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Lehmann, H., Neiber, M. T., & Hausdorf, B. (2024) Caucasian/Pontic–Mediterranean disjunction and recolonization of Europe by Pomatias (Hyrcania) species (Caenogastropoda, Pomatiidae)—Zoologica Scripta, 00, 000‐000. We studied the phylogeny and phylogeography of Pomatias (Hyrcania) species (Caenogastropoda: Pomatiidae) to investigate refugia and the causes of disjunctions in Asia anterior and in southeastern Europe. There is a Caucasian/Pontic–Mediterranean disjunction between the ranges of the sister species P. rivularis from the Caucasus region, the Pontic Mountains and southeastern Europe and P. hyrcanus from the coastal region of the southern Caspian Sea in the north and that of P. glaucus along the Mediterranean coast in the south. The disjunct ranges of the Pomatias (Hyrcania) species are probably relics of a previously more continuous distribution across Anatolia. They became disjunct as a result of the successive aridification of the Anatolian Plateau, which intensified in the late Pliocene following the uplift of the Anatolian Plateau, as has also been shown for several other taxa. The mitochondrial and nuclear genetic diversity of P. rivularis, the most widespread Pomatias (Hyrcania) species, is highest in the populations from the southern Greater Caucasus and the adjacent eastern Pontic Mountains. The southern Greater Caucasus and the coastal regions along the Caspian Sea and the Eastern Mediterranean acted as refugia for the Pomatias (Hyrcania) species after the aridification of the Anatolian Plateau. The low genetic diversity of P. rivularis in Eastern Europe and Ciscaucasia suggests that Miocene and Pliocene fossils identified as P. rivularis from these areas cannot be attributed to this species, that the Pomatias (Hyrcania) populations became extinct there by the Pleistocene, and that P. rivularis recolonized these areas later, probably only in the Holocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Establishing a robust taxonomic foundation is crucial for biodiversity conservation. Bangladesh harbours potentially unique biodiversity that remains inadequately explored. Concurrently, its biodiversity faces substantial pressure owing to environmental changes; thus, an urgent assessment of its current status is required. In this study, we focused on the understudied land snails of Bangladesh, the genus Amphidromus. Utilizing 45 samples collected from 13 sites during a 2018–2022 survey, as well as museum specimens and literature sources, we conducted molecular phylogenetic analyses and the haplotype network of the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and nuclear internal transcribed spacer 1, examined shell shapes using elliptical Fourier features, and evaluated shell size and band patterns. Based on the molecular and morphological examinations, we identified five Amphidromus species in Bangladesh, including two potentially undescribed species, each recorded at a single site in the Chittagong Division. The dominant species, A. globonevilli, is widely distributed in central and eastern Bangladesh, revealing a geographically structured mitochondrial DNA diversity. Furthermore, in the museum specimens, we confirmed the occurrence of A. sinensis vicaria and A. sylheticus, the latter being newly discovered in Bangladesh. These two species may be limited to the eastern part of Bangladesh and represent low-density species. Although the taxonomic relationship of these species with A. globonevilli remains unclear and further studies with molecular data are warranted, our findings provide the basis for further understanding and conservation of biodiversity in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study contains the first molecular phylogeny of Chinese enids based on the mitochondrial markers cytochrome oxidase c (COI) and 16S rRNA (16S). We have sequenced 19 species belonging to 10 out of the 12 currently accepted genera. A new species, Petraeomastus limenghuai Chen, Dai, Wu & Ouyang, sp. nov., is described from the Lancangjiang River Valley in southwest China based on comparative morphology and molecular phylogeny. The currently accepted classification of Chinese enids relies largely on shell morphology and is deemed to require systematic revision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research delved into the intricate physiological responses of African land snails exposed to leachates from metal scrap dumpsites in Ado Ekiti metropolis. Raw leachates were collected from different leachate wells at the two dumpsites, these were used to form concentrations (v/v; leachate: dechlorinated tap water) and offered as drinking water throughout the study. A total of 80 points of lay snails (Archachatina marginata) 160.25 ± 5.84g and 7–8 months were used as test organism to assess the effect of the leachate. The snails were randomly allotted into four treatments, with four replicates and five snails per replicate representing the different leachate sample concentrations i.e T1-0%, T2-33.3%, T3- 66.67% and T4-100%. Results obtained indicated that the sodium, calcium, potassium, chromium, manganese and magnesium values of the leachates were higher than safety limits. The final weight of snails in T3 was significantly (P<0.05) higher than other treatment. The gonadosomatic index of snails in T1 was similar to T3 and T4 but significantly (p<0.05) higher than those on T2. Snails exposed to metal leachates have lower antioxidant activities compared with those on T1. In conclusion, the exposure of snails to higher concentrations of the leachates indicates potential toxicity and a tendency for impairment in reproductive capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Herald Thorn Carychium minimum, a tiny terrestrial snail native to Europe, is documented for the first time in Chile. The species was discovered in 2012 in El Totoral, near the San Antonio port in the Valparaíso Region (Central Chile). The presence of both juvenile and adult individuals depicts this species as a naturalised exotic snail. Carychium minimum is the second species of the genus Carychium recorded in Chile, succeeding Carychium biondii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We tested the hypothesis that, for land snails, long-distance dispersal across oceans is primarily via aerial dispersal (i.e. wind- or bird-mediated), which likely favors so-called micromolluscs through immigrant selection for small (aerially buoyant) body size. Immigrant selection is a filtering process favoring phenotypes conferring greater capacities for long-distance dispersal. We also tested predictions of E. O. Wilson’s taxon cycle, which hypothesizes that descendant species of island colonists are subject to a series of ecological and evolutionary dynamics, resulting over time in progressively more ecologically specialized island endemics with more limited dispersal capacity. We tested predictions of immigrant selection on aerial dispersal and the taxon cycle in native Pacific Island land snails of the Samoan Islands, Mariana Islands, and Lord Howe Island and neighboring small islands using geographic range, shell size, microhabitat, and elevation data compiled from primary and secondary literature. Single-archipelago endemic species found on multiple islands within an archipelago had significantly larger shell sizes than widespread species found in multiple archipelagos and single-island endemic species. Single-archipelago endemic and single-island endemic species were associated with vegetation and ground/rock microhabitats, respectively, whereas widespread species were more likely to be microhabitat generalists. Single-island endemic species were more likely to occur at high-elevation habitats, while widespread species were more likely to be confined to low-elevation habitats. Consistent with predictions of the taxon cycle and immigrant selection on aerial dispersal, Pacific Island land snails endemic to single islands or archipelagos (i.e. those assumed to be later in the taxon cycle) are more likely to have larger body size (archipelago endemics) and to occupy higher elevations (i.e. island interiors; island endemics) in more specialized microhabitats (all endemics).

