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The article is devoted to certain legal aspects of the development of underground space for urban planning needs in Ukraine Peculiarities of legal regulation of the process of development of underground space in domestic legislation both in general and for urban planning needs in particular are considered. The features of the concepts «underground space», «land», «land» in legislation and scientific doctrine are analyzed. Proposals for improving the legal regulation of social relations related to the creation and use of underground spatial objects for urban planning needs have been formulated. The problematic issues of creation and legalization of the latter are considered. The history of approaches to the emergence and registration of the ownership of underground objects related to land plots, the world experience of the use and operation of 3D cadastres, the legal and technical features of the introduction and use of such information are highlighted. The need to create a 3D cadastre system in Ukraine is emphasized, the current state of the State Land Cadastre and the State Register of Real Property Rights is analyzed, aspects of development in recent years in the direction of digitization and the use of geospatial data are explored, and further prospects for the introduction of 3D cadastre in our country are outlined. Individual examples of registration of ownership of underground objects in European countries, in particular the countries of Northern Europe, are considered. Using the example of the legislation and judicial practice of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, it is demonstrated how it is necessary to solve the problem of registering the ownership of underground components of objects that go beyond the land plots on which the above-ground parts of buildings are located, and relevant proposals are made to change the current domestic legislation. The concept of creation of the National System of Real Estate Registers and Cadastres, developed by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, was considered, and indepth unification and synchronization of data on land plots as spatial objects and underground buildings in the relevant electronic state registers was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Anthropocene, the ranges of introduced species are expanding, while extinction‐prone species are contracting. Introductions and extinctions are caused by how species respond to human impacts, but it is unknown why the ranges of some species expand and some contract. Here, we test whether this opposite response of human impact is due to introduced and extinction‐prone species falling at opposite ends of geographic, evolutionary, or ecological trait continua. We constructed a database of native range maps, traits, phylogenetic relationships, and the introduction and extinction‐prone status of squamate reptiles with ranges native to the Western Hemisphere. Across > 3000 snake and lizard species (88% of known native squamates), 142 had been introduced elsewhere and 483 were extinction‐prone (i.e. vulnerable, endangered, critically endangered, extinct in the wild, extinct). To explain variation in status, we first tested if the same human‐impacted regions in the Americas contained the native ranges of species of either status. Second, we tested for phylogenetic signal in species status. Finally, we tested the explanatory power of multiple trait continua. The native ranges of introduced and extinction‐prone reptiles were clustered in island regions with high human impact versus mainland regions with lower human impact. Phylogenetic signal was weak for status, but introduced and extinction‐prone species were clustered in different clades. All geographic and ecological traits that explained each status supported the opposite ends hypothesis. Introduced species had larger, edgier ranges, while extinction‐prone species had smaller, simpler ranges. Introduced species were mostly herbivorous/omnivorous, while extinction‐prone species were mostly carnivorous. Introduced species produced larger clutches, while extinction‐prone species had smaller body sizes. In the Anthropocene, the native ranges of introduced and extinction‐prone species are in the same human‐impacted regions where trait continua, having opposite effects, determine whether species ranges expand or contract in the continuing face of global change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Warehouse and industrial sites (W&Is) have been extensively developed in the urbanised areas, especially with regional trade gateways. However, recent years have shown that warehouse areas are also being developed in less invested spaces, including regions with little industrial development and focused on preserving natural assets. W&Is consume large shares of land, attract high volumes of truck movement and greatly affect the environment. The aim of this research is to analyse spatial changes in the distribution of W&Is in the north‐eastern part of Poland, called Europe's green lungs, with particular emphasis on changes in land use mix, road accessibility, the size of neighbouring cities and existing W&Is. The share of the W&Is in the built‐up areas of the Warmian‐Masurian region is for the present 7.14%. The largest W&Is are concentrated in the western part of the region. In the period from 2014 to 2022, this area increased by 311.77 ha. Both the government and the public must work together to facilitate effective regulation of warehousing externalities and equitable distribution of associated environmental influences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid urbanization and industrial expansion exert escalating pressure on rural areas, resulting in the inappropriate utilization of agricultural lands for non-farming purposes. This misuse is notably prevalent across industry, urban development, tourism, mining, and transportation infrastructure sectors. The challenges associated with this issue include land fragmentation, the underutilization of agricultural lands, a lack of effective agricultural land-use planning, identification and reclamation of abandoned agricultural lands, improvement of land acquisition and banking practices, land consolidation, land valuation, digitalization in agriculture, and the imperative for effective governance. In this study, agricultural land management in Türkiye was evaluated from legal, technical, and managerial aspects, and the article proposes a functional model based on agricultural land that integrates rural land management into a broad framework of land policy and agricultural land-use planning. This model encompasses components related to land ownership, value, use, development, and spatial data infrastructure. Successful implementation necessitates the restructuring of existing institutions or the establishment of new ones. This study aims to address the above-mentioned issues and, with the proposed model, achieve a sustainable agricultural infrastructure by resolving the land-based problems of rural areas, and positioning them as a crucial component of rural land management.

