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The development of fine surface finish with no defects is still a significant challenge for the present industry and the finishing operation in the manufacturing of the precision components is the major problem. It is difficult rather impossible to polish/finish the difficult-to-reach surfaces, internal surfaces, and complex geometries by existing finishing methods. Abrasive flow machining (AFM) is a well-established advanced finishing process that can meet the required finishing requirements. However, the main disadvantages of this process are the surface integrity with low surface finish and high machining times. Magnetically Assisted Abrasive flow machining (MAAFM) is one of the non-conventional machining techniques that can successfully handle these problems. This process was developed in the early 2000s as a technique for deburring, polishing, and radiusing tough to reach surfaces like complicated configurations and edges/boundaries by flowing a magnetic abrasive polymeric medium across them. Magnetic flux density (MFD), extrusion pressure, flow volume, abrasive type, grit size, number of process cycles, medium, and workpiece configuration are the principal machining parameters that control the surface finish characteristics. The medium extruded forward and backward between two vertically opposed hydraulic cylinders across transit created by the workpiece and tooling. Abrasion of workpiece takes place wherever the medium proceeds across the highly confining transit. The major elements of the MAAFM process are the machine, tooling, and the magnetic abrasives containing media. MAAFM has a wide scope of uses in industries including automotive, aviation, precision dies, medicinal, electronics. This article represents a review of current advancements in the area of the MAAFM process and the type of magnetic abrasive particles (MAPs) used.

The most critical phase of all the stages needed for quality sample preparation for microscopic study is perhaps surface polishing. Magnetic abrasive polishing is a nonconventional finishing operation that can finish different materials and produce nano-finished surfaces. This study emphasizes the fabrication of a magnetic abrasive polishing setup for metallurgical polishing of specimens. Utilizing this test arrangement, exploratory investigations have been conducted to analyze the impact of five significant interaction factors, specifically the gap between the magnetic pole and the workpiece ([Formula: see text]), the quantity of diamond-based sintered magnetic abrasives ([Formula: see text]), the rotational speed of the magnetic pole (RPM), the grit size of sintered magnetic abrasives ([Formula: see text]), and machining time ([Formula: see text]). The abrasives used in this study were diamond-based sintered magnetic abrasives. The percentage change in surface roughness (PCSR) of the stainless steel SS304 workpiece is the response variable. From the results of the ANOVA study, the most important factor affecting the PCSR of the stainless steel SS304 workpiece is the abrasive grit size (49.49%), and the least important factor is the machining time (4.89%). The differences in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and surface profiles of workpieces demonstrate that the developed setup can polish stainless steel SS304 plane workpieces.

Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is a non-conventional process utilized for machining electrically conductive materials which cannot be machined by conventional processes. This paper is focused on modeling and optimization in electrical discharge machining (EDM) of UNS T30407 steel. The variables such as pulse on time (Ton), pulse off time (Toff), and current will influence the material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (Ra) which were taken as response variables. Experimental data were collected as per the central composite design (CCD) matrix of response surface methodology (RSM) approach and mathematical models have been developed for both the response variables. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to determine the significant machining parameters and optimize the input parameters for both the responses (MRR and Ra). The statistical adequacy of the models is tested with the help of ANOVA. The optimum parametric combination for maximum MRR and smaller Ra (highest surface finish) was found. The surface characteristics of the machined surface were investigated by a scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Organic materials are promising candidates for the development of efficient sensors for many medicinal and materials science applications. Single crystals of a small molecule, 4-trifluoromethyl phenyl isothiocyanate (4CFNCS), exhibit plastic deformation when bent, twisted, or coiled. Synchrotron micro-focus X-ray diffraction mapping of the bent region of the crystal confirms the mechanism of deformation. The crystals are incorporated into a flexible piezoresistive sensor using a composite constituting PEDOT: PSS/4CFNCS, which shows an impressive performance at high-pressure ranges (sensitivity 0.08 kPa

In this paper, bonded magnetic abrasives-based media were applied in magnetic field-assisted abrasive flow machining (MFAAFM) for the processing of aluminum 6061 material tubes to improve the surfa...