Biological rhythms are ubiquitous across the tree of life. Organisms must allocate their activities into moments of the day and of the season that will increase their probability of surviving and reproducing, which is done in the form of daily and annual rhythms. So far, the vast majority of studies on biological rhythms have focused on classical laboratory model species. Still, the use of non-model species is gaining traction, as part of an effort to achieve a more holistic understanding of clock/calendar mechanisms in the "real world" but this requires species that can be studied in both the lab and in nature. Terrestrial gastropods, i.e., land snails and slugs, have the potential to be exciting models for the study of biological rhythms in nature. Therefore, we provide a review of the research on biological rhythms in terrestrial gastropods, with a focus on ecology and evolution. We present the state of the art in the field while giving a historical perspective of the studies, exploring each of the main lineages of terrestrial gastropods. We also point out some interesting directions that future studies could take to fill some of the more urgent gaps in current knowledge. We hope that our contribution will renew interest in this area and spark novel projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPs) persist for long periods in the environment, causing adverse effects on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The accumulation of MPs in various trophic levels mostly depends on weathering phenomena, their reduced dimensions and the improved bioavailability; this ultimately causes their ingestion by organisms living in different niches. The modern concern about MPs toxicity collides with the current unavailability of standardized and reliable methodologies to assess the risks associated with the exposure of organisms from different habitats. Hence, the identification and selection of appropriate biomonitors for MPs pollution risk assessment should focus on the identification of easy-to-implement assays, rapidly interpretable results (e.g., based on the MPs bioaccumulation capabilities in their tissues) and standardizable methodologies. The present review analyzed some emerging biomonitors exploited for MPs evaluation, selected and examined according to their potential use as specific biological indicators for diverse environments. The research was focused on plants, as biological models for airborne microfibers toxicity evaluation; mussels, as key organisms for the establishment of MPs accumulation in marine environments; land snails, representing emerging organisms selected for studies of MPs' impact on soil. Furthermore, recent findings evidenced the influence of microplastics on the composition of environmental microbiota, enhancing pathogenic biofilms formation, leading to increased water, soil, food, crops and waste contamination. Disposing of harmonized and validated methods to study MPs' impact on the environment, integrated with promising machine learning tools, might sensibly support the risk management strategies protecting human and animal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hausdorf, B., Xu, J., BAMBERGER, S. (2024) Repeated colonization of the Northern Limestone Alps from the Southern Limestone Alps by the rock‐dwelling snail species Cochlostoma henricae—Zoologica Scripta, 00, 000–000. The evolution of biogeographic disjunctions in the Southern and Northern Limestone Alps has been studied only in a few taxa. Cochlostoma henricae (Strobel, 1851) is a land snail species restricted to limestone rocks showing such disjunctions. We studied the phylogeny and population structure of this species using genomic ddRAD data to better understand the differentiation of the species in the Southern Alps and the origin of the isolated occurrences in the Northern Limestone Alps. Phylogenetic and population‐genetic analyses of the ddRAD data revealed a subdivision of the C. henricae populations into a western cluster and an eastern cluster. These clusters were probably separated by glaciers that extended from the Piave Valley to the margin of the Alps. Such a longitudinal subdivision is a common pattern of several species in the Southern Limestone Alps. However, the boundaries between western and eastern population groups differ between taxa. Cochlostoma henricae colonized the Northern Limestone Alps at least twice. The population from Breitenwang in Tyrol originated from the western group, whereas the occurrences in the Salzkammergut are from the eastern group. These and similar disjunctions of several other land snails show that even species with limited dispersal abilities could cross the Alps repeatedly by passive long‐distance dispersal events. A subdivision of C. henricae into three subspecies, proposed based on shell characters, does not correspond to its population‐genetic structure. Instead, the eastern and western population groups represent distinct evolutionary units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Malay Peninsula has traditionally been considered to harbour a diverse land-snail fauna, both in terms of a high species richness and a wide variety of conchological traits, especially within the limacoid land snails. A recent survey along the Malay Peninsula of southern Thailand discovered an overlooked limacoid taxon "Trochomorpha" sculpticarina Martens, 1883, previously assigned to genus Trochomorpha of the Trochomorphidae. This genus is herein described as Janbinmorpha gen. nov. based on comparative studies of shell morphology, external features, genital anatomy and radular morphology, as well as analyses of partial sequences of two mitochondrial markers, COI and 16S rRNA, and of one nuclear marker, 28S rRNA. This new genus is characterised by a combination of distinct morphological and anatomical features. The most distinguishing features are a depressed trochiform shell with a keeled last whorl, gametolytic organ without a duct, gametolytic sac with two lobes, and proximal epiphallus encircled with a thick sheath and attached by the penial retractor muscle. In addition, an analysis of the differentiation in mitochondrial and nuclear markers confirmed that this new genus, first recognised by morphology, is also genetically distinct. The molecular data also confirm that J. sculpticarina comb. nov. is a member of the Ariophantidae and has a close evolutionary relationship to Hemiplecta and Maelamaodiscus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Various species distributed in the Alps have their disjunct occurrences in the Carpathians. Fossil evidence for some woodland snails of Alpine distribution suggests that they colonized the Carpathians during the Holocene forest optimum or later. Here, we focus on disjunct Carpathian populations of the rock‐dwelling alpine snail Pyramidula saxatilis. As it occupies very stable habitats, that is, high‐elevation