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— Approximately 36.7 million people in the world live with HIV, and 1.8 million people contract HIV each year with 1.4 million infected women getting pregnant. Effective HIV management for pregnant women will result in a minimum incidence rate. The home-based intervention method is considered effective to reduce mother-to-child transmission of HIV, but the readiness of human resources, particularly midwives, should be assessed. By applying the qualitative method, this study gathered information from midwives and heads of primary health care through interviews with the results being recorded and transcribed for data analysis. The results indicate that midwives should be cognitively proficient and knowledgeable about sociocultural determinants. It is recommended that midwives refresh their skills or have training in prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV to become excellent human resources when dealing with pregnant women

Diare merupakan kondisi dimana terjadi frekuensi buang air besar lebih dari 3 kali dengan konsistensi feses cair. Terapi antibiotik dapat diberikan kepada pasien diare akibat infeksi. Tujuan penelitian yaitu untuk mengetahui gambaran penggunaan antibiotik empiris dan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kesesuaian pemberian antibiotik empiris terhadap luaran klinis pada anak dengan diagnosis diare. Rancangan penelitian deskriptif-analitik dengan desain cohort retrospektif. Subyek penelitian yaitu anak dengan usia ≥2 bulan

Penggunaan amikasin dan gentamisin menjadi pilihan antibiotik golongan aminoglikosida dengan indeks terapi sempit dalam terapi infeksi untuk neonatus dan penggunaannya perlu diikuti dengan monitoring terapi agar dapat mencegah toksisitas terjadi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kesesuaian dosis amikasin dan gentamisin pasien NICU (Neonatal Intensive Care Unit) dan mengevaluasi hasil terapinya yang dilihat dari perbaikan respon klinis pasien. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan desain cross sectional dan dilakukan penelusuran data rekam medik pasien neonatus mendapatkan terapi amikasin atau gentamisin saat menjalani rawat inap di NICU RSUP Dr. Sardjito Yogyakarta periode 1 Januari 2017 - Desember 2018. Estimasi kadar didapatkan dari dosis pemberian dan dilakukan perhitungan farmakokinetika. Clinical outcome yang diamati yakni tanda-tanda vital dan Analisis chi square dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan keduanya. Pasien yang menerima amikasin dan gentamisin mengalami clinical outcome membaik berturut-turut sebanyak 18 pasien dan 28 pasien. Analisis bivariat menunjukkan tidak ada hubungan estimasi Cmax/MIC amikasin dan gentamisin terhadap clinical outcome (p 0,05). Selain itu hasil analisis bivariat pada variabel perancu didapatkan terdapat hubungan lama infeksi dan length of stay terhadap clinical outcome. Analisis multiple logistic regression didapatkan ada hubungan length of stay terhadap clinical outcome (p =0,021).

Introduction: Dengue fever can be graded into dengue fever (DF), dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). The CD8+ T lymphocytes mediate antiviral activity by producing cytokines and directly destroyed the dengue virus infected cells. This study focuses in observing the kinetics of CD8+ T lymphocytes absolute and relative count in dengue patients.Objectives: To observe the kinetics of CD8+ T lymphocytes absolute and relative count in dengue patients.Methods: The research design used is a descriptive study. This research measures and observes the kinetics CD8+ T lymphocytes absolute and relative count from day 2 to day 7. The CD8+ T lymphocytes count was determined using flowcytometry. Data was analyzed using ANOVA and independent t test with p

Introduction: Dengue infection is major annual public health problem in Indonesia. NK cells have a role in cellular immunity to viral infection, however only a few studies of NK cells and were conducted in vivo especially in Indonesia.Objectives: To explore the kinetics of CD 69 expression on NK cells during the acute phase of dengue infection.Methods: Observational cohort study in Dr. Sardjito Hospital was conducted. Clinical data and laboratory data was collected to measure the number of activated NK cells (CD69) using flowcytometry. The percentage of CD69 then calculated using non- parametric test (Kuskal-Wallis Test) and Student t-test. The fluorescence intensity of CD69 was also analyzed.Results: The mean of activated NK cells (CD69) percentage was higher during the early days of acute phase (day 2 to day3), and continuously declined until the seventh day but statistically they were not significant. Fluorescence intensity of CD69 showed its peak during the fifth day of fever.Conclusion: CD69 expression on activated NK cells were increased during the early days (day 2-day 3) of acute fever but decreased after that (day 4-day 7). The highest intensity of CD69 expression was on the fifth day of fever. Keywords: Dengue infection, kinetics, NK cell, CD69, cellular immune response, acute phase, adults.