This study is devoted to highlighting the temporal trends and spatial variations in the concentration and growth of the major religious groups in India with special reference to the Sikh population. Such studies are gaining importance with the increasing penetration of both the religion and caste-composition in the political environment of the country. Although religious and caste interventions in politics are prevalent in all the elections, these become stronger as we move down from Parliamentary to Panchayat elections in which the voting pattern changes in favour of religion and caste groups. It has been observed that the share of Muslim population increased by 5.96% between 2001 and 2011, while it declined in the case of all other communities and the maximum decline (−8.02%) was noticed in the case of the Sikh population with the lowest share among all the major religious communities in India. The Sikh population also recorded the lowest growth rate of 8.42% against 24.65% and 16.76% witnessed by Muslims and Hindus respectively between2001 and 2011. The study is based on the religious data released by the Census of India.

Magnetic abrasive flow finishing (MAFF) is an unconventional process capable of producing fine finishing with machining forces controlled by a magnetic field. This process can be utilized for hard to achieve inner surfaces through the activity of extrusion pressure, combined with abrasion activity of a magnetic abrasive powder (MAP) in a polymeric medium. MAP is the key component in securing systematic removal of material and a decent surface finish in MAFF. The research background disclosed various methods such as sintering, adhesive based, mechanical alloying, plasma based, chemical, etc. for the production of bonded MAP. This investigation proposes bonded MAP produced by mechanical alloying followed by heat treatment. The experiments have been conducted on aluminum tubes to investigate the influence of different parameters like magnetic field density, extrusion pressure and number of working cycles. The bonded magnetic abrasive powder used in MAFF is very effective to finish tubes’ inner surfaces and finishing is significantly improved after processing.

The final finishing of precision components possessing a high degree of surface finish has bring about the application of magneto abrasive flow finishing (MAFF) process because of the development of manufacturing technology. In MAFF process, the magnetic abrasives play the role of cutting tool in MAFF process. This investigation highlights a novel technique of manufacturing magnetic abrasives with mechanical alloying followed by heat treatment. The performance of these magnetic abrasives was analysed in terms of percentage surface finish improvement (PSFI) of aluminum tubes. The experiments were planned and conducted according to response surface method (RSM) on aluminum tubes to check the effects of several parameters/limits such as magnetic flux density (MFD), no. of cycles and extrusion pressure (EP) on surface finishing. The experimental results revealed that the best PSFI of 72.7 % has been obtained at optimal processing conditions. The best surface finish (Ra) of 0.27 μm was acquired in this investigation. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images have been obtained to show the surface finish improvement after MAFF process.

The customary edged tool for machining is uneconomical for harder and hard to machine materials and furthermore the level of surface finish accomplished is not that great. As of late, a lot of consideration in mechanical engineering has been centered on finishing tasks. Not many investigations have been accounted for till date on the advancement of substitute magnetic abrasive powder (MAP). In this paper, to improve the finishing performance, the abrasive powder were prepared by mechanical alloying of diamond powder and iron (Fe) powder, compacting these with universal testing machine (UTM) and then sintered at different temperature in a sintering machine in an inert gas (H2) atmosphere. These compacts were crushed and sieved to obtain various sizes of MAP. This abrasive powder were micro-structurally examined. The results indicate that the densification increases and porosity decreases with increasing temperature. Moreover, the prepared bonded MAP has potential performance as a new MAP for fine finishing in Magnetic Abrasive Flow Machining (MAFM) process.

Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is the one of the earliest nontraditional machining processes. Today, many parts used in the aerospace and automotive industries and in the final processes of surgical can be finished by the EDM process. The machining parameters mainly affect the economy of process. This work emphasizes to find the optimization of machining parameters using response surface methodology (RSM)by variation of peak current, pulse time variation so that good Surface Finish (SF) can be achieved with the optimum Material Removal Rate (MRR). It was concluded that with the increasing peak current and pulseon Time (Ton), MRR increases but the surface roughness also starts to increase resulted in poor surface finish whereas with decreasing the pulse off Time (Toff), the surface finish increases but MRR starts to decrease. During the experimentation, Tool Steel-D2 was selected as work specimen with the copper electrode. Surface micrography had been done for the deep analysis to see the effect of machining on the Tool Steel-D2. This study indicates towards the practical feasibility of optimized EDM parameters in multi response conditions. How to cite this article:Singh P, Singh L. An Experimental Investigation During Electric Discharge Machining of Tool Steel-D2. J Adv Res Mfg Mater Sci Met Engr 2019; 6(3&4): 1-7.

