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Abstract: The incidence of thyroid metastases among patients suffering from primary colorectal cancer is rare. As these metastases are usually asymptomatic, they present as incidentalomas on follow-up imaging. Hereby, we present and discuss a case of metastatic sigmoid adenocarcinoma to the thyroid gland, diagnosed and treated at our institution., (Copyright © 2025 Indian Journal of Cancer.)

Background/aim: Hyperthermia represents an adjuvant local anticancer strategy which relies on the increase of temperature beyond the physiological level. In this study, we investigated the anticancer potential of Fe 3 O 4 and Fe 3 O 4core Au shell nanoparticles as hyperthermic agents in terms of cytotoxicity and studied the expression of cellular markers of proliferation (changes in mRNA levels via real-time polymerase chain reaction)., Materials and Methods: The human breast cancer cell line SK-BR-1 was incubated with either Fe 3 O 4 or Fe 3 O 4core Au shell nanoparticles stabilized with tryptophan, prior to hyperthermia treatment. The normal HEK293 cell line was used as a control. Toxicity was determined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium assay to estimate possible toxic effects of the tested nanoparticles. After RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, mRNA expression of three indicators of proliferation, namely marker of proliferation Ki-67, DNA topoisomerase II alpha (TOP2A) and TPX2 microtubule nucleation factor (TPX2), was investigated., Results: At each concentration tested, Fe 3 O 4core Au shell nanoparticles showed greater toxicity compared to Fe 3 O 4 , while SK-BR-3 cells were more susceptible to their cytotoxic effects compared to the HEK293 cell line. The expression of Ki-67, TOP2A and TPX2 was reduced in SK-BR-3 cells by both Fe 3 O 4 or Fe 3 O 4core Au shell nanoparticles compared to untreated cells, while the only observed change in HEK293 cells was the up-regulation of TOP2A., Conclusion: Both Fe 3 O 4core Au shell and Fe 3 O 4 NPs exhibit increased cytotoxicity to the cancer cell line tested (SK-BR-3) compared to HEK293 cells. The down-regulation in SK-BR-3 cells of the three proliferative markers studied, Ki-67, TOP2A and TPX2, after incubation with NPs suggests that cells that survived thermal destruction were not actively proliferating., (Copyright © 2024, International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved.)

Humans, led by their eternal wish to explore the unknown, have always wanted to perfect their diving skills and conquer the sea world. The adverse conditions experienced by divers brought about medical problems and a new field of medicine. Diving medicine serves the identification, treatment, and precautions against illnesses that are related to diving activities. While the development of diving equipment is advancing, divers have had the chance to reach greater depths for a longer time. Along with this success, a novel medical condition under the term 'decompression illness' (DCI) was introduced. Although the history of hyperbaric medicine is very long, progress in the field of mechanics has offered great contributions to the management of the disease. The first attempt at DCI guidelines was made by the US Navy in 1944-1945 and resulted in the creation of hyperbaric treatment tables. These tools received international recognition, offering a major advance. Hyperbaric-Diving Medicine holds an important place in modern medical science nowadays with indications for various diseases. At the same time, there is great scientific interest and a lot of research in the use of hyperbaric oxygen for several medical disorders, demonstrating great potential., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Lampropoulou et al.)

Hyperthermia has the potential to damage cancerous tissue by increasing the body temperature. However, targeting cancer cells whilst protecting the surrounding tissues is often challenging, especially when implemented in clinical practice. In this direction, there are data showing that the combination of nanotechnology and hyperthermia offers more successful penetration of nanoparticles in the tumor environment, thus allowing targeted hyperthermia in the region of interest. At the same time, unlike radiotherapy, the use of non-ionizing radiation makes hyperthermia an attractive therapeutic option. This review summarizes the existing literature regarding the use of hyperthermia and nanoparticles in cancer, with a focus on nanoparticle-induced cytotoxicity mechanisms.

The incidence of thyroid metastases among patients suffering from primary colorectal cancer is rare, and only a few cases have been described in the literature. As these metastases are usually asymptomatic, they most frequently present as incidentalomas on follow-up imaging. Hereby, we present and discuss an interesting case of metastatic sigmoid adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, diagnosed and treated at our institution., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Lampropoulou et al.)

Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide; late diagnosis and drug resistance are two major factors often responsible for high morbidity and treatment failure. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a dynamic process that has been closely linked with cancer. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been also associated with several cancer-related mechanisms, including EMT. We conducted a literature search in the PubMed database in order to sum up and discuss the role of lncRNAs in regulating OC-related EMT and their underlying mechanisms. Seventy (70) original research articles were identified, as of 23 April 2023. Our review concluded that the dysregulation of lncRNAs is highly associated with EMT-mediated OC progression. A comprehensive understanding of lncRNAs' mechanisms in OC will help in identifying novel and sensitive biomarkers and therapeutic targets for this malignancy.

Colorectal cancer represents a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Despite improvements, chemotherapy remains the backbone of colorectal cancer treatment. The aim of this study is to investigate the variation of circulating microRNA expression profiles and the response to irinotecan-based treatment in metastatic colorectal cancer and to identify relevant target genes and molecular functions. Serum samples from 95 metastatic colorectal cancer patients were analyzed. The microRNA expression was tested with a NucleoSpin miRNA kit (Machnery-Nagel, Germany), and a machine learning approach was subsequently applied for microRNA profiling. The top 10 upregulated microRNAs in the non-responders group were hsa-miR-181b-5p, hsa-miR-10b-5p, hsa-let-7f-5p, hsa-miR-181a-5p, hsa-miR-181d-5p, hsa-miR-301a-3p, hsa-miR-92a-3p, hsa-miR-155-5p, hsa-miR-30c-5p, and hsa-let-7i-5p. Similarly, the top 10 downregulated microRNAs were hsa-let-7d-5p, hsa-let-7c-5p, hsa-miR-215-5p, hsa-miR-143-3p, hsa-let-7a-5p, hsa-miR-10a-5p, hsa-miR-142-5p, hsa-miR-148a-3p, hsa-miR-122-5p, and hsa-miR-17-5p. The upregulation of microRNAs in the miR-181 family and the downregulation of those in the let-7 family appear to be mostly involved with non-responsiveness to irinotecan-based treatment.

Colorectal cancer is globally one of the most common cancers in all age groups. The current chemotherapy combinations for colorectal cancer treatment include 5-fluorouracil-based regimens; however, drug resistance remains one of the main reasons for chemotherapy failure and disease recurrence. Many studies have determined colorectal cancer chemoresistance mechanisms such as drug efflux, cell cycle arrest, DNA damage repair, apoptosis, autophagy, vital enzymes, epigenetic, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, stem cells, and immune system suppression. Several microRNAs affect drug resistance by regulating the drug resistance-related target genes in colorectal cancer. These drug resistance-related miRNAs may be used as promising biomarkers for predicting drug response or as potential therapeutic targets for treating patients with colorectal cancer. This work reviews and discuss the role of selected microRNAs in 5-fluorouracil resistance and their molecular mechanisms in colorectal cancer., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most commonly diagnosed malignancy and the fourth leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Skin metastases from internal organs are rare; skin metastasis from GC occurs even more rarely than skin metastases originating from other organs, and is associated with systematic disease and poor prognosis. The present study described an interesting and rare case of an extensive skin rash in a 42-year-old man diagnosed with GC, which was mainly affecting his left hemithorax, abdomen and back. The rash masqueraded as erysipelas and was initially treated as such; however, it did not respond to antibiotics, corticosteroids and antihistamines. Due to its persistence and location, the rash was biopsied and GC metastasis was confirmed. Third-line chemotherapy was administered and the rash decreased in size; however, the patient suffered from disease deterioration with lung metastases and respiratory failure. The patient eventually died 4 months after the diagnosis of skin metastasis. In conclusion, cutaneous metastasis should be considered as a late and difficult to treat metastasis of GC, which requires high surveillance from medical oncologists, and a multidisciplinary approach for prompt and accurate diagnosis., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2020, Spandidos Publications.)

