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The exchange rate of rupiah is one of the important prices in an open economy because the exchange rate can be used as a tool to measure the economic condition of a country. The movement of the rupiah exchange rate affected the Indonesian economy, maintaining the stability of the rupiah exchange rate became an important thing to do. In an effort to maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate, the factors that influence it must first be identified. Several factors affect the IDR / USD exchange rate, namely the large trade price index, foreign exchange reserves, money supply and interest rates. In this study, the Regression Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (RANFIS) method was used to analyze the effect of predictor variables on IDR / USD exchange rates. The optimal RANFIS model is strongly influenced by three things, namely the determination of input predictor variable, membership functions, and number of clusters. Determination of the optimal RANFIS model is measured based on the smallest MAPE in-sample. Based on empirical studies applied to predictor variables on IDR / USD exchange rates, it was found that the RANFIS model was optimal, namely with 3 predictor variable inputs consisting of large trade price index variables, money supply and interest rates; with the gauss membership function; 2 clusters and rules produce an MAPE in-sample of 1.93% and an MAPE out-sample of 2.68%, so the performance of the RANFIS model has a very good level of accuracy.

Background Community‐acquired respiratory viruses (CARV) cause upper and lower respiratory tract infections (URTI/LRTI) and may be life‐threatening for recipients of an allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo‐SCT). Methods In a prospective study encompassing 4 winter‐seasons, we collected throat gargles (TG) at random time points from allo‐SCT recipients (patients) and controls and followed them up for at least 3 weeks including repetitive sampling and documentation of symptoms. A Multiplex‐PCR system to identify 20 CARV and Mycoplasma pneumoniae was used to detect CARV. Results One hundred ninety‐four patients with 426 TG and 273 controls with 549 TG were included. There were more patients with a positive test result (25% vs 11% in the controls), and the patients had a higher number of positive TG (70 = 16%) compared to controls (32 = 6%) (P 40 years (OR 3.38, 95% CI 1.8‐6.4, P

The drilling process is fundamentally controlled by the interaction of the bit with the rock which is characterized by its mechanical properties. The focus of various studies is directed mainly on the optimal design of drill bits and drilling operations related to the (expected) geological situation for a safe and efficient drilling process. The question arises: "Is it possible to extract any rock properties information from drilling data?". In a previous paper the correlation of drilling properties with the lithology of penetrated formation was evaluated. A clear correlation could be demonstrated by applying different statistical methods. Based on these results a simplified model for the rock destruction at the bit is developed and a "formation strength parameter S" is defined. As a cut-force parameter in the equation, weight on bit (WOB) is used primarily for vertical sections. For deviated or horizontal sections the differential pressure Delta-p is a more relevant parameter. A new parameter S is calculated as a function of drilling parameters only (RPM, WOB, Delta-p, Bit-size). This new parameter S is compared with existing parameters for rock characterization (Mechanical Specific Energy) and discussed herein. For four wells this parameter S is plotted as function of the depth representing a first geomechanical model. The main results are: Well A: Geomechanical characterization of different clastic and carbonate sections of a vertical well. Clastic (sandstone, shale) and carbonate (limestone, dolomite) are clearly separated. The carbonate section is detailed and subdivided in dense-hard and fissured-porous parts. Well B: Calculations are made for vertical (based on WOB) and deviated/horizontal section (based on Delta-p) and compared; for the deviated/horizontal section the Delta-p version gives more reliable results. Well C: For a specific section of this well after drilling a profile of Unconfined Compression Strength (UCS) with a standard well-logging algorithm was calculated. A comparison of the "during-drilling" derived geomechanical model in terms of S and the "post-drilling" derived in terms of UCS demonstrates similar tendencies and confirms the character of S as a geomechanical measure. Well D: Data (WOB, ROP, RPM) for this example are logged as part of a test of the new PDS Digital Drilling technology (Powerline Drillstring Technology) in an igneous formation (phyllite). It demonstrates the ability to discriminate different geomechanical sections of one formation.