limestone rocks, one can assume its potential survival in Carpathian refugia over the glacial period(s). For comparison, the more widespread and warm‐climate P. pusilla is analysed. Location: Europe. Taxon: Pyramidula saxatilis and P. pusilla. Methods: We analysed the genetic diversity of P. saxatilis and P. pusilla populations across their entire ranges using mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA markers. Seven fossil mollusc successions from the area where P. saxatilis occurs in the Carpathians were analysed and dated using the radiocarbon method. Habitat suitability models of both species were calculated for selected time periods since the Last Glacial Maximum. Results: All Carpathian P. saxatilis populations were genetically homogeneous and similar to those from the Eastern Alps. In P. pusilla, we found a genetically distinct lineage in the southern Western Carpathians. Both species were found in three fossil profiles since the Middle Holocene, and in one already in the Late Glacial. Habitat suitability models suggested the fluctuations of suitable conditions in the Carpathians driven by summer precipitation, especially for P. saxatilis. Main Conclusions: Our results suggest that the Carpathian populations of P. saxatilis represent a post‐LGM colonization from the Eastern Alps triggered by climatic changes, mainly by the increase in summer precipitation during the Late Glacial interstadials and Middle Holocene. The evidence for P. pusilla is similar, but also suggests rare long‐term survival in the Carpathian microrefugia. The palaeoecological evidence indicates a possible threat to high‐elevation species from future fluctuations in precipitation regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Island biological communities are considered to comprise non‐random assemblages from surrounding source pools, but whether they converge towards predictable structural properties remains unclear. Here, we (i) test whether insular communities of land snails converge towards similar functional and/or taxonomic properties and (ii) evaluate whether island functional diversity is determined by island biogeographical characteristics such as area and distance to the pool as well as human‐related variables. Location: Sixty‐six continental Aegean islands. Taxon: Land snails. Methods: We compiled a database of two morphological traits with functional significance (shell height and width) for 163 island species and 1529 species from the major species pools. We quantified inter‐specific morphological dissimilarity between pairs of islands (turnover), using a modified index of the mean nearest taxon distance. We tested for functional and taxonomic convergence using null models and assessing whether overall mean turnover among islands and pairwise island‐by‐island turnover were lower than expected by chance. We performed multiple regression analyses to test whether functional diversity metrics scale with island biogeographical characteristics and human‐related variables. Results: Our analyses provide strong evidence that communities of land snails across the Aegean islands converge towards non‐random functional properties and taxonomic structure. At the island level, a wide range of different shell shapes is observed, indicating greater functional richness than expected by chance. Regression analyses showed that island area is the only efficient predictor of functional diversity, indicating that available ecological/resource space is of central importance in driving the assembly of different shell shapes. Main Conclusions: Our findings, consistent with previous studies of other taxa from oceanic islands, highlight that island species communities are not randomly assembled and display convergence in their functional and taxonomic composition. Integrating functional diversity metrics within biogeographic analyses has the potential to further our understanding of island biodiversity patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The ecotoxicological consequences of azoxystrobin on land snails have not yet been addressed. Therefore, the present study aims to provide novel data on the threat of a commercial grade azoxystrobin (AMISTAR) at two environmentally relevant concentrations (0.3 µg/ml) and tenfold (3 µg/ml) on the model species, Theba pisana by physiological, biochemical, and histopathological markers for 28 days. Our results showed a reduction in animal food consumption and growth due to exposure to both azoxystrobin concentrations. It also induced oxidative stress and led to a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels after 7 days of exposure, while the opposite effect occurred after 28 days. Except for the 7-day exposure, all treated snails had significantly reduced glutathione (GSH) content and increased catalase (CAT) activity at all-time intervals. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities, and protein content (PC) were elevated in treated snails at all-time intervals. Moreover, alterations in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity between a decrease and an increase were noticed. Additionally, azoxystrobin exerted changes in T. pisana hepatopancreas architecture. Our study suggests that azoxystrobin may have negative ecological consequences for T. pisana and highlights its potential risks to the natural environment.

The ecotoxicological consequences of azoxystrobin on land snails have not yet been addressed. Therefore, the present study aims to provide novel data on the threat of a commercial grade azoxystrobin (AMISTAR) at two environmentally relevant concentrations (0.3 µg/ml) and tenfold (3 µg/ml) on the model species, Theba pisana by physiological, biochemical, and histopathological markers for 28 days. Our results showed a reduction in animal food consumption and growth due to exposure to both azoxystrobin concentrations. It also induced oxidative stress and led to a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels after 7 days of exposure, while the opposite effect occurred after 28 days. Except for the 7-day exposure, all treated snails had significantly reduced glutathione (GSH) content and increased catalase (CAT) activity at all-time intervals. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities, and protein content (PC) were elevated in treated snails at all-time intervals. Moreover, alterations in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity between a decrease and an increase were noticed. Additionally, azoxystrobin exerted changes in T. pisana hepatopancreas architecture. Our study suggests that azoxystrobin may have negative ecological consequences for T. pisana and highlights its potential risks to the natural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local ecological knowledge (LEK) is a community-based conservation effort that promotes sustainable management of natural resources. However, studies on LEK are very limited in the Philippines. To address this information gap, LEK on land snails in Mount Banahaw, Luzon Island, Philippines was investigated. Key informant interviews and focus group discussions were conducted in the four communities (Dolores, Lucban, Tayabas and Majayjay) along the slope of the mountain. A snail calendar was used as a tool for identifying the hunting season and practices of these communities on land snails. The results showed that the communities were knowledgeable on macro land snails (>5 mm shell size) such as the introduced species, Lissachatina fulica and the endemic and edible, Ryssota otaheitana, but were unaware of micro land snails (<5 mm shell size). Locals also demonstrated an awareness of the snails' ecosystem functions as a food source for other animals and agents of nutrient cycling. Additionally, sustainable hunting of R. otaheitana in communities was observed. Only adult R. otaheitana were harvested, leaving the juveniles to grow and reproduce. In Lucban, the people hunted while they were waiting for the harvest season of their crops. In Tayabas, the community observed that the snail was abundant during wet and moist soil conditions when leaf litter, its primary food, decomposed easily. In Majayjay, hunting was associated with the blooming of the flowering plant, Erythrina variegata. In Dolores, hunting was practiced after clearing farmland. This research underscores the importance of determining LEK in developing policies and regulations on sustainable utilization and conservation of land snails in a tropical forest setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The toxic effect of different formulations of six Trichoderma isolates on the hatchability of Monacha cartusiana and Eobania vermiculata eggs (T. hamatum, T. viride, T. harzianum, T. koningii, T. asperellum and T. pseudokoningii) were evaluated under laboratory conditions. The experiments were conducted at the Biological Laboratory of Econ. Entom. and Agric. Zoology Dept., Fac. Agric., Menoufia University. Statistical analysis of the data indicated that there were significant differences among the 3 concentrations of each Trichoderma germ isolates on the hatchability of M. cartusiana eggs. The toxicity was increased by increasing the concentrations of each isolate. Furthermore, there were significant differences among the six Trichoderma germ isolates in their toxic effect on the hatchability of M. cartusiana and E. vermiculata eggs. The lowest hatchability % of M. cartusiana eggs was recorded (0.0 %) after four weeks of exposure to Trichoderma harzianum and T. asperellum treatments at 6x106 CFU / g, followed by T. asperellum treatment at 6x106 CFU / g as 23.3%. As for E. vermiculata egg experiment, there were significant differences among the six Trichoderma germ isolates in their toxic effect on the hatchability of E. vermiculata eggs. The lowest hatchability percentages of E. vermiculata eggs were recorded as 3.3 and 6.7 %, after four weeks of T. harzianum and T. asperellum treatments at 6x106 CFU/g, followed by T. asperellum treatment at 4x106 CFU / g as 16.7 %. There were significant differences among the tested six Trichoderma extracts in their toxic effect on the hatchability of M. cartusiana eggs. The lowest hatchability % of M. cartusiana eggs were recorded (0.0 and 3.3 %) after four weeks of exposure to T. harzianum and T. asperellum extracts. In addition, the lowest hatchability of E vermiculata eggs was recorded (0.0 and 0.0 %) after four weeks of exposure to T. harzianum and T. asperellum extracts treatment, followed by T. pseudokoningii extract at 26.7 %. GC-Mass spectrometry analyses of T. harzianum isolates revealed the high contents of Glacial acetic acid, 2,3-butanediol, Trichodermaerin, Aspereline A, which may be responsible for toxic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological rhythms are ubiquitous across the tree of life. Organisms must allocate their activities into moments of the day and of the season that will increase their probability of surviving and reproducing, which is done in the form of daily and annual rhythms. So far, the vast majority of studies on biological rhythms have focused on classical laboratory model species. Still, the use of non-model species is gaining traction, as part of an effort to achieve a more holistic understanding of clock/calendar mechanisms in the “real world” but this requires species that can be studied in both the lab and in nature. Terrestrial gastropods, i.e., land snails and slugs, have the potential to be exciting models for the study of biological rhythms in nature. Therefore, we provide a review of the research on biological rhythms in terrestrial gastropods, with a focus on ecology and evolution. We present the state of the art in the field while giving a historical perspective of the studies, exploring each of the main lineages of terrestrial gastropods. We also point out some interesting directions that future studies could take to fill some of the more urgent gaps in current knowledge. We hope that our contribution will renew interest in this area and spark novel projects.

Abstract Four invasive Mediterranean snails, i.e., Theba pisana (Müller, 1774), Cernuella virgata (da Costa, 1778), Cochlicella acuta (Müller, 1774) and Cochlicella barbara (Linnaeus, 1758) cost $170 million yearly to the grain industry in Australia. Their impact is mainly due to their estivation behavior: snails climb on cereal and legume stalks to rest during summer, which coincides with harvest, causing grain contamination issues in crops such as wheat, barley and canola. Diverse management methods have been developed to regulate snail populations, with limited success. Our study investigates the potential for a push–pull strategy to divert invasive snails from cultivated fields. A “push” part (i.e. using a repellent stimuli) was based on the use of a chemical deterrent repelling snails from the cultivated field, and a “pull” part (i.e. using an attractive stimuli) was based on offering attractive estivation supports for snails to aggregate outside the cultivated field. First, artificial estivation supports of different colors were tested under laboratory and field conditions and showed that red supports were the most attractive for these snails. Second, different substances were tested as potential snail deterrents (garlic, coffee, coffee grounds, copper). Garlic extracts were the most powerful snail deterrent and were shown to effectively protect an estivation support and food source from snails under laboratory conditions. These results, which were highly consistent for the four species, illustrate the potential of a push–pull strategy against invasive snails in Australia. It is the first attempt to develop a push–pull strategy relying on both visual and chemical stimuli to achieve results, as well as manipulating the estivation behavior of a pest.