BRAF/MEK inhibitors are considered standard of care in the treatment of advanced BRAF-mutated malignant melanoma, and have been, in rare cases, associated with granulomatous reactions, mostly limited to skin lesions. The present study reported the case of a patient with metastatic melanoma developing a sarcoid-like reaction manifesting as asymptomatic mediastinal and right hilar lymphadenopathy while on antineoplastic therapy with dabrafenib and trametinib. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of isolated lymphadenopathy as a manifestation of drug-induced sarcoid-like reaction under dabrafenib and trametinib. Overall, only 17 other cases of granulomatosis have been reported in the literature. Although uncommon, such reactions should be considered in the differential diagnosis of lymph node enlargement, and distinguishing them from tumor progress is important and can be challenging in clinical practice., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2020, Spandidos Publications.)

Multiple primary cancer (MPC) is defined as more than one primary tumour diagnosed at the same patient, either simultaneously or sequentially. Its incidence is low and varies in reporting among medical centers. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) while gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most frequently diagnosed malignancy. The aim of this article is to present a rare case of a female patient who was diagnosed with two synchronous malignancies, an adenocarcinoma of the stomach (SRCC) and an aggressive extranodal NH lymphoma (DLBCL) within 2 months. Given the fact that there is an expanding availability of more sensitive diagnostic and screening methods, we aim to increase surveillance amongst medical doctors and provide valuable information for further systematic analysis and identification of such rare cases of concurrent malignancies., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article., (Copyright © 2022 Evangelia Pliakou et al.)

Introduction: During the evolution of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, several drug candidates have been proposed for repositioning towards a quest for more effective treatments., Methodology: We reviewed recent literature (Pubmed, Google, Clinicaltrials.gov), as of the middle of May 2021, for evidence regarding the potential benefit from poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase inhibitors and vascular endothelial growth factor blockade in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection., Results: poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase inhibitors have been suggested as potential agents against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by a variety of mechanisms. vascular endothelial growth factor-associated vascular permeability is implicated with increased vascular leakage and pulmonary oedema. Thus, anti-angiogenesis factors, such as bevacizumab are being investigated in critically ill COVID-19 patients., Conclusions: The synergistic potential of these two classes of inhibitors in severe COVID-19 management could be beneficial. Further research should be carried out in order to support this hypothesis., Competing Interests: No Conflict of Interest is declared, (Copyright (c) 2022 Dimitra Ioanna Lampropoulou, Vanessa Meletia Bala, Eleni Zerva, Evangelia Pliakou, Dimitrios Filippou, Maria Gazouli, Gerasimos Aravantinos.)

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common types of cancer diagnosed worldwide with high morbidity; drug resistance is often responsible for treatment failure in CRC. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play distinct regulatory roles in tumorigenesis, cancer progression and chemoresistance., Methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed database in order to sum up and discuss the role of exosomal ncRNAs (ex-ncRNAs) in CRC drug resistance/response and their possible mechanisms., Results: Thirty-six (36) original research articles were identified; these included exosome or extracellular vesicle (EV)-containing microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs) and small-interfering (siRNAs). No studies were found for piwi-interacting RNAs., Conclusions: Exosomal transfer of ncRNAs has been documented as a new mechanism of CRC drug resistance. Despite being in its infancy, it has emerged as a promising field for research in order to (i) discover novel biomarkers for therapy monitoring and/or (ii) reverse drug desensitization.

New treatment modalities have been recently introduced in the management of ovarian cancer (OC). Herein, we sought to investigate their implementation in routine clinical practice and examine the real-world management of OC in Greece. EpOCa was a non-interventional, multicenter, retrospective study in patients with advanced epithelial OC. The primary outcome was to estimate the proportions of the different treatment regimens used per line of therapy, while progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were the key secondary endpoints. A total of 154 patients were enrolled in the study, among whom, 40% were tested for BRCA mutations and 30% were found to be positive. Nearly 90% of patients underwent debulking surgery at diagnosis, with few operations being also recorded upon relapse. Platinum-based chemotherapy (CT) was predominantly used in the first line with half of patients also receiving angiogenesis inhibitor (AI), while non-platinum-based CT was preferred in later lines. The median PFS was 18.2 and 8.8 months in the first- and second-line setting, respectively, whereas the median OS was approximately 50 months. Our study adds to the available, but limited, real world data on the management of ovarian cancer providing evidence regarding the applied treatment strategies and outcomes of patients in Greece.

