bands. The total fragment number arrived 310 with size range from 250 to 2800 bp. Polymorphic fragments and unique bands in all samples were (34.36 and 2), respectively. However, OPA-04, OPS-01, OPB-01 and 10- MER loci have generated high polymorphic bands. The Nei’s gene diversity for overall lines averaged 0.1026.The higher distance found among brown female with both white and desert female (27.614), while the lowest distance (4.002) recorded between white and desert (male and female) quails. The overall dendrograms clustered the quail lines into two clusters. The 1st one consisted of white and desert, and the 2nd one included only brown. It was concluded that the white was closer to desert quail than to the brown quail. RESUMEN Los marcadores de ADN polimórfico amplificados al azar (RAPD) se utilizaron para detectar las variaciones genéticas y el polimorfismo entre tres colores diferentes de codornices locales (desierto, marrón y blanco). De los veinte cebadores aleatorios utilizados, trece pudieron amplificar y mostraron bandas. El número total de fragmentos llegó a 310 con un rango de tamaño de 250 a 2800 pb. Los fragmentos polimórficos y las bandas únicas en todas las muestras fueron (34,36 y 2), respectivamente. Sin embargo, los loci OPA-04, OPS-01, OPB-01 y 10-MER han generado altas bandas polimórficas. La distancia más alta se encontró entre las hembras marrones con hembras tanto, blancas como desérticas (27,614), mientras que la distancia más baja (4,002) se registró entre las codornices blancas y desérticas (machos y hembras). Los dendrogramas globales agruparon las líneas de codorniz en dos grupos. El primero consistía en blanco y desierto, y el segundo solo incluía marrón. Se concluyó que el blanco estaba más cerca de las codornices del desierto, que de las codornices marrones.