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To improve the driving performance of the electric vehicles, batteries or ultracapacitors (UCs) are frequently preferred in the energizing systems. In hybrid structures with multiple supply sources, an energy management system (EMS) is needed to improve the system efficiency, and to provide the optimum power sharing between a battery and a UC. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of the Jaya optimization method for the urban use of the EMS of an ultralight electric vehicle powered by battery/UC. The performance of the proposed method is compared with dynamic programming (DP) that is one of the global optimization methods and particle swarm optimization (PSO) that is one of the other heuristic methods for real-time applications. The simulation results show that Jaya-EMS approached 3.1% to the DP, which yields the optimum result with respect to the total energy loss. In addition, the proposed method yields a loss of less than 1.9% from the PSO-EMS. If all the above situations are considered, the proposed EMS method has less lossy alternative solution for the real-time applications. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

In this paper, we propose the use of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique for state diagnosis of electric double-layer ultracapacitors. Ultracapacitors under investigation are Maxwell BCAP 0350 and they were stressed in several ways for our study. The analyzed stress conditions include accelerated aging tests, overvoltage, and over temperature tests. Chemical and physical effects on supercapacitor materials are pointed out through a morphologic analysis implemented by means of an environmental scanning electron microscope and a chemical composition analysis obtained by means of an energy dispersive spectrometer. Consequent degradation effects are described in terms of frequency behavior of equivalent circuital parameters.

Energy management strategies for an electric vehicle (EV) with multiple power sources have been widely described in literature. The investigated energy sources are batteries, ultracapacitors, fuel cells, flywheels and solar panels. The management strategy decides how to combine two or more sources in an optimal way. However, the behavior of these sources and also the behavior of the electric drives depend on their temperature. Moreover, the temperature can have extreme values in automotive applications and affect the energy management task. In this paper, to investigate the temperature effect on battery/ultracapacitor powered EV, temperature dependent models are presented for these storage components, as well as for the drive train components itself: power electronics and motor. The average motor iron loss and ultracapacitor loss tend to decrease with increasing temperature, while the average motor copper loss and power electronics loss tend to increase with increasing temperature. These two opposing trends cause the total loss of the drive train to have a rather small variation with temperature for the considered EV and in the considered temperature range. By consequence, the energy management strategy of the EV does not have to depend on the temperature in order to obtain maximal efficiency. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In this paper, the application of a cascaded multilevel inverter as a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is investigated. Two discontinuous multilevel space vector modulation (SVM) techniques are implemented for DVR control and are shown to reduce inverter switching losses while maintaining virtually the same harmonic performance as the conventional multilevel SVM at a high number of levels. This paper also presents a mathematical relationship for computing the distortion at the point of common coupling (PCC) as a function of the distortion of the DVR. This enables the selection of the number of levels required for a certain application. An extended sag duration support compared to the two-level DVR is another advantage of the DVR with a cascaded multilevel inverter. The common-mode voltage (CMV) at the PCC has been evaluated for the three SVM techniques (the conventional multilevel SVM and the two discontinuous SVM), presenting a lower CMV for the second discontinuous SVM. A design example is presented for an 11-kV 5-MVA DVR multilevel cascaded inverter for up to 17 levels, employing the conventional multilevel SVM and the two discontinuous SVM techniques. Scopus

Conference Name: 2012 American Control Conference Date of Conference: 27–29 June 2012 In this paper, concurrent design of controllers for a vehicle equipped with a parallel hybrid powertrain is studied. Our work focuses on designing the two control algorithms, the energy management and the vehicle stability, concurrently which are traditionally considered separately. Dynamic Programming (DP) technique is used in order to obtain the optimal response trace for the controllers. In energy management strategy torque split ratio between engine and electric motor is used as a control signal. Additionally, in vehicle dynamics control strategy the torque split factor between front and rear axles is used as a control signal. Minimizing the fuel consumption and wheel slip is used as cost functions in energy management and vehicle dynamics control strategies respectively. Two dynamic problems are solved separately first and compared to the concurrent solution of the problems. Results show promising benefits can be obtained from the concurrent DP solution and rule extraction for designing better hybrid vehicle controllers. © 2012 AACC American Automatic Control Council).

The conversion efficiency of three way catalytic converters is mainly defined by the temperature range wherein they are operating. Traditionally, ignition retard has been used to reduce the light-off time of the catalyst. This is however associated with a fuel penalty. With increasing vehicle electrification, electrically heating facilities present an alternative, especially for hybrid vehicles. Nevertheless, system complexity of hybrid vehicles prevents engineers to evaluate possible heating technologies and their corresponding fuel penalty with respect to traditional solutions. This paper evaluates the application of an electrically heated catalyst on a hybrid vehicle equipped with a Natural Gas (NG) engine. The effect of heating power on light-off time and fuel penalty is determined, using analysis techniques emerging from integrated powertrain control. By means of a case study, the importance of an integral approach is explained by comparing the fuel penalty and conversion efficiency improvement of electric heating with that of ignition retard. In this process, a mix of simulation and test data were combined, forming the foundations for future control developments of a suitable light-off strategy. © 2010 Institut français du pétrole.

The conversion efficiency of three way catalytic converters is mainly defined by the temperature range wherein they are operating. Traditionally, ignition retard has been used to reduce the light-off time of the catalyst. This is however associated with a fuel penalty. With increasing vehicle electrification, electrically heating facilities present an alternative, especially for hybrid vehicles. Nevertheless, system complexity of hybrid vehicles prevents engineers to evaluate possible heating technologies and their corresponding fuel penalty with respect to traditional solutions. This paper evaluates the application of an electrically heated catalyst on a hybrid vehicle equipped with a Natural Gas (NG) engine. The effect of heating power on light-off time and fuel penalty is determined, using analysis techniques emerging from integrated powertrain control. By means of a case study, the importance of an integral approach is explained by comparing the fuel penalty and conversion efficiency improvement of electric heating with that of ignition retard. In this process, a mix of simulation and test data were combined, forming the foundations for future control developments of a suitable light-off strategy. © 2010 Institut français du pétrole.

This study includes an experimental investigation into the use of vapor absorption refrigeration (VAR) systems in road transport vehicles using the waste heat in the exhaust gases of the main propulsion unit as the energy source. This would provide an alternative to the conventional vapor compression refrigeration system and its associated internal combustion engine. The performance of a VAR system fired by natural gas is compared with that of the same system driven by engine exhaust gases. This showed that the exhaust-gas-driven system produced the same performance characteristics as the gas-fired system. It also suggested that, with careful design, inserting the VAR system generator into the main engine exhaust system need not impair the performance of the vehicle propulsion unit. A comparison of the capital and running costs of the conventional and proposed alternative system is made. Suggestions are also made regarding operation of the VAR system during off-road/slow running conditions.