In a context of global competition for capital, austerity politics, municipal entrepreneurialism and financialization, land is increasingly seen as a source of money for fiscal revenue. Mechanisms of land value capture, as a consequence, have accelerated forces of land monetization and commodification in recent years. This special issue is a collective attempt to rethink the concept, practice and politics of value in land development. Seven authors bring two, still largely separate, discussions into conversation. One concerns the politics of land development that has emerged through the expanding use of regulatory land use tools oriented single-mindedly around the capture of monetary value from land. A second theme focuses on how the city's urban future is produced through social and political contestation constrained by the valorization of land's exchange value. Taking a longer and relational point of view, authors in this issue examine what is at work – politically, economically, fiscally, institutionally and ideologically – to enable land development and land value capture to become an increasingly used solution to fiscal revenue generation in communities around the world. This issue also fuels our imagination to consider how we might discuss social futures rooted in social values. There is no finality to the kind of present-future relationship that land value capture helps to shape. Value is an intentional choice and is performed, and if we take such a value concept as our starting point, then value practices hold the key to whether we can achieve a more socially desired or intended end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines and makes explicit the co-constitutive relationship between density techniques, their depoliticization effects, and heightened land commodification in Taiwan's acceleration to a real estate–oriented economy. TDR (transfer of development rights) and density bonusing are two almost omnipresent practices in urban land development in Taiwan. We ask how their technocratic approach—using predetermined formulas to bracket density use while almost entirely foreclosing community negotiation—has played a formative role in accelerating land commodification. Using mixed research methods, the case study of Central North in New Taipei City helps lay bare how formulaic density rules enable planners to embed their epistemic assumptions about what constitutes a good city within intensified property development. Mimicking the calculative practices performed by the real estate sector, we use residual valuation methods to estimate the maximum price-lifting effects of 18 real estate development projects. We show that formulaic rules allow density to enter cost–benefit analysis spreadsheets as a profit booster in advance of actual granting of extra density, emboldening aggressive land brokering, buying, and selling, which churn up land prices. We argue that the technical depoliticization generated by TDR and density bonusing has become the most effective catalyst in creating a politically less contested and financially more calculable urban world in which capital's acquisitive appetite for land's monetary value is intensified. We conclude by discussing the implications for how to move density from a domain of technical rules and real estate finance to a politics of land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial planning includes various decisions that guide the formulation of land policies, such as planned urbanisation, environment-nature-culture protection, and safe agriculture. Land Administration Systems (LASs) should also include spatial planning decisions as they play a role in facilitating the implementation of land policies. In this study, the Turkish spatial planning system's role in the land administration is discussed. The paper presents the necessity of designing and standardising the spatial planning system as data model. This data model design includes not only spatial plan decisions but also documents that guide spatial planning and land development decisions caused by planning. Therefore, this study aims to present a standardised model of the Turkish spatial planning system and the land use rights, restrictions and responsibilities established by spatial plans. Designing spatial planning system information as a conceptual data model within the Land Administration Domain Model is expected to support land administration system-based improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the context, precedents, contents, distribution, and socio-economic ramifications of deed restrictions in early-nineteenth century Boston, reviewing examples of restrictions' use and a comprehensive survey of the 1800–1839 deeds of five grantors. It shows how Boston's government and then private land developers began using deed restrictions in regards to building use, materials, height, and bulk in select geographies during this period. They did so to guarantee prestigious and stable home and work environments to wealthy consumers in the fast-changing urban context, in turn bringing into existence a prized and exclusive stratum of urban residential and commercial property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban land development involves converting rural land into urban land suitable for various purposes such as residential, commercial, industrial, mixed-use development, and infrastructure services. The urban land development in Tanzanian cities faces numerous challenges rooted in colonial-era practices