With the rapid development in the industry, applications of finished parts are increasing day by day. However, the surface finish of the parts fabricated by conventional processes could not readily meet the requirements of various applications. Therefore, post-processing is needed to further improve the surface quality. Magnetic abrasive machining uses a flexible magnetic abrasive brush to remove material from the workpiece surface at a controllable rate. This cutting tool sticks to the workpiece during finishing operation and exerts a small force on the surface. In magnetic abrasive machining, the cutting tool neither requires compensation nor dressing. In this paper, the internal finishing of aluminum pipes has been investigated in magnetic abrasive machining tests using silicon carbide-based glued magnetic abrasives. For evaluating the performance of these magnetic abrasives, experimental work according to the central composite design technique was carried out to finish the aluminum pipes. The results so obtained were analyzed to study the influence of process parameters like magnetic field strength, speed of workpiece, abrasive mesh size and quantity of magnetic abrasives on percentage improvement in surface finish and material removal rate. The analysis showed that magnetic field strength was the most effective parameter while finishing the aluminum pipe followed by the quantity of magnetic abrasives. The finishing at optimal condition resulted in a surface finish of 0.07 μm. Further, scanning electron microscopy of the surface before and after magnetic abrasive machining was taken to study the improvement in surface finish. HIGHLIGHTS Magnetic abrasive machining (MAM) of aluminum work specimens have been performed by SiC-based magnetic abrasives The central composite design has been used for planning and execution of experiments The surface finish and material removal rate of the machined work specimens have been analysed as a performance measure of MAM process The high value of improvement in surface finish and material removal rate at optimum machining conditions have been observed Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been employed to study the surface topography of machined surfaces GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

The material removal in finishing of precision parts and hard to reach regions comprises a standout amongst the most demanding and costly stages in a manufacturing process. The magnetic abrasive flow machining (MAFM) is one of the non-traditional machining techniques which can successfully manage these problems. The MAFM process provides excellent surface finish at comparative low cost. The objective of the present investigation has been to understand the mechanism of the material removal (MR) and roughness improvement rate (RIR) in MAFM on a non-magnetic, soft and ductile workpiece. Finishing fluid in this study contains iron particles as magnetic bonders and diamond particles as abrasive part in different mesh size. Experimentation was conducted on aluminum tubes to investigate the effect of the key parameters on the MR and RIR and was designed in central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM). It has been found that magnetic flux density (MFD) and number of cycles have impact on material removal and surface roughness. Based on experimental results, regression analysis of MR and RIR has been performed. This analysis has been used to predict MR and RIR compared with the experimentally obtained results. Both were found in close agreement. Finished surfaces were also examined using the scanning electron microscope (SEM) to get the knowledge for the fine surface texture produced by MAFM.

The magnetic field-assisted abrasive finishing parameters used in this study were the distance of the workpiece from the magnetic pole (D), amount of sintered magnetic abrasives (A), speed of rotation of the pole (R), grain size of the abrasive particles (S) and feed to the workpiece (F). The surface roughness percentage change (SRPC) and material removal rate (MRR) of the plane surface workpiece of aluminum are the response quantities. An orthogonal L16 array of the Taguchi method was constructed and is used in this study to analyze the influence of finishing parameters on the surface roughness percentage change of the workpiece. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed the extent to which finishing parameters are important. The experimental results showed that for SRPC, the best combination of levels for the given control factors is the distance of the workpiece from the magnetic pole (D) = 4 mm, the amount of sintered magnetic abrasive (A) = 16 g, the speed of rotation of the pole (R) = 600 rpm, the grain size of the abrasive particles (S) = 175 μm and the feed rate of the workpiece (F) = 1.5 m min−1. For MRR, the best combination of levels for the given control factors is the distance of the workpiece from the magnetic pole (D) = 4 mm, the amount of sintered magnetic abrasive (A) = 16 g, the speed of rotation of the pole (R) = 400 rpm, the grain size of the abrasive particles (S) = 175 μm and the feed rate of the workpiece (F) = 6.0 m min−1. The surface profiles and microscopic images of polished and unpolished workpieces show that the magnetic field-assisted abrasive finishing process is very effective in finishing aluminum surfaces.

The advanced ceramics have emerged as a successful alternative to the conventional materials used in ball bearing industry. However, extreme hardness and lower toughness of the ceramic balls make t...