Drilling process is fundamentally controlled and influenced by the properties of the penetrated formation. The focus of various studies is directed mainly on the optimal design of drill bit and drilling operations related to the (expected) geological situation of a safe drilling process. Out of interest the question "Is it possible to extract any lithologic information from drilling data?" also arises. The drilling process at the bit represents a complicated rock mechanical process. The drill bit acts as a rotating cutter, controlled mainly by weight on bit (WOB), bit size, number of revolutions per time (RPM), which controls speed of the cutting process. We define a "cutting force Fc" as a combination of these parameters and investigate the relationship between Fc and rate of penetration (ROP). For the correlation with lithology of penetrated formations, two methods are applied on test wells: – crossplots Fc versus ROP with discrimination for dominant lithology. – histograms of the ratio of two variables for dominant lithology. Drilling data from two basins are analyzed (in both cases wells are nearly vertical): – Vienna Basin: Dominant lithologies are sandstones (varying degree of cementation), shale/marls, limestones, and dolomites. – Williston Basin: Dominant lithologies in the analysed section are sandstone shale, dolomitic limestone, and limestone with anhydrite. Data points from the rocks with similar lithology in the crossplot are situated in a cloud - different rocks show different cloud position. Particularly between clastic (sand, silt, shale) and carbonate (limestone, dolomite) rocks, a clear separation is visible. The implementation of lines for a constant ratio Fc/ROP in the crossplot separate the different lithologies. Therefore, the statistical distribution of this ratio S = Fc/ROP for the dominant lithologies was analyzed by histograms. For the two test wells, histograms separate the different lithologies and confirm the information content. The drilling process is controlled by rock type; the analyse of drill-process data can be used for a lithological discrimination and especially for detecting changing lithology (boundaries) during drilling process. For two test wells, the discrimination could be demonstrated by the crossplot and histogram technique. The exact position of discriminator magnitudes (center of data clouds in the crossplots, peaks in the histograms) is specific for the considered field and may be controlled by more drilling parameters.

Claudins (Cldns) are transmembrane tight junction (TJ) proteins that paracellularly seal endo- and epithelial barriers by their interactions within the TJs. However, the mechanisms allowing TJ remodeling while maintaining barrier integrity are largely unknown. Cldns and occludin are heterophilically and homophilically cross-over endocytosed into neighboring cells in large, double membrane vesicles. Super-resolution microscopy confirmed the presence of Cldns in these vesicles and revealed a distinct separation of Cldns derived from opposing cells within cross-over endocytosed vesicles. Colocalization of cross-over endocytosed Cldn with the autophagosome markers as well as inhibition of autophagosome biogenesis verified involvement of the autophagosomal pathway. Accordingly, cross-over endocytosed Cldns underwent lysosomal degradation as indicated by lysosome markers. Cross-over endocytosis of Cldn5 depended on clathrin and caveolin pathways but not on dynamin. Cross-over endocytosis also depended on Cldn-Cldn-interactions. Amino acid substitutions in the second extracellular loop of Cldn5 (F147A, Q156E) caused impaired cis- and trans-interaction, as well as diminished cross-over endocytosis. Moreover, F147A exhibited an increased mobility in the membrane, while Q156E was not as mobile but enhanced the paracellular permeability. In conclusion, the endocytosis of TJ proteins depends on their ability to interact strongly with each other in cis and trans, and the mobility of Cldns in the membrane is not necessarily an indicator of barrier permeability. TJ-remodeling via cross-over endocytosis represents a general mechanism for the degradation of transmembrane proteins in cell-cell contacts and directly links junctional membrane turnover to autophagy.

BACKGROUND: Rapid diagnosis and appropriate antimicrobial therapy are of major importance to decrease morbidity and mortality in patients with blood stream infections (BSI). Blood culture, the current gold standard for detecting bacteria in blood, requires at least 24-48 hours and has limited sensitivity if obtained during antibiotic treatment of the patient. The aim of this prospective multicenter study was to clinically evaluate the application of a commercial universal 16S/18S rDNA PCR, SepsiTest™ (PCR-ST), directly on whole blood.METHODS: In total 236 samples from 166 patients with suspected sepsis were included in the study. PCR-ST results were compared to blood culture, the current gold standard for detecting BSI. Because blood cultures can give false-negative results, we performed an additional analysis to interpret the likelihood of bloodstream infection by using an evaluation based on clinical diagnosis, other diagnostic tests and laboratory parameters.RESULTS: Clinical interpretation of results defined the detected organism to be contaminants in 22 of 43 positive blood cultures (51.2 %) and 21 of 47 positive PCR-ST results (44.7 %). Excluding these contaminants resulted in an overall sensitivity and specificity of the PCR-ST of 66.7 and 94.4 % respectively. Of the 36 clinically relevant samples, 11 BSI were detected with both techniques, 15 BSI were detected with PCR-ST only and 10 with blood culture only. Therefore, in this study, SepsiTest™ detected an additional 71 % BSI compared to blood culture alone.CONCLUSIONS: More clinically relevant BSI were diagnosed by molecular detection, which might influence patient treatment. An improved SepsiTest™ assay suited for routine use can have additional value to blood culture in diagnosing bacteremia in septic patients.