Background: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) represents a rare but highly aggressive malignancy that is often challenging to diagnose, especially in early stages. The role of existing tumor biomarkers for CCA diagnosis, remains controversial due to their low sensitivity and specificity. Increasing evidence has implicated long non-coding ribonucleic acid polymorphisms with cancer susceptibility in a variety of tumor types. The association between long non-coding ribonucleic acid homeobox protein transcript antisense intergenic ribonucleic acid (HOTAIR) polymorphisms and CCA risk has not been reported yet., Aim: To investigate the influence of HOTAIR variants on the risk of CCA development., Methods: We conducted a case-control study in which three HOTAIR single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs920778, rs4759314 and rs7958904) were genotyped in a Greek cohort. Our study population included 122 CCA patients (80 males and 42 females) and 165 healthy controls. The polymorphisms under investigation were examined in peripheral blood samples., Results: HOTAIR rs4759314 AG and GG genotypes were associated with a significantly increased CCA risk [ P = 0.004, odds ratio: 3.13; 95% confidence interval: 1.65-5.91 and P = 0.005, odds ratio: 12.31; 95% confidence interval: 1.48-101.87, respectively]. However, no significant associations of HOTAIR rs920778, and rs7958904 were detected. Similarly, we found no significant associations between rs4759314 AA genotype and CCA susceptibility., Conclusion: HOTAIR rs4759314 AG and GG genotypes may be implicated with CCA development and may serve as a potential diagnostic biomarker., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: No conflict of interest to declare., (©The Author(s) 2021. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Currently, extracellular vesicles and particularly exosomes have gained a lot of research interest due to their unique roles in several biological processes. Noncoding RNAs (microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs and circular RNAs) represent a class of functional RNA with distinct regulatory roles in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Cholangiocarcinoma is a rare but highly aggressive type of malignancy that is very challenging to diagnose, especially in early stages; surgical resection still represents the sole potentially curative treatment option. Hence, there is an urgent need for the discovery of novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Hereby, we provide a comprehensive review of the most recent discoveries that focus on exosomal noncoding RNAs in cholangio-carcinoma with the aim to identify new molecular players that could be used as biomarkers and therapeutic targets., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: No conflict of interest to declare., (©The Author(s) 2020. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Fluoropyrimidine-based regimens are among the most commonly used chemotherapy combinations for the treatment of solid tumors. Several genetic polymorphisms that are implicated with fluoropyrimidine anabolism and catabolism have been associated with the development of life-threatening toxicities. Uridine triacetate is an FDA-approved antidote for 5-fluorouracil or capecitabine overdose and early-onset, life-threatening toxicity within 96 h of last chemotherapy dose. To date, it is not accessible for Greek patients as per the current summary of product characteristic's time restrictions. We report and discuss the course and outcome of capecitabine toxicity in a 66-year-old female colorectal cancer patient with heterozygous dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency. This paper highlights the difficulty in timely access of this lifesaving medication for Greek and possibly other European patients.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated durable responses in some patient groups and gained regulatory approval for various cancer indications since 2011. Autoimmune and autoinflammatory adverse events, secondary to the use of such agents are known as "immune-related adverse events" (irAEs) and their incidence, severity and tolerability may vary among the classes of the checkpoint inhibitors. This short review provides an update and summarises the clinical manifestations and management of cutaneous irAEs induced by checkpoint inhibitors that are currently in use.

Background/aim: The efficacy of gemcitabine-based chemotherapy in locally advanced/metastatic biliary tract carcinoma is limited. The aim of this trial was to assess the activity of a novel gemcitabine-pazopanib combination in such patients., Patients and Methods: In this phase II, multicenter trial, patients with histologically/cytologically confirmed biliary tract carcinoma, previously untreated for advanced disease, received 1000 mg/m 2 of gemcitabine on days 1 and 8 every 21 days and 800 mg of pazopanib once daily continuously for 8 cycles, followed by pazopanib maintenance. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR)., Results: A total of 29 patients (median age; 69 years) were enrolled between June 2013 and March 2018. The ORR was 13.8% in the intent-to-treat and 19.1% in the per protocol population. The median progression-free and overall survival were 6.3 and 10.4 months, respectively., Conclusion: The low response rate precludes further testing of the combination in patients with biliary tract carcinoma., (Copyright© 2020, International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved.)

