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HSA interview guide; Interview guide for in-depth inter-views with health surveillance assistants in the post discharge malaria chemoprevention study. (DOCX 29.0 kb)

HSA _FGD interview guide; Interview guide for focus group discussions with health surveillance assistants in the post discharge malaria chemoprevention study. (DOCX 28.0 kb)

This report is an end review of Fundação para o Desenvolvimento da Comunidade (FDC)’s project to support the implementation of the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) in the Zambézia province. The purposes of the project were the following: to improve the system of distribution and conservation of vaccines in health units to promote the use of gas as an alternative to kerosene and firewood to improve access to sources of environmentally friendly energy by communities The Royal Norwegian Embassy in Maputo (RNE) funded the project, which had total budget of NOK 15.5 million (approximately USD 2.7 million), and the project was implemented in the period 2010 to 2013. Overlapping with this project period, other donors have funded (and are funding) the province’s health sector with more than USD 77 million, but there has been no or limited coordination between the projects. The team concludes that while the reviewed project has greatly contributed to improving the cold chain in the province, the energy source that was introduced through the project to secure the cold chain - gas - has proved very expensive, unreliable when organized by the province authorities, and with poor prospects for sustainability. Only two years after the gasfridges were donated by the project, they are in the process of being replaced with solar fridges by another donor. Health workers express a strong preference for solar equipment. Approximately one third of the FDC project funds were spent on infrastructure for the privately owned company VidaGas to enable this company to supply gas to the gas fridges and lamps introduced by the project and to the local population. Since the gas fridges are now being replaced, and since the local population has not adopted gas for cooking, there is the danger that this investment has long term benefits for the company only, and not for the health sector. FDC owns one third of the gas company and was there

Haydom Lutheran Hospital (HLH) is an important service provider in an area of Tanzania where the population is poor and government health services are inadequate. In 2011, The Royal Norwegian Embassy funded 61% of the hospital’s budget, but the long term goal is to terminate the support. The government has decided that HLH will be upgraded to Referral Hospital at Regional Level, and this will entail that the government will take responsibility for a much larger share of the budget. While this is a very positive development, it is uncertain what increased government funding will mean for the autonomy of the hospital. Challenges that HLH need to address in the future include incentive packages to attract specialists, and proper implementation of the new systems for medical records and invoicing.

Health workers’ knowledge and skills are much better than their practice suggests. By closing the gap between knowledge and action, the quality of health services will increase substantially.

This report is a mid-term review of Norway’s support to the cultural sector in Nepal. Norwegian support has focused on the following areas: theatre production, music education, institutional capacity building, and documentation of cultural heritage. The support has been organised through two projects: i) Aarohan Theatre Group in cooperation with the Nationaltheatret (National Theatre in Oslo)/gtl Mangement/Danse- og Teatersentrum, and ii) Music Nepal in cooperation with Rikskonsertene (Concerts Norway). The two projects have been allocated around NOK 15 million for the period 2004-2009. The report shows that the success of a given project is closely related to the background of the Nepalese institution, and to what degree the projects are in line with former activities and focus or not.

Support to culture, cultural heritage and arts has been part of Norway's development cooperation for many years. Several Norwegian institutions have been involved in this work, which has been guided by different strategies. The cooperation is at present based on the Strategy for Norway's culture and sports cooperation with countries in the South (2005). The evaluation was commissioned to obtain an understanding of the results of the Norwegian support to the protection of cultural heritage. The emphasis of the study was on assessing relevance, efficiency, results (effectiveness) an sustainability. The evaluation also provides recommendations regarding the future cooperation in this sector. The evaluation report gives an overview of the support from 2000 to 2008, with a closer look at three countries - Ethiopia, Malawi and Nepal. The report shows that 60 cultural heritage projects were supported during this period, most of them in Africa or Asia, with a budget of close to 275 million Norwegian kroner. Sixty per cent of the funds were given to multilateral projects (through United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation - UNESCO). The evaluation lays emphasis on economic perspectives related to the protection of cultural heritage ("culture economy"). Among the conclusions, the team underlines the importance of institution building and the need to support and build on local resources. The report calls for a look at the current balance between bilateral and multilateral support. It recommends to involve additional professional resources in Norway in the future. The evaluation was carried out by a joint team from the Chr. Michelsen Institute and Norland Research Institute, supported by experts in the countries studied.

Denne rapporten ble skrevet vinteren 2006/2007 som innspill til NORAD/UDs kartlegging av nasjonal kompetanse på kjønn og likestillingsspørsmål i utviklings-sammenheng. Gjennomgangen viser at det er personer med kompetanse på kjønn og likestillingsspørsmål i utviklingssammenheng ved alle universitetene. Forsknings-spesialisering på kjønn og likestilling i utviklingsforskning er imidlertid svakt institusjonelt forankret, noe som kommer til uttrykk ved at forskningsmiljøene på feltet er små og at det ikke er egne stillingshjemler knyttet til dette spesialfeltet. Dette fører til svakere akademiske satsing på metodisk og teoretisk utvikling av kunnskapsfeltet kjønn og utvikling. Hovedmålsetningen med rapporten er å gjøre det lettere å søke etter forskningsmiljø og forskere med kompetanse på kjønn og utvikling. Hovedvekten er lagt på informasjon om forskningsprogram og forskningsmiljøer for kjønn og utvikling etter 2000. Presentasjonen av frivillige organisasjoner er mindre detaljert.