Magnetically assisted abrasive finishing (MAAF) presents an attractive concept of surface and edge finishing by fine magnetic abrasive particles (MAPs). This study aims to contribute an experimental evaluation of the effect of process parameters viz. magnetic field density (MFD), circumferential speed of workpiece, and abrasive grit size on the surface finishing properties in MAAF when experiments were performed for finishing pipes of ASTM B16 brass material with the sintered MAPs. The developed model is based on the obtained experimental data accompanied by Box- Behnken design (BBD) of response surface methodology (RSM) analysis. Apart from deciding significant parameters, this analysis also presents the modeling of finishing properties and optimizes the desired performance parameters. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) includes data of standard deviation, coefficient of determination (R2), adjusted, and predicted (R2). MFD and speed show a significant effect on both the responses viz. surface roughness improvement rate (SRIR) and material removal rate (MRR). Analysis has shown that abrasive grit size is the most dominant parameter towards SRIR followed by MFD. The maximum SRIR of 88.12% (minimum Ra 50 nm) and 4.28 mg min−1 is achieved through multi-objective optimization with 0.8 T MFD, 500 rpm speed, and 300 μm grit size. The mathematical models of SRIR and MRR were also developed using RSM, focusing on varying MFD, speed, and grit size which can be used to predict the desired surface finishing properties. The model generated for SRIR, and MRR has an error of 0.204% and 2.506% respectively. Further SEM images were taken to understand the surface appearance of the finished surface.

The Indian scriptures of Vedic period contain many references to both mosquitoes and various fevers. The Atharvaveda (AV) especially mentions about the habitat, morphology of mosquitoes, their different types, behaviour and even their occurrence in different seasons of the year. In addition to this, the types of malaria i.e tertian, quartan, quotidian, are also described in Atharvaveda, which later on

The necessity of fine surface finish on the interior surfaces with no imperfections is a significant thought in various manufacturing components like hydraulic chambers, bearings etc. This analysis presents one of the non-traditional technique of finishing i.e., magnetically assisted abrasive flow machining for finishing the interior surfaces of small holes of aluminum tubes with mechanically alloyed cum sintered magnetic abrasives. These abrasives have been developed in a ball mill i.e., attritor. The central composite design was proposed to perform the experiments to discuss the effects of process parameters like extrusion pressure, magnetic flux density, and no. of processing cycles on percent improvement in surface finish, and a mathematical model of these parameters was established. It was concluded that surface finish is improved up to 72.7% (Ra 0.22 µm) which is in close conformity with optimized value of 72.3% at optimum conditions. Scanning electron microscopy has been carried out to understand the surface texture of the machined surfaces.

A general problem faced by many Indian cities is the criss-crossing of major roads through the centre of the city. The present study focuses on one such city in Punjab, Sultanpur Lodhi. Sultanpur Lodhi is a religious centre in Punjab of Sikhs attracting large number of tourists throughout the year. Due to the location of Gurudwaras in congested city and crossing of major road connecting Firozpur to Jallandhar through the city, the traffic becomes a huge problem. During festive seasons, the traffic diverts to the internal roads causing chaotic conditions. The present study focuses on the master plan development of the area with special regard to the proposed ring road to ease the traffic volumes. Geospatial technology using high-resolution satellite data has been used to prepare the master plan of Sultanpur Lodhi, which includes a 12 km long proposed ring road with a right of way of 150 feet.

Indian Arthropods in Early Sanskrit Literature: A Taxonomical Analysis

In modern industry presently requirement of finely finished surface has been the major demand as per the technological advancements. in comparison to conventional machining methods the unconventional machining methods provide better surface finish .Magnetic abrasive finishing is a process which is able to remove the material at micro/nano from the metallic and non metallic surfaces . The magnetic abrasives play the major role in MAF. Literature reveals different techniques such as sintering, plasma, chemical etc. for manufacturing of bonded magnetic abrasives in present paper the bonded abrasives are prepared by sintering and is used for internal finishing of brass tubes. The rough bored brass samples are finely finished by newly developed magnetic abrasives and loosely bonded abrasives prepared by silicone gel and the comparison of performance was studied. The material removal rate was also studied.