and the coexistence of customary and formal land ownership systems. This study thoroughly examines the limitations of conventional land development approaches and their impacts on spatial planning. This study compares traditional land acquisition and development with innovative, self-financing, cost-effective strategies. The study deployed a mixed methodology comprising questionnaire surveys and interviews to address specific objectives for improving urban land development practices. The findings highlight the potential of innovative strategies in catalysing urban development and spatial planning, offering a promising path forward. It emphasises the need to integrate diverse approaches to address infrastructure challenges, enhance spatial planning, and protect the interests of affected communities, thereby fostering a more sustainable and equitable urban landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid urbanization and industrial expansion exert escalating pressure on rural areas, resulting in the inappropriate utilization of agricultural lands for non-farming purposes. This misuse is notably prevalent across industry, urban development, tourism, mining, and transportation infrastructure sectors. The challenges associated with this issue include land fragmentation, the underutilization of agricultural lands, a lack of effective agricultural land-use planning, identification and reclamation of abandoned agricultural lands, improvement of land acquisition and banking practices, land consolidation, land valuation, digitalization in agriculture, and the imperative for effective governance. In this study, agricultural land management in Türkiye was evaluated from legal, technical, and managerial aspects, and the article proposes a functional model based on agricultural land that integrates rural land management into a broad framework of land policy and agricultural land-use planning. This model encompasses components related to land ownership, value, use, development, and spatial data infrastructure. Successful implementation necessitates the restructuring of existing institutions or the establishment of new ones. This study aims to address the abovementioned issues and, with the proposed model, achieve a sustainable agricultural infrastructure by resolving the land-based problems of rural areas, and positioning them as a crucial component of rural land management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Peri-urban land development is crucial to achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goal of equitable and sustainable urban areas. Fair land, infrastructure, and resource management improves land management services and reduces social and economic inequities. However, the peri-urban land management system has contributed to unequal rapid urbanization in neighboring regions. This study examines the complex relationships between peri-urban land development barriers in India. The goal is to understand how these barriers induce unequal urbanization transcending the city, resulting in uncontrolled growth, urban sprawl, and inadequate services in peri-urban areas. The main goal is to improve decision-making and promote fair peri-urban growth in Indian cities using a multi-criteria decision-making tool. This application gives experts a new perspective on peri-urban issues. METHODS: A questionnaire-based survey was conducted by 122 planners and academicians from north Indian cities using snowball sampling techniques. The study collects expert perspectives to create a causal map, using the DEMATEL ISM method, classifying these barriers as "determinants or causes," "dependent barriers," "independent barriers," and "effects," presenting a new perspective on peri-urban development complexity. that depicts these roadblocks and highlights the most significant drivers impeding peri-urban land development. FINDINGS: Findings revealed four interdependent challenges as the leading 'causes' based on DEMATEL Weight; Imprecise spatial policies with 0.10119, undemarcated land boundaries with 0.10082, weak institutions with 0.10003, and absence of planning regulations with 0.09945 weight. Within these barriers, addressing the governance capability and spatial policies would have a beneficial cascading effect on catering to other challenges. Findings have valuable insights for policymakers, aiding in the formulation and prioritization of effective policies and resource allocation. CONCLUSION: This study extensive analysis of causal linkages among Indian city periurban land development challenges. Beyond identifying barriers, it explains their causes, interdependencies, and hierarchical links. This study's holistic approach to periurban development issues and inventive barrier categorization and prioritization make it distinctive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the heavy metal contamination of soils and suspended sediments in the Nurzec River catchment (Eastern Poland), focusing in particular on the effects of catchment land use. The fingerprinting technique has been combined with the classic, Igeo, and EF index-supported contamination analysis to identify heavy metals sources. A wide range of elements (31 chemical elements including heavy metals) allowed the author to analyse the pathways and to identify the pressures of heavy metal contamination. The developed statistical models of heavy metal source distribution displayed results at a statistically significant level. The results have revealed the significant impact of