Four invasive Mediterranean snails, i.e., Theba pisana (Müller, 1774), Cernuella virgata (da Costa, 1778), Cochlicella acuta (Müller, 1774) and Cochlicella barbara (Linnaeus, 1758) cost $170 million yearly to the grain industry in Australia. Their impact is mainly due to their estivation behavior: snails climb on cereal and legume stalks to rest during summer, which coincides with harvest, causing grain contamination issues in crops such as wheat, barley and canola. Diverse management methods have been developed to regulate snail populations, with limited success. Our study investigates the potential for a push–pull strategy to divert invasive snails from cultivated fields. A “push” part (i.e. using a repellent stimuli) was based on the use of a chemical deterrent repelling snails from the cultivated field, and a “pull” part (i.e. using an attractive stimuli) was based on offering attractive estivation supports for snails to aggregate outside the cultivated field. First, artificial estivation supports of different colors were tested under laboratory and field conditions and showed that red supports were the most attractive for these snails. Second, different substances were tested as potential snail deterrents (garlic, coffee, coffee grounds, copper). Garlic extracts were the most powerful snail deterrent and were shown to effectively protect an estivation support and food source from snails under laboratory conditions. These results, which were highly consistent for the four species, illustrate the potential of a push–pull strategy against invasive snails in Australia. It is the first attempt to develop a push–pull strategy relying on both visual and chemical stimuli to achieve results, as well as manipulating the estivation behavior of a pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indoxacarb is one of the most extensively used oxadiazine insecticides worldwide, but it may exert detrimental effects on ecosystems, population dynamics, and health. Due to the lack of knowledge on the ecotoxicity of indoxacarb, it is still challenging to assess whether this insecticide poses an ecotoxicological impact on terrestrial environments. Therefore, our study aims to provide novel data on the toxic effects of 28-day dietary exposure to commercial grade indoxacarb at two environmentally relevant concentrations, 0.02 µg/mL and tenfold (0.2 µg/mL) on the model species, Theba pisana. Their effects were studied using a multiple biomarker approach by evaluating physiological, biochemical, and histopathological responses. After 28 days of treatment, indoxacarb at both concentrations significantly reduced the food intake and growth of the treated snails. Also, it caused decreases in lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels after 7 and 14 days of exposure, whereas an opposite effect occurred after 21 and 28 days. All treated snails were found to exhibit a lower content of glutathione (GSH) after all times of exposure. Moreover, catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, as well as protein content (PC), were elevated in the treated snails after all time intervals. Post exposure to both realistic indoxacarb concentrations, changes in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity between a decrease and an increase were observed. Furthermore, indoxacarb caused histo-architectural changes in the hepatopancreas of T. pisana. Our results demonstrate that, at environmentally relevant concentrations, indoxacarb poses negative consequences for T. pisana, indicating its ecotoxicological impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intrashell oxygen isotope (δ18Os) analyses of terrestrial snails have been carried out over two decades. However, the intraspecies/interspecies differences are not yet well understood. Here, we conducted a high‐resolution intrashell δ18Os study on 43 shells from Cathaica fasciola and Bradybaena ravida, and 1449 δ18Os data were obtained. These large amounts of data demonstrate the reproducibility of intrashell δ18Os. Our results suggest that C. fasciola and B. ravida have similar growing seasons mainly from March to October in the studied region. The ecological habits of the two species could explain the distinctive variations in their δ18Os sequences. Therefore, our study may interpret the discrepancy between the studies of land snail species and the stable/clumped isotopes of their shells. Moreover, the calculated average growth rate is ∼290 μm/day (from 250 to 330 μm/day) for nonadult C. fasciola. Thus, the use of snail shells for reconstructing high‐resolution terrestrial climate changes is promising. Plain Language Summary: Land snails are sensitive to climatic and environmental changes. Therefore, the oxygen isotopic composition of snail shells (δ18Os) has often been used to study environmental changes. Researchers started to collect multiple samples from a single shell for δ18Os analyses about two decades ago. However, it is still unclear whether high‐resolution intrashell δ18Os results are repeatable and whether the influences of different individuals/species may exist. To address these issues, we collected 43 snail shells from Cathaica fasciola and Bradybaena ravida. In total, 1449 δ18Os data were obtained. The large amount of data showing similar variations in the intrashell δ18Os from different shells demonstrates the repeatability. Accordingly, our data suggest that the two species have similar growing seasons, mainly from March to October, although their ecological habits are different. In addition, the ecological habits of these two species could explain the subtle differences in their δ18Os. Taken together, our study could resolve the discrepancy between previous work on land snail species and stable/clumped isotopes. Furthermore, the estimated average growth rate is ∼290 μm/day (from 250 to 330 μm/day) for nonadult C. fasciola. Overall, snail shells are promising records for exploring high‐resolution terrestrial climate changes in the future. Key Points: The intrashell δ18Os of land snails is reproducible, which mainly records the δ18O of precipitationCathaica fasciola and Bradybaena ravida have different ecological habits but similar growing seasonEcological habits could explain the discrepancy between studies of land snail species and stable/clumped isotopes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The monospecific genus Tartessiberus was described in the year 2021 including a single species (T. cilbanus). However, its description relied solely on morphological and anatomical data. In the present work, we use a fraction of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) and the nuclear large ribosomal subunit (LSU) to clarify its validity through phylogenetic positioning. Knowledge of the distribution of this species is also improved by citing new locations and expanding the geographical range to approximately 200 km2. Additionally, a morphometric analysis of 259 shells is presented for comparisons with shells of the Iberus marmoratus complex and testing the power of conchological features as a tool for specimen identification. The relatively high conchological variability found for T. cilbanus, together with the discovery of populations with intermediate conchological features between T. cilbanus and other closely related taxa, suggest that the determination of this species should be based on genetic criteria. Our molecular analyses demonstrate that T. cilbanus belongs to the Iberus genus, and thus, we proceed to update its taxonomic status to Iberus cilbanus comb. nov., and, thus, to consider Tartessiberus from now on as a junior synonym of Iberus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Nutrition is one of the most important physiological processes for the growth and welfare of farmed animals, while interactions between the intestinal microflora and the host systems provide a key mechanism for enhancing and maintaining homeostasis. Probiotics exert a positive impact on organisms' growth and immune response, so the administration of rations enriched with probiotics is recommended. Although the physiological role of probiotics on vertebrates' growth and stress responses has been extensively studied in vertebrates, little is known regarding their effects on economically important invertebrates such as land snails. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of probiotic-enriched rations on the physiological responses in several tissues of the economically important farmed terrestrial snail, Cornu aspersum. Despite the absence of a direct effect on growth rate, an intense physiological response by various biomarkers was observed in all examined tissues. A large variety of microorganisms ingested with food constitute animals' intestinal microflora, enhancing and maintaining the homeostasis of the host. Rations enriched with probiotics are a method recommended to prevent undesirable conditions. To date, research has been limited to farmed animals and reared fish, creating a knowledge gap concerning the effect of probiotics on the growth rate, physiological responses, and energy metabolism of invertebrates such as the land snail Cornu aspersum. Herein, juvenile snails (26.23 ± 0.5 mm shell diameter and 8.23 ± 1.02 g body weight) were fed L. plantarum probiotic-enriched rations in two different proportions (1.25 mg and 2.5 mg), and their growth rate was monitored for three months. Additionally, the RNA/DNA and Bax/Bcl-2 ratios, HSP gene expression and protein levels, and ND2 expression, were measured in the hepatopancreas, digestive tract, and mantle. Although the snails' growth rate was not affected, the RNA/DNA ratio presented an increase in various tissues, indicating an intense physiological response. Also, probiotic administration demonstrated low levels of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. HSP levels were higher in the presence of probiotics, probably signaling an attempt by the animal to face potentially stressful situations. Finally, ND2 expression levels in the hepatopancreas indicate intense metabolic and antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents results on tree snails based on samples collected from various parts of Vietnam during the period of 2008-2022. As a result, 14 Amphidromus species were recorded, which increased the diversity of the genus in Vietnam to a total of 27 species. Four species were new country records including Amphidromus atricallosus perakensis, Amphidromus leucoxanthus, Amphidromus perversus natunensis, and Amphidromus areolabiatus. Almost all 14 species were found in the south, while only Amphidromus roseolabiatus was recorded in the north. The great variation in the shell morphology of these tree snails required an integrative taxonomic approach to better understand the species diversity of the genus Amphidromus in Vietnam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of chemicals to control land snails can lead to environmental pollution, hazards to humans and toxic residues in agricultural products. Therefore, finding safer alternatives for managing these pests has become a priority. Field experiments were conducted to test different methods for controlling Eobania vermiculata snails infested navel orange trees in Dakahlia Governorate. These methods included ploughing during the egg-laying period in January, planting cabbage traps in February, applying attractive materials in March, using pesticides in April during the activity period, and hand collection during aestivation period in June. The ploughing process significantly (P≤ 0.05) reduced the populations of E. vermiculata. One week after ploughing, the number of snails per sample decreased from 29.22 to 11.76, representing 63.87% reduction. After six weeks, the overall reduction in population was 40.73%. Planting cabbage traps also decreased the snail populations, with a maximum reduction of 68.54% after six weeks. Attractive materials had a significant effect on attracting populations. Sugar-cane syrup and barley powder showed the highest effectiveness, with reductions of 66.05 and 54.12%, respectively. Boiled potatoes had a moderate effect, while vanilla powder was the least effective one, with a reduction of 39.92%. Biocides and plant extracts had a significant effect on the suppression of snail populations. Oikous and clove oil had the highest effect, with 46.05 and 42.56% reduction, respectively. Protecto showed a moderate effect, while eucalyptus oil was the least effective one with 28.21% reduction. The application of pesticides also reduced the snail populations to varying degrees. The molluscicidal efficiency of the tested pesticides could be arranged in descending order after three weeks of application as follows: methomyl < fenamiphos < deltamethrin < oxamyl, with reduction percentages of 60.30, 54.41, 48.81 and 39.03%, respectively. Hand collection during the aestivation period in June also significantly (P≤ 0.05) decreased populations, with a 46.41% reduction as a general mean during the six- week experimental period. Generally, all tested control methods significantly reduced the populations of E. vermiculata in navel orange orchard from January to July. Based on the general means of percent reduction, the tested methods can be arranged in descending order as follows: cabbage traps, pesticides, attractive materials, hand collection, ploughing, and using biocides besides plant extracts. The reduction percentages for the snail species were 51.44, 50.64, 48.93, 46.41, 40.73 and 38.81%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field experiments had been conducted using different pesticides commonly used on vegetable crops searching for suitable compound could be successfully used in controlling of the glassy clover snail, Monacha cartusiana, during the activity period at Sharkia Governorate. The obtained data clearly showed, the percent reductions of snail under field conditions were significantly differed from one pesticide to another and from vegetable crop to another more over the date of examination after application was also affected in addition to; densities of infestation, the crop cultivation rates, ecological behavior of the snails and types of dispersion in each crop. Since, the tested pesticides reduced snails’ population in squash with varying degrees, the general means of percent reduction three days after application recorded maximum reduction with malathion and methomyl with 57.26 and 53.61% reduction, while the least effects were recorded with imidacloprid and acetamiprid with 31.25 and 27.07%. The same trend was observed two and three weeks after application with a slight increase or decrease in reduction percentages with all tested compounds. On the other site, the tested pesticides reducing populations on cabbage one week after application with maximum reduction by methomyl and malathion, 56.09 and 52.51%, while the least effects were recorded with acetamiprid and imidacloprid with 30.61and 26.51% reduction, respectively. When regarding reducing in snails’ populations on eggplant three weeks after application, the highest effect was recorded with malathion; moderate effect was with fipronil while imidacloprid showed the least effect in reduction. As soon as, on tomato one week after application, the reduction recorded with malathion was 57.25% followed by methomyl 53.60%, while with imidacloprid 31.25% and acetamiprid 27.07% reduction percentages. On green pea the efficacy of pesticides after the third week of application reducing the populations with highest effect by methomyl; moderate effect with fipronil while the least effect recorded with imidacloprid. While in spinach one week after application the reduction percentages recorded 59.24% with methomyl, 55.47% with malathion, 32.33% with acetamiprid and 28.01% reduction, with imidacloprid moreover the same trend was observed two and three weeks after application. Generally, the molluscicidal determination of all tested pesticides in controlling the glassy clover snail, M. cartusiana infesting vegetable crops under field conditions at Sharkia Governorate could be arranged as; total general means of percent reduction, after four weeks of application as follows: Methomyl < Malathion < Emamectin benzoate < Fipronil < Acetamiprid and Imidacloprid with percentage reductions of 59.06, 54.24, 47.77, 43.26, 30.75 and 28.96%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study provides a checklist of land snails collected from Batu Kudik, a small and isolated limestone outcrop in Simunjan, Sarawak. A total of 24 species of land snails, representing 18 genera and 14 families were recorded, including one newly-described subspecies. The most species-rich of the families in Batu Kudik are Diplommatinidae (17%) and Chronidae (17%) with four recorded species from each of the families. Based on our analysis, Plectostoma wallacei kudikense subsp. nov., Opisthostoma javanica and Georissa pyrrhoderma were identified as the most abundant land snails at this isolated outcrop, whereas Diplommatina onyx and Everettia minuta were recorded as the least abundant. All of the land snails at Batu Kudik were exclusively found sheltered between limestone boulders, underscoring the critical role of this outcrop as their refuge for survival. Consequently, conserving this biodiversity-rich limestone area becomes paramount to prevent the local extinction of these land snail species and possibly other organisms that depend on the unique attributes of the limestone for their survival. We also provide detailed descriptions of Plectostoma wallacei kudikense, a new subspecies of the genus Plectostoma which is endemic to Batu Kudik.A description of a new subspecies Plectostoma wallacei kudikense subsp. nov.