Introduction: Dengue is a mosquito borne viral febrile illness with a high incidence rate of approximately 50 million cases of infection world wide every year. Dengue virus can infect many cells, e.g. monocytes, dendritic cells, Kuppfer cells, B cells including bone marrow and lung. Leukocytes plays an important roles in eliminating dengue virus especially monocytes. However, dengue virus sometimes attack the monocytes and uses them for replication causing monocyte to unde go apoptosis in order to prevent spreading by certain mechanisms.Objectives: To explore the difference in white blood cells count in acute dengue patients from day 2 to day 6.Methods: This research is conducted in a cross sectional observational study method by recording the WBC count, Lymphocytes count, Neutrophils Count, Relative Monocytes Count, and Absolute Monocytes Count from NS-1 positive dengue infection patient using the hematology analyzer. The data was taken from day 2 to day 6 of the fever. One-way ANOVA test was used and a p value

Introductions: Nowadays dengue infection is at present one of the most common mosquito-borne viral diseases of humans worldwide. Initially, Dengue infections were primarily recorded when they occurred as epidemics in tropical and subtropical countries. Monocyte/macrophage infection is central to the pathogenesis of dengue fever and to the origin of dengue hemorrhagic fever. Increased activation of monocytes and greater numbers of DEN-infected cells were associated with more severe Dengue, implicating a role for monocyte activation in dengue immunopathogenesis. Thus, more knowledge about the relation between numbers of activated monocyte with dengue severities is essential for better understanding regarding this subject.Objectives: Studying the relation between numbers of activated monocyte, marked by HLA-DR marker intensity with Dengue Fever severity throughout the disease course, from day 2 until day 6 of acute dengue fever.Methods: This research is cross sectional observational study. The location in done at Dr. Sardjito Hospital in 6 months time.Results: There is a negative correlation between median number of activated monocyte with dengue severity, on day 3 of acute dengue fever.Conclusion: There was a negative correlation between numbers of activated monocyte marked by HLADR intensity with disease severity on day 3 of acute dengue infection.Keywords: Activated Monocyte; Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-DR intensity; Percentage of Activated Monocyte; Dengue Fever Severity.

Introduction: Dengue is the most common disease of mosquito-borne infection. According to the World Health Organization, it is estimated that 50 million cases ofdengue infection have been reported annually. Macrophages andmonocyte are thought to play an important role in dengue infection both as primary targets of viral infection and as a source of immunomodulatory cytokines.Whenmonocytes are infectedby dengue viruses, it processed the virus by lyses it and expressed the antigen on its surfacemembrane bind together with HLA class II molecules. HLA-DR-expressing monocytes in acute dengue patientsespecially the intensity is still poorly understood.Measurement of at difference days of infectionwill give an evidence about the role ofmonocytes in dengue pathogenesisObjectives: To observe the kinetics on percentage of HLA-DR expressingmonocytes and themedian of HLA-DR expression intensity in acute dengue infection.Methods: This researchwas an observational type study conducted by cross sectionalmethod towards all the dengue patients in Dr. Sardjito’s General Hospital. Blood samples were drawn from 32 acute dengue infected patients from Day 1 to Day 6th. The HLA-DR expression was measured flow cytometrically using FACS Calibur.Results: The data showed that the mean difference in acute dengue infection from Day 1 to Day 6 is not significant with the p-value larger than 0.05, (p>0.05).Conclusion: The peak level of activated HLA-DR monocyte was at day 2 and then decreasing until day 6. There were no significant changes in percentage of HLA-DR-expressing monocytes from the day 1 to the day 6 and the median intensity of HLA-DR expression in acute dengue infection.Keywords HLA-DR-expressing monocytes, Acute Dengue Infection