land use connected with urban areas (URBAN) and pastures (PAST), which together constitute less than 20% of the river catchment area. These results are relevant to the local authorities and stakeholders, as they highlight the significant impact of low-density urban areas that are not locally considered as the major sources of heavy metal pollution. These results will contribute to sustainable decisions in the field of contaminated catchment area remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental sustainability (ES) is critical for high‐income countries (HICs) because of their high ecological footprints. They are responsible for global environmental problems as they consume more natural resources, produce more output, and generate more greenhouse gases than other countries, which could have severe consequences for land degradation. In the context of resource conservation and land development policies, this study examined the impact of natural resource protection (i.e., land, water, and biodiversity), financial institution inclusion, financial market inclusion, and energy innovation (EI) on the enhancement of ES in 15 HICs from 1995 to 2020. The study applied Feasible GLS and Prais–Winsten regression to consider cross‐sectional dependence, autocorrelation, heteroscedasticity, and slope heterogeneity problems for unbiased and robust findings along with 2nd generation cointegration tests and the JKS Granger non‐causality test. Natural resource protection, financial institution inclusion, financial market inclusion, and EI have positive effects on ES, along with green energy and environmental regulations. It was also found that an increase in real income negatively impacts ES, as it increases the use of natural resources and energy and generates more waste and pollution which further accelerates land degradation. Cointegration and causality also exist between variables of interest. This shows that protecting natural resources, increasing financial inclusion, and EI can be successful strategies for fostering a green transition, reducing environmental impacts, and embracing more sustainable practices and laws to meet development goals and develop sustainable land use policies. This study suggests that HICs should protect land, water, and biodiversity, promote green financing, digital payments, EI, energy diversification, and environmental protection to achieve ES which is critically important to reduce land degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the traditional cultivation of kif in Northern Morocco, with a specific focus on the historically significant regions of Ketama, Beni Sedath, and Beni Khalid. Recently, this topic has garnered substantial controversy and drawn attention from both national and international public opinion and political spheres. Initially, the paper delves into the early history and geographical expansion of kif cultivation in Morocco. Subsequently, it presents a comprehensive review of key legislation governing this crop. Finally, the paper provides insights into the perspectives of local farmers regarding the new laws impacting kif cultivation. This multifaceted approach offers a thorough understanding of the cultural, legal, and social dimensions of kif cultivation in Northern Morocco. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the incorporation of formerly existing built environment and natural elements was studied in eight housing estates from the interwar period in the Weimar Republic as a part of broader research on landscape transformations. The data on the original state of land development were collected using the comparative cartographic analysis method. The analysis was supplemented by a comparison with iconography, such as aerial photographs, orthoimagery, and, in some cases, manually drafted plans. The results suggest that pre-existing conditions significantly influenced the functional dispositions and urban layout of the estates. These findings add to our understanding of the development of housing estates of the interwar period in the Weimar Republic and the posture of designers and urban planners towards the natural conditions of the respective project sites. This work can be valuable for adding to existing guidelines or principles of urban planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

California is widely seen as a climate and environmental policy leader in the U.S. and beyond. However, allowing local land use decisions to proceed as usual represents a major gap in the state's climate policy framework. Climate mitigation rules and formulae are utilized to claim zero net emissions for large-scale land development at the urban fringe. Such developments continue to destroy habitats and radically transform landscapes. Newhall Ranch, a subdevelopment at the edge of urbanized Los Angeles County, has claimed emissions offsets such that the development of 60,000 homes will have less than zero greenhouse gas emissions. Offsets largely rely on using disadvantaged communities, and significant threats to endangered species on site are compensated by payments to the project's environmental opponents. The net result is land development as usual, with a veneer of solarization and investments in GHG mitigation projects with poor quantification and verification. This situation demonstrates the enduring structures of land use development that drive GHG emissions and environmental change, and calls for stronger requirements for local compliance with state emissions-reductions targets.