As a part of the survey discovering the land snail fauna of Can Tho City, Vietnam, this study recorded snails for the first time in the city and an additional data on Amphidromus inversus annamiticus (Crosse & P. Fischer, 1863) for the plains of the Cuu Long River Delta. A. inversus annamiticus found in the study area has two types of shell spiraling, both dextral and sinistral, with or without a blackish brown spiral streak from the apex. All of the shells without that streak are sinistral and bigger in size compared to the ones with the color streak. Snail individuals were hibernating on the branches and trunks of landscape trees that include, Dipterocarpus alatus, Samanea saman, Khaya senegalensis, and Erythrina fusca.

Snails are often exposed to high variability of ambient temperatures, thus in response to that, they function for prolonged periods in a dormant state. It is known that molecular chaperones (like heat shock proteins (HSPs)) fulfill important functions in maintaining cell homeostasis and the cellular responses to stress, and that they are activated in many different species upon exposition to various environmental stressors. HSPs defend organisms from the harmful consequences of heat shock and potentially alternative stressors too. After thorough consideration, we decided to identify proteins that interact with HSP70 and HSP90 in Helix pomatia Linnaeus, 1758 snails under extreme thermal (low and high) and photoperiod (short and long) conditions and at hypometabolic/active states as a response to environmental stress. Identification of proteins that interact with HSPs can define a new tool in molecular basis of adaptation to temperature stress in snails. After performing co-immunoprecipitation and Western blot, we obtained results showing that HSP70 interacts with hemocyanin alphaN and alphaD, and with other isoforms of hemocyanin–hemocyanin beta as well as with Na+/K+-ATPase, whereas HSP90 interacts with hemocyanin alphaN. It means that the chaperones are likely to affect the most important life-supporting systems of snails like respiration and ionic conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kora Simone, 2012, currently includes three species known only by shell morphology. They are distributed in the states of Bahia and Minas Gerais in central Brazil, where they occur in association with limestone outcrops. Features used to identify them include micro-ornamentation of the protoconch, color pattern, and morphometric data. This paper expands the characterization of the genus through the description of the internal anatomy of two of its species. These features also distinguish a new species, which is described herein. Material was collected manually during several field expeditions to Parque Nacional Cavernas do Peruaçu in northern Minas Gerais. Total height and maximum width, and height and width of the aperture, were measured; the number of whorls determined; and staining patterns typified. The digestive and reproductive systems and pallial complex were characterized for Kora rupestris Salvador & Simone, 2016 and Kora arnaldoi sp. nov., which are distinguished by the latter possessing a protoconch with a smooth first ½ whorl, a more tapered profile, a jaw with 18 folds, a buccal bulb with a short radular core, and a fertilization complex with only one tubular fold. The two species share a very peculiar pattern of radula teeth compared to other genera of the family, given that they are rupicolous but do not live inside caves. Diagnostic knowledge of the genus was expanded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The isotope values of fossil snail shells can be important archives of climate. Here, we present the first carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) isotope values of snail shells in interior Alaska to explore changes in vegetation and humidity through the late-glacial period. Snail shell δ13C values were relatively consistent through the late glacial. However, late-glacial shell δ13C values are 2.8‰ higher than those of modern shells. This offset is best explained by the Suess effect and changes in the δ13C values of snail diet. Snail shell δ18O values varied through the late glacial, which can be partially explained by changes in relative humidity (RH). RH during the snail growing period was modeled based on a published flux balance model. Results suggest a dry period toward the beginning of the Bølling–Allerød (~14 ka) followed by two distinct stages of the Younger Dryas, a wetter stage in the early Younger Dryas from 12.9 to 12.3 ka, and subsequent drier stage in the late Younger Dryas between 12.3 and 11.7 ka. The results show that land snail isotopes in high-latitude regions may be used as a supplementary paleoclimate proxy to help clarify complex climate histories, such as those of interior Alaska during the Younger Dryas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cave floor sediments of Hotoke-ana Cave yielded mixed assemblages of troglobiont and epifaunal land snail remains. The mixed assemblage consists of the troglobiont land snail, Cavernacmella aff. kuzuuensis, and five morphospecies of epifaunal those; Hawaiia aff. minuscula(Binney, 1840), Euconulidae gen. et sp. indet. A, Euconulidae gen. et sp. indet. B, Zonitoides yessoensi(s Reinhardt, 1877), and Allopeas sp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This investigation was carried out to examine the influence of four pesticides namely, Acrobat® Copper 73.2% WP, Lannate® 90% SP, Delta Star® 10% EC and Mesurol® 2% bait on the mortality of the land snail Monacha cantiana (Montagu) ( Gastropoda: Hygromiidae) and their effects on the characteristics of sugar beet plants in both in vitro and in vivo during the fall season of 2022/2023. Under the laboratory conditions (in vitro), the results revealed that Mesurol® induced the highest mortality percentage among the tested pesticides after a 72-hour exposure period, followed by Acrobat Copper®. Mesurol® also demonstrated the highest toxic effect, as indicated by its LD50 and LD95 values after 72 hours of exposure, along with the most favorable LT (Lethal time) values. Acrobat Copper® and Lannate® showed a moderate effect with LD50 and LT values (LT50 and LT95). Concerning damage criteria, Mesurol® resulted in the lowest number of infested sugar beet leaves and the least leaf-eating area, leading to the lowest injury, while Acrobat Copper® and Lannate® showed a moderate effect on the number of infested leaves and leaf-eating area. In the field experiment (in vivo), Mesurol® produced the highest foliage, and roots, as well as total fresh and dry weight compared to other treatments. This trend was also observed with Acrobat Copper®, which had a similar pattern of Mesurol, but with lower values. Furthermore, using Mesurol® resulted in the highest quantities of top, root, and sugar yields, followed by Acrobat Copper®. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land snails are one of the most diverse groups of terrestrial animals and are commonly used as model organisms in ecology, biogeography and conservation biology. Despite being poor dispersers, they form crucial components of island faunas and exhibit high percentages of endemism. Insular land snails are also among the most threatened animals on Earth, already having suffered extensive human-caused extinctions. However, current estimates of global insular land snail diversity are based on sporadic records published at the scale of individual islands and/or archipelagos. To tackle this shortfall, we herein present the major features of a global inventory of island snails. We recovered full species lists from existing literature and available species checklists for 727 islands across the globe and collated a database which currently includes the occurrence of 11,139 species, that is approximately 48% of all known land snail species (of which there are an estimated 23,000). Seventy-five percent of the species are single-island endemics, underlining the exceptional nature of islands as global biodiversity hotspots. Overall, our attempt is one of few to examine insular invertebrate diversity at coarser scales and a crucial step to the study of global patterns in island biodiversity.