The finishing of surfaces of some of the aerospace parts and medical equipments was required to be of the finest quality. This work described the finishing of micro holes of aluminium cylindrical tubular type work specimens by one of the non-traditional machining method of finishing, i.e., magnetic abrasive flow machining. The abrasive media used for finishing contains newly prepared diamond based bonded magnetic abrasives. These abrasives were prepared by mechanical alloying followed by annealing method. The performance of magnetic abrasive flow machining process was evaluated in terms of surface roughness improvement rate. The process variables were optimised by employing response surface methodology. The parameters which showed prominent effect on surface roughness improvement rate were extrusion pressure, magnetic flux density and number of cycles. It was found through the experiments that the optimum result was obtained when extrusion pressure was 800 psi, magnetic field density was 0.6, and number of cycles was 25, which depicts that surface roughness improvement rate after finishing was 72.72% (Ra 0.22 μm). The results were also confirmed by analysing through scanning electron microscopy.

The traditional edged tool for machining is uneconomical for harder and difficult to machine materials. In view of the seriousness of this issue, the newly unconventional fine finishing process i.e., magnetic abrasive flow machining (MAFM) has been developed. However, the major constraint in wide spread adoption of this technology is the exorbitant cost of magnetic abrasives, which acts as a cutting tool in MAFM. In this paper, to improve the finishing performance, iron (Fe) powder mixed with diamond abrasives were prepared as bonded magnetic abrasives. These magnetic abrasives were prepared by mechanical alloying followed by annealing of diamond abrasives of 52 μm grit size and Fe powder of 49 μm grit size. These abrasives were micro-structurally analysed. The results indicate that densification increases and porosity decreases with increasing temperature. Further it was clarified that the prepared bonded magnetic abrasives has potential performance as the new magnetic abrasives for fine finishing.

From the past few years, materials research and dev elopment has shifted from monolithic to composite m aterials, adjusting to the need for reduced weight, low cost, quality, and hig h performance of the composites. Aluminium metal ma trix composite used in areas of aerospace and automotive industries include high performance, economic and environmental benefits. The aim involved in designing the metal matrix composite is to combine the desirable attributes of metals and ceramics. Th e present investigation has been done to study the effect of different input process parameters namely particle size of alumina, wt. % of alumina and stirring time on the hardness, impact strength and tensile strength. Three parameter i.e. particle sizes of alumina (75 , 105 and 150 micron), wt. % of reinforcement (3%, 6% and 9%), stirring time (15, 2 0 and 25 minute) was used to fabricate different sa mple of AMMCs by using stir casting technique. Each parameter has three differe nt levels. L9 orthogonal array table used to made d ifferent specimen. The effect of these input process parameter on the output respons e have been analyzed using analysis of variance (AN OVA). The contribution of each process parameters on the hardness, impact str ength and tensile strength was analyzed by using AN OVA. The results have shown that the wt. % of alumina, stirring time and the particle size of alumina have a significant effect on the hardness, impact strength and tensile strength.

Manufacturers around the globe persistently looking for the cheapest and quality manufactured machined components to compete in the market. Good surface quality is desired for the proper functioning of the produced parts. The surface quality is influenced by cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut and many other parameters. In the present study attempt has been made to evaluate the performance of ceramic inserts during hard turning of EN-31 steel. The analysis of variance is applied to study the effect of cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut on Flank wear and surface roughness. Model is found to be statically significant using regression model, while feed and depth of cut are the factor affecting Flank wear and feed is dominating factors for surface roughness. The analysis of variance was used to analyze the input parameters and there interactions during machining. The developed model predicted response factor at 95% confidence level.

Wide application of hard and brittle advanced ceramics, glasses and semiconductors in Mechanical, Optical and Electronic industry has led to the development of new ultra-precision finishing processes. With an increase in the applications of these materials, the need of finishing these materials has also become a great challenge. Dimensional and finish accuracies are the parameters that needs to be focused and improved with minimum time and cost. Another crucial parameter is the subsurface damages that are quiet common with these materials during finishing process. New processes have been developed to overcome the drawbacks of the existing processes for Nano finishing. These processes can be classified as Conventional, Precision and Ultra-precision finishing based on the degree of dimensional accuracy and final surface finish. Both loose and bonded abrasives have been used for these processes. This paper deals with the study of some of the significant advances in ultra-precision finishing processes of hard and brittle materials.