This paper concerns the revitalization of post-mining heaps using a developed software tool. Revitalizing degraded areas is crucial for sustainable development because heaps pose numerous hazards to people and the environment, and there are significant numbers of waste heaps across Europe. The applied approach enables us to consider essential factors when deciding on the heap revitalization strategy. This includes heap properties, assumed land use, and various risks to people and environment, financial, and intangible factors. The methodology addresses various revitalization aims, ranging from heap liquidation to different forms of nature restoration and industrial or energy applications. A computer-aided tool was developed based on this approach, allowing the specification of the revitalized heap and proposed revitalization alternatives. It assesses risk reduction, costs/benefits, and non-financial factors such as social, environmental, technological, and political aspects for each alternative. This provides decision-makers with input to manually select the target alternative for implementation. The revitalization planning process is supported comprehensively, and there are additional cost-, quality-, and time-related advantages due to computer aid. The authors suggest future tool enhancements, especially to extend the range of applications and better formalize the decision process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ethiopia, the state owns all lands within the territory of the country. Cities are incorporating large parcels of land from their surrounding rural agricultural areas through land expropriation. However, these land developments do not consider the nonmarket value of ecosystem services (ES), which is causing a deterioration of the existing ES and reduction on the potential supply of ES from agricultural land. The aim of this study was to estimate the monetary value of nonmarketable ES from the agricultural land using a double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation method. A survey of 524 smallholder farmers was conducted. In the survey, respondents were asked to state their willingness to pay for the improvement of some of the nonmarketable ES: erosion control, air and climate regulation, water regulation, and soil fertility. The estimation was carried out using a bivariate probit model. The results revealed that farmers are willing to pay on average 276 ETB (7.9 USD) per hectare per year for a period of 10 years. We found that individual characteristics such as age, family size, and a recent land expropriation experience adversely affect the willingness to pay by the farmers. On the other hand, individuals with higher income and larger land size are willing to pay more. In general, the study indicated that the nonmarket ES, which are affected by the land expropriation for urban expansion, are valuable for the farmers. Therefore, we recommend that the government consider the value of nonmarketable ES in its land use decisions and hence achieve sustainable land development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“Metro economy” has led to intensive land development along the metro lines. However, engineering activities associated with land development inevitably disturb the service environment, causing severe settlement of adjacent metro tunnel structures in soft soil areas. As a reference point for pre-treating this type of tunnel settlement, a method is proposed to classify settlement risk sections along metro lines based on a land-use development simulation and corresponding uncertainty analysis. First, the land-use development along the metro line was simulated by Artificial Neural Network–Cellular Automata (ANN-CA). Second, the land-use development process was considered a random event rather than a deterministic prediction as in a typical ANN-CA, with its probability quantified based on the cells’ conversion probability. The classification of the surrounding land-use development probability was used to allocate the settlement risk sections of metro lines. This method was applied to the Han–You section of the Nanjing Metro Line 2. The predicted settlement risk sections corresponded suitably with the actual settlement troughs, demonstrating the effectiveness of this method. Thus, this method provides a novel consideration for the pre-treatment of metro tunnel settlement from the perspective of interactions between the metro line and surrounding land development.

The processes involved in development are strongly tied to the land development policy and regulation. The Town and Country Planning Act 1976 [Act 172] and the National Land Code [Act 828] are among the laws regulating these processes. Cases such as Subang Jaya Municipal Council v. Visamaya Sdn. Bhd & Anor is one of the cases on the conflict of land conditions in the National Land Code (now revised in 2020 with the number [Act 828]) ("KTN") with the land use zone contained in the Local Plan issued by the Local Authority (PBT). Its decision offers a valuable lesson in legal matters and land planning. This study intends to take a firm stance on the interaction between land-related legislation, such as TCPA [Act 172] and KTN. Studies are carried out using the most recent court rulings and legislative modifications, using a doctrinal approach as the primary methodology. The Town and Country Planning Act of 1976 [Act 172] (often known as "Act 172") is the primary statute cited in project planning for development, according to the study. On the other hand, KTN, which went into effect on January 1, 1966, is the most significant land law in Peninsular Malaysia. The alleged legal inconsistencies must be clarified and justified, and this requires a thorough comprehension of the development of the relevant legislation's original process and original intent. The study finds that amendments to the laws or guidelines should be initiated to ensure the development process continues according to the laws of the respective country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

California is widely seen as a climate and environmental policy leader in the U.S. and beyond. However, allowing local land use decisions to proceed as usual represents a major gap in the state's climate policy framework. Climate mitigation rules and formulae are utilized to claim zero net emissions for large-scale land development at the urban fringe. Such developments continue to destroy habitats and radically transform landscapes. Newhall Ranch, a subdevelopment at the edge of urbanized Los Angeles County, has claimed emissions offsets such that the development of 60,000 homes will have less than zero greenhouse gas emissions. Offsets largely rely on using disadvantaged communities, and significant threats to endangered species on site are compensated by payments to the project's environmental opponents. The net result is land development as usual, with a veneer of solarization and investments in GHG mitigation projects with poor quantification and verification. This situation demonstrates the enduring structures of land use development that drive GHG emissions and environmental change, and calls for stronger requirements for local compliance with state emissions-reductions targets.