The shell colour and banding polymorphism of Cepaea was studied at 6 sites of Ternopil. Cepaea hortensis was found at all sites, its cohabitation with C. nemoralis was recorded in three cases. Phenotypes were determined in 1166 adult snails or empty shells with well-preserved colouration (830 C. hortensis, 336 C. nemoralis). It was found that part of the areas in Ternopil, as well as in the neighbouring Lviv Region, is inhabited by descendants of the primary introduction of C. hortensis to Western Ukraine with reduced variability in the shell colouration and only with a light body. At four studied sites, colouration traits indicating the presence of later introductions of C. hortensis were found: yellow banded shells, less often pink ones and well-expressed variability in body colouration. The phenotype 10305 in C. hortensis, previously unknown from Ukraine was shown. A significant negative correlation between the yellow shell colour and the band presence in C. nemoralis was found at one site, which is not typical for Western Ukraine and also rare in other introduced Eastern European populations of this species. The potential significance of the results for documenting the introduction history of two Cepaea species into Ukraine is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural and industrial chemicals are currently receiving great attention due to their possible risks to non-target species, including land gastropods. Protein is a key component for living organisms to maintain their vital livesThe present investigation looked at protein content changes in the hemolymph, hepatopancreas, head-foot, and mantle of the land snail, Theba pisana subjected to an artificial diet spiked with sub-lethal concentration (0.05 LC50) of abamectin, thiamethoxam, and acrylamide for two weeks of treatment followed by a week recovery. The obtained results showed a marked increase in the protein content in all tested tissues of T. pisana after two weeks of treatment with abamectin, thiamethoxam, and acrylamide. After one-week post recovery, protein contents in treated animals were slightly repaired, but still higher than those of untreated animals. Abamectin seemed to be more harmful to the protein content of T. pisana followed by thiamethoxam and acrylamide. Additionally, the protein content (%) in the hepatopancreas was more affected by the tested compounds. Our study suggests that the protein content response to xenobiotic may prove to be a useful biomarker for biomonitoring terrestrial ecosystem health and providing important information on the mechanisms underlying xenobiotic toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aegista Albers, 1850 is a large genus of the land snail family Camaenidae Pilsbry, 1895 and distributed in south, southeast and east Asian countries (from India and Nepal to Korea and Japan). Fourteen species and subspecies of Aegista are known from South Korea. They were described, based only on shell morphology during 1887–1943 and our knowledge on diversity of Korean Aegista has seldom been updated since then. In this study, we provide the report on the first molecular investigation of diversity of Aegista in South Korea, which unmasked some of overlooked diversity of this group.

A new camaenid land snail species: Coccoglypta limenghuai Chen, Xie, Dai & Wu, n. sp. is described from Yaan City, Sichuan Province, China based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis. Coccoglypta ellenstrongae Thach & Huber, 2021 is treated as a junior synonym of Acusta toyenmongaiensis Rolle, 1911. Coccoglypta limenghuai is morphologically different from the congeneric species by the depressed conical shell, strongly keeled and almost flat whorls and a shallow groove-like depression below the keel of the body whorl. The habitat of the species has been severely damaged and it survives only within an area of a few hundred square metres. Further attention and protection should be given to it in the future. . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shell colour and banding polymorphism of Cepaea was studied at 6 sites of Ternopil. Cepaea hortensis was found at all sites, its cohabitation with C. nemoralis was recorded in three cases. Phenotypes were determined in 1166 adult snails or empty shells with well-preserved colouration (830 C. hortensis, 336 C. nemoralis). It was found that part of the areas in Ternopil, as well as in the neighbouring Lviv Region, is inhabited by descendants of the primary introduction of C. hortensis to Western Ukraine with reduced variability in the shell colouration and only with a light body. At four studied sites, colouration traits indicating the presence of later introductions of C. hortensis were found: yellow banded shells, less often pink ones and well-expressed variability in body colouration. The phenotype 10305 in C. hortensis, previously unknown from Ukraine was shown. A significant negative correlation between the yellow shell colour and the band presence in C. nemoralis was found at one site, which is not typical for Western Ukraine and also rare in other introduced Eastern European populations of this species. The potential significance of the results for documenting the introduction history of two Cepaea species into Ukraine is discussed.