Background: Analysis of circulating tumor nucleic acids in plasma of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) patients is the most widespread and documented form of "liquid biopsy" and provides real-time information on the molecular profile of the tumor without an invasive tissue biopsy., Methods: Liquid biopsy analysis was requested by the referral physician in 121 NSCLC patients at diagnosis and was performed using a sensitive Next Generation Sequencing assay. Additionally, a comparative analysis of NSCLC patients at relapse following EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKIs) treatment was performed in 50 patients by both the cobas and NGS platforms., Results: At least one mutation was identified in almost 49% of the cases by the NGS approach in NSCLC patients analyzed at diagnosis. In 36 cases with paired tissue available a high concordance of 86.11% was observed for clinically relevant mutations, with a Positive Predictive Value (PPV) of 88.89%. Furthermore, a concordance rate of 82% between cobas and the NGS approach for the EGFR sensitizing mutations (in exons 18, 19, 21) was observed in patients with acquired resistance to EGFR TKIs, while this concordance was 94% for the p.T790M mutation, with NGS being able to detect this mutation in three 3 additional patients., Conclusions: This study indicates the feasibility of circulating tumor nucleic acids (ctNA) analysis as a tumor biopsy surrogate in clinical practice for NSCLC personalized treatment decision making. The use of new sensitive NGS techniques can reliably detect tumor-derived mutations in liquid biopsy and provide clinically relevant information both before and after targeted treatment in patients with NSCLC. Thus, it could aid physicians in treatment decision making in clinical practice., Competing Interests: The authors EI, NT, KT, VM, PS, AS, EK, GT and GN declare that are employees in GeneKor MSA. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Purpose: Colorectal cancer is the fourth cause of cancer-related death. Drug toxicity and resistance remain concerns of major importance. miR-100 and miR-218 are micro-RNAs that regulate cellular proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis acting as oncogenes and tumour suppressors; their functions and have been linked with toxicity development and drug resistance., Methods: We investigated the correlation between rs11134527 miR-218 and rs1834306 miR-100 polymorphisms and irinotecan-based regimens with regard to drug efficacy and toxicity. A total of 105 mCRC patients receiving irinotecan-based regimens were included in our study and assessed in terms of toxicity development and response to treatment. Rs11134527 miR-218 and rs1834306 miR-100 polymorphism genotyping in the peripheral blood was performed with PCR-RFLP., Results: Neither rs11134527 miR-218 nor rs1834306 miR-100 are associated with toxicity risk to treatment regimens. GA/AA genotypes of rs11134527 and CT/TT genotypes of rs1834306 were associated with a significantly reduced time-to-progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS)., Conclusions: GA/AA genotypes of rs11134527 miR-218 and CT/TT genotypes of rs1834306 miR-100 polymorphisms could serve as prognostic biomarkers of TTP and OS. Carriers of the A allele of the miR-218 rs11134527 and T allele of the miR-100 rs1834306 polymorphisms are more likely not to respond to irinotecan-based therapies. However, further studies in larger patient populations are required.

Background: Colorectal cancer is the fourth cause of cancer related death. Drug resistance and toxicity remain major clinical issues. HOTAIR and MALAT1 are long non-coding RNAS that affect cellular proliferation, apoptosis and drug resistance; their up-regulation has been linked with a poor prognosis., Objective: Investigation of the association between rs4759314 HOTAIR and rs3200401 MALAT1 polymorphisms and irinotecan-based chemotherapy in terms of drug efficacy and toxicity., Methods: Samples from 98 patients receiving different regimens of irinotecan-based therapy were included. Efficacy and toxicity were evaluated. KRAS mutation, rs3200401 HOTAIR and rs4759314 MALAT1 polymorphisms genotyping in the tumors and peripheral blood respectively were performed with PCR., Results: Neither rs3200401 MALAT1 nor rs4759314 HOTAIR polymorphism are associated with response to treatment regimens. Rs4759314 was also not associated with increased toxicity in patients receiving irinotecan-based regimens. CT genotype of rs3200401 was associated with significantly reduced overall survival. An association between KRAS mutation and AG/GG genotypes in the rs4759314 was detected., Conclusions: CT genotype of rs3200401 MALAT1 polymorphism could serve as a toxicity biomarker. Carriers of the G allele of the rs4759314 HOTAIR are more likely to be carriers of KRAS mutations too. However, further studies in larger patient populations are required.