Perspectives in human ecology and political economy present local growth as a syndrome of interdependent changes happening over time within municipalities. This quantitative study examines the reciprocal relationship between three core concepts of growth: employment, land development, and migration. To assess these associations across the United States, covering the years 2001–2011, we merge county-level data (n = 3,108) from three sources: USA Counties' Employment Data; satellite imagery from the National Land Cover Database; and the Internal Revenue Service's County-to-County Migration Data. In structural equation models (SEMs) with cross-lagged associations, we estimate the reciprocal relationship between first-difference change scores for three variables: the unemployment rate, the area of human constructed impervious surfaces (i.e. land development), and the ratio of in/out migration. While land development and migration are in an asymmetric, positive feedback loop, the reciprocal association between unemployment and migration is positive in one direction and negative in the other. With SEM, the analysis contributes to the literature by highlighting the social forces of local growth as an interdependent system of reciprocal change, although not fully recursive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To keep businesses competitive in world markets, the number of farms in most countries is decreasing while farm size is increasing, and parcels making up the farm area are extremely fragmented. It is common for farms to expand faster than available arable land near the farm center, leading to longer distances between the farm center and field areas. Consequently, logistic costs increase and affect the farm's profitability and the environment. Moreover, there is often substantial overlap between different farms, which implies that it is possible for farmers to collaborate with each other. We developed and proposed three optimization models to describe different levels of collaboration and sharing restrictions. Many practical considerations need to be weighed, such as the soil type and crops used. We collected detailed information on farms, parcels, and cost drivers in seven large instances for our case study in Sweden. One instance had 1431 farms and 32,091 parcels with 96 crop types. The resulting optimization models were very large; special pre‐processing and optimization techniques were developed for their solutions. The theoretical potential for collaboration in logistic cost reduction was very large, ranging from approximately 10% to 50% depending on the form of the collaboration. Because a large part of costs comes from less use of diesel for transport resources, the reduction in cost is directly related to a reduction in CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The desert region of Haryana, India, has a unique set of development problems and prospects. This region has historically endured socioeconomic inequities due to its arid climate, paucity of water, and limited agricultural potential. Haryana, a northern Indian state, includes a substantial desert region characterised by arid conditions, low agricultural production, and paucity of water. The central government started the Jal Jivan Haryali Mission in 2019 to solve these concerns and promote inclusive growth. The objective of this program is to increase agricultural output by implementing innovative water management practices and improving livelihoods by supporting alternative income streams. The Jal Jivan Haryali Mission (JJHM) is a ground-breaking project aimed at improving water management, promoting sustainable farming methods, and increasing community resilience to droughts. This research paper is an attempt to analyse the JJHM's crucial role in alleviating the possible effects of droughts in Haryana through water conservation, effective resource management, and community engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent decades have seen a rising interest in the peripheral nature of urbanization processes. While research has put the spotlight on large‐scale, transnational and financialized real estate actors, less attention has been paid to informal land developers. Addressing that knowledge gap, this article underscores the key role of land developers in informal urbanization through a case study of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. A mixed‐methods approach provides new evidence of the widespread, variegated and spatially uneven development of irregular and clandestine subdivisions over the last two decades, revealing a heterogeneous landscape of informal developers. The study shows that informal development has been shifting from the typical popular and peripheral subdivision, which provided precarious yet affordable housing for working‐class families, to new forms of speculative investment for the middle and upper classes, such as country homes and gated communities in peri‐urban and rural areas. I argue that this shift is explained by both national and local changing regulatory frameworks and processes of economic restructuring, urban neoliberalism and housing financialization in the periphery. In light of this, I propose the notion of 'property‐led informality' to refer to a regime of informal urbanization increasingly dominated by commodified, rentiership and speculative land dynamics in the sprawling metropolises of the