Background New molecular methods of detecting Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) provide the routine lab with a sensitive random access method to produce results that are available in a shorter time than traditional methods. Methods In this prospective study a total of 989 stool specimens were tested over a period of 16 months in parallel using two isothermal amplification assays, AmpliVue® (Quidel) and Illumigene® (Meridian) and the results compared to those from toxigenic culture. In addition all specimens were tested using a cytotoxic cell neutralisation assay (CCNA) and three different Real-time PCR targeting a C. difficile-specific 16S rDNA sequence or the toxin genes tcdA, tcdB/tcdB027 or cdtB. Results AmpliVue® was positive in 242 (24.5 %) and Illumigene® in 228 (23.1 %) specimens. 167 (16.9 %) specimens were positive in toxigenic culture. Real-time-tcdA and -tcdB PCR was positive in 211 (21.3 %) specimens, Real-time-cdtB PCR was positive in 101 (10.2 %) specimens and C. difficile-PCR (16S rDNA) in 267 (27.0 %) specimens. Conclusions The respective sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value compared to toxigenic culture were 91, 89, 62 and 98 % for AmpliVue® and 91, 91, 67 and 98 % for Illumigene®.

In this study we dealt with the characterisation of an aluminium-clad steel material compound and the influence of the manufacturing process on its fatigue behaviour. As components of the Al6016-T4/FeP06 material compound are manufactured predominantly by rolling and deep drawing, the influence of the plastic deformation during manufacturing on the fatigue behaviour must be investigated. Particularly, the cyclic hardening behaviour of FeP06 has a marked effect on the fatigue life of the aluminium–steel compound. Simulation models for fatigue life estimation of this material compound must therefore consider the influence of the plastic deformation which occurs, e.g. during deep drawing, on the fatigue behaviour. This study focused on the technological influences of the rolling process on the fatigue behaviour of an AA6016-T4/FeP06 compound. The influence of the load sequence on the S/N-curve of FeP06 was also studied.

The goal of this research project is the development of a simulation model for lifetime estimation of components manufactured from the AA6016-T4/FeP06 material compound. Components composed of this material are manufactured predominantly by rolling and deepdrawing. For this reason, the influence of the plastic deformations during the manufacturing process on the fatigue behaviour must be investigated. Particularly the cyclic hardening behaviour of FeP06 steel has a relevant effect on the fatigue life of this aluminium-steel compound. Simulation models for fatigue life estimation therefore have to consider the influence of this hardening effect, which occurs during the manufacturing process. In this work, test results and a simulation model to take into account the influence of the rolling reduction on the fatigue behaviour of components manufactured from the AA6016/FeP06 material compound are presented.

The goal of this research project is the development of a simulation model for lifetime estimation of components from AA6016-T4/FeP06 material compound. Since such components are manufactured predominantly by rolling (for manufacturing of the material compound) and deep-drawing, the influence of the plastic deformations during the manufacturing process on the fatigue behavior must be investigated. In particular, the influence of the rolling reduction on the behavior of FeP06 steel has a relevant effect on the fatigue life of this aluminum-steel compound. Simulation models for fatigue life estimation of this material compound must therefore consider the influence of the elastic plastic deformation which occurs during, e.g., rolling and deep-drawing processes. For this purpose, a new model for the generation of yield curve as a function of the rolling reduction of the material FeP06 was determined. The proposed yield curve model shows good results at low and high rolling reduction compared to the models of Voce and Swift. The lifetime estimation shows a substantial improvement of accuracy (600 %) by the consideration of the influence of the rolling reduction.

This paper presents the results of laboratory static and dynamic tests on casing-cement-rock systems exposed to axial loads under ambient conditions. A new testing method has been developed. The casing-cement-rock system mostly fails due to tension and shear stresses. In various applications such as HPHT, deep-water, (steam) injection or geothermal wells, the cement-casing bond is exposed to cyclic thermomechanical loads resulting in casing elongation, contraction, expansion and subsequently in cyclic radial and axial stresses at the cement-casing-rock system. Cement is a brittle material which can fail when subjected to repeated application of stresses lesser in magnitude than the statically determined strength. A novel atmospheric test cell has been designed and constructed. In order to achieve the fatigue limits of the cement-casing bond, a set of testing procedures has been established. Several tests are conducted to evaluate de-bonding. The focus on de-bonding is achieved by allowing the casing to move through the test while preventing any cement movement. Thus, when a force is applied in the axial z-direction - either the casing is pulled out (tension) or pushed down (compression) - the casing has enough space to move in both directions. The advantage of this testing method is that different stress ratios can be applied during the test.