global South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretical frameworks in environmental inequality suggest that affluent, white, and educated communities have a greater ability to control local environmental change. With a focus on neighborhood-level land development, the authors evaluate this proposition considering the spatial shifts that are reshaping metropolitan areas across the United States at the beginning of the twenty-first century. With coverage for 52,473 metropolitan census tracts, the authors integrate sociodemographic variables from governmental sources with longitudinal data on developed land area from the National Land Cover Database, 2001–2011. Controlling for a host of other factors, results from spatial regression models with fixed effects show that new land development is negatively associated with affluence and educational attainment. Situating the notion of environmental privilege in a historical context, we propose that, with the “back to the city” movement, these groups are moving back into the urban core, which is already relatively built-out and thus has a lower rate of new land development.

The aim of this paper is to promote the importance of interior design during the early land development stage so that unnecessary design revisions and extra construction costs and time could be avoided. Traditionally, procedural architectural and interior conceptual design proposal is often used by developers when applying the land development permit. Due to land development financing and time pressure, this procedural design proposal often contains the brief site and floor plans, elevations, sections, and information to meet the local planning and regulation. However, after the license has been obtained, the discrepancies between submitted procedural design and actual functions are often identified by the hotel development stakeholders, hence revisions and extra costs are required. To explore the potential impacts of it, 48 semi-structured and unstructured interviews have been conducted. The process revealed how group experience helped decision-making at various stages of land development, design, construction, operation management and the potential impacts of traditional land development process. The results showed that the early involvement of interior design with hotel development and operational teams will enable an integrated design and production delivery process, a sustainable hotel development and efficient financing can then be achieved and applied to the future similar practice.

There is often considerable social media commentary on whether remnant kangaroo populations in urban areas should be euthanased or translocated. Here, we describe a translocation program in Western Australia where kangaroos were herded into a temporary enclosure, darted, sedated, and translocated to a site in the State Forest east of the Swan Coastal Plain where they were released after 24 h. Prior to darting and after being initially herded into a temporary holding enclosure, kangaroos were repeatedly released from the enclosure by members of the public. Sixty-three of 154 adult kangaroos and 20 of 52 pouched young (40.3%) died or were euthanased before being released from the translocation release enclosure. The total volume of the sedative Zoletil (mL kg−1) injected into kangaroos as a sedative was significantly higher in those that survived than those that died. The primary conclusion from this management program was that the western grey kangaroos were susceptible to capture myopathy and distressed animals are at a greater risk of not surviving a translocation program. In our professional judgement, from an animal welfare perspective, these kangaroos should have been euthanased and not translocated. Such scientific advice and professional experience should inform future decisions regarding management of remnant kangaroo populations. Western grey kangaroos distressed by members of the public that were translocate instead of being euthanased in response to social media pressure resulted in approximately 40% dying before being released at the translocation site. The primary conclusions from this investigation were that these kangaroos may be more susceptible to capture myopathy when they have been distressed by activities unrelated to translocation or capture, and that distressed animals may be at greater risk of not surviving a translocation program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the incorporation of formerly existing built environment and natural elements was studied in eight housing estates from the interwar period in the Weimar Republic as a part of broader research on landscape transformations. The data on the original state of land development were collected using the comparative cartographic analysis method. The analysis was supplemented by a comparison with iconography, such as aerial photographs, orthoimagery, and, in some cases, manually drafted plans. The results suggest that pre-existing conditions significantly influenced the functional dispositions and urban layout of the estates. These findings add to our understanding of the development of housing estates of the interwar period in the Weimar Republic and the posture of designers and urban planners towards the natural conditions of the respective project sites. This work can be valuable for adding to existing guidelines or principles of urban planning.

Urbanization not only affects a region's economic development but also impacts its land use structure. As the largest inland river basin in China, the Tarim River Basin has experienced rapid economic growth and urbanization in recent years, posing a serious threat to its soil and water resources and ecological sustainability. In this study, four remote sensing data products from 1990–2020 are selected to explore the distribution of land use types and their land structure changes in the basin in the context of rapid urbanization. The results show that the built-up land area increased by 2855.74 km2 during 1990–2020, mainly from the transfer of grassland and barren land. Furthermore, the migration of the center of gravity of built-up land moved from the desert to oasis areas, indicating that the urbanization process intensified during the study period. The overall trend is toward a continuous increase in arable and built-up land area and a continuous decrease in barren land. Future trends in the Tarim River Basin predict that arable land will decrease and that built-up land will continue to increase. However, the increase in built-up land will level off, mainly due to the transfer of arable land and grassland, which accounts for 37.94% and 20.40%, respectively. The migration characteristics of the center of gravity of each land type in the basin varied widely during 1990–2020, but the land structure will tend toward a gradual balance in the future. Therefore, in the context of increasing urbanization, focusing on the sustainable development of regional soil and water resources and ecology is crucial for the coordinated development of regional resources and economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the peri-urban space of east Attica and aims to theorise the politics of recovery planning following the wildfire of 23 July 2018, showing the crucial interrelations between vulnerability, space and land development processes in an era of climate crisis. Certain processes of land development increase vulnerability, creating a greater risk of disasters. Through critical discourse and content analysis, we trace the genealogy of peri-urban land development trends in Greece, and explore connections with contemporary theoretical debates, focussing on the burnt area of east Attica as a paradigmatic case study. Particular emphasis is placed on understanding dimensions beyond, beside, outside or even within recovery policies and planning, such as land ownership, private property, formal and informal practices and institutional adaptations during climate crisis. Considering particular land development processes as an inherent and integral part of spatial vulnerability regimes, we argue that, insofar as they maintain and reproduce the factors that produce and reproduce it, post-disaster recovery policies and planning may actually normalise spatial vulnerability, thus leading to future disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Social mobility is a process of change or movement of a person or a group, from one position to another, in society either within the generation itself (intrageneration) or between generations (intergeneration) towards a better position than before or vice versa. This article attempts to evaluate the social mobility that occurs among the first and second generations of land development settlers. The study involves two states namely Pahang and Johor with a total of 742 respondents consisting of the settlers. The sample was selected based on the group and the purposive sampling method. The findings of the study show that there is a process of social mobility that occurs in terms of the level of education, employment, and income among the first and second generations settlers. The education level of the intergenerational group was found to be vertical social mobility. These changes have also resulted in better second-generation jobs and monthly income. This study contributes to the corpus of sociology on social mobility in society. The success of intragenerational vertical social mobility shows that the development programs implemented by the government change the socio-economic status and increase the income of the settlers which further increases the level of development of the Malaysian economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Formatio Circumiectus is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rolniczego im. Hugona Kollataja w Krakowie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In land development projects, effective control of the engineering progress is crucial for managing construction quality and costs. However, the conventional approach to monitoring progress is inadequate for large-scale projects. This paper proposes a technique that utilizes UAV images and machine learning techniques to monitor land development projects. The object detection and image segmentation techniques were used to detect essential construction objects. The detected objects were automatically compared to design drawings for checking the progress of the project. Moreover, to ensure personnel safety during construction, an automated process for identifying locations requiring safety barriers was also designed in the study. The effectiveness of all the proposed techniques was evaluated in a real case study. It is illustrated that this fully automated approach for land development monitoring is efficient and thus can contribute to construction safety, cost reduction, and quality assurance in a land development project. • An approach for automated monitoring of land development progress is proposed. • UAV and machine learning techniques are integrated to ensure an efficient and quality solution for such a task. • Various construction tasks can be monitored and potential dangerous zones can also be identified by the proposed approach. • The proposed approach is scalable and has the potential to be applied to multiple types of land development projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]