This empirical study looks at coordination and cooperation within five district councils in Tanzania with a special focus on efforts to reduce maternal mortality. In what ways do district councils cooperate with local communities, civil society organisations and the private sector to improve maternal health? How well do the different departments within the district councils coordinate their work? What is the relationship between district staff and elected councillors and to what degree is maternal health on the political agenda? The project’s aim has been to identify good practices in relation to these questions and to facilitate learning between districts with relatively low maternal mortality rates (MMR) and districts with relatively high MMR. The project was organised by the Prime Minister’s Office for Regional and Local Authorities (PMO-RALG). The Royal Norwegian Embassy in Dar es Salaam co-founded the project.

Tanzania is a relatively new mining country, and mining has become a hotly debated issue in the country. There is a feeling among both local people and human rights advocacy groups that the government has betrayed ordinary people. This empirical study looks at Tanzanian land and mining legislations, recent mining conflicts, and the existing consultation and conciliations mechanisms which can be used to attenuate these conflicts. The study argues that since there was poor coordination between the lawmakers when new land and mining laws were put in place, the legislations disagree on central issues like conflict resolution. Conceptual differences between local people and investors on how land and mining rights are to be perceived, also contribute to considerate conflict in the country.

This report is a review of the Norad Programme in Arts and Cultural Education (ACE). ACE is a programme for cooperation between institutions for cultural education in the South and partners in Norway, established to contribute to the strengthening of cultural education institutions in the south and to the professionalization of artists and art forms. In the programme period 2006-2008/9, seven projects have received funding, benefitting students from Mali, Uganda, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. By the end of the programme period, if all plans are successful, 50 students, close to half of them women, will have received a degree in Dance, Music, Drama, Ethnomusicology, or Visual Cultural Studies. A central element of the programme is to encourage students to work at their home institution (or at another cultural institution in their home country) upon completion of their degree. This will contribute to the strengthening of cultural education institutions in the south. The review finds that four to five of the seven projects are likely to fulfil this goal. The review concludes that the programme has been economically efficient and that it should be continued. The review recommends that in the future, the programme should: - Fund post-studies employment at institutions in the south - Reduce scholarships during studies/fieldwork in the south - Clarify responsibilities of each institution - Revise the accounting system and streamline conditions - Consider the possibility of research components - Consider the possibility for south-south cooperation - Introduce web-based information sharing

Tanzania initiated the Local Government Reform Programme in 1996. The objective of the reform is decentralisation by devolution, and to strengthen local authorities' ability to deliver quality and accessible services in cooperation with local communities, civil society organisations, the private sector, and other development actors. This report describes various forms of coordination and cooperation in four districts, using maternal health as an entry point and example. Four districts with relatively low maternal mortality rates were selected: Ileje, Misungwi, Serengeti, and Moshi rural. The objective of the study is to identify if, and in what ways, these districts perform better than others when it comes to cooperation on maternal health, and to identify best practices and disseminate the practices to other districts. In the case of Moshi rural, the low MMR is first of all due to the high level of education of the inhabitants, the positive economic situation, women's income, and a large number of health facilities (partly established by missions, partly by self-help activities and wealthy individuals). These are all factors that are hard to replicate in districts that have less favourable socio-economic backgrounds. Ileje, Misungwi and Serengeti, on the other hand, are more interesting in terms of replication and learning. The three districts are all relatively poor, and the low maternal mortality rates are the result of specific area based donor funded projects and local initiatives targeting maternal health (as well, in the case of Ileje and Serengeti, mission hospitals). All the projects focusing on maternal health have similar characteristics: Vertical cooperation between health facilities and staff: regional, district and village Horizontal cooperation between health facilities, government and private Focus on voluntary village health workers and village health committees Focus on increasing delivery at health facilities and imp

In the last decade Mali has experienced a gold boom. Today Mali is Africa’s third largest producer of gold and has one of the world’s most gold-dependent economies. This study looks at how the advent of gold mining has affected Mali’s economy and society, and examines the local impacts of two of the country’s main gold mines, Sadiola and Morila. It finds that in recent years gold exports have contributed more than half of Mali’s export revenue. Still, this income represents less than what the country receives in development aid or in remittances from Malians abroad. From the two mines of Sadiola and Morila, out of the revenue that does not accrue to the mining companies the Government of Mali receives around 90 percent, the workers some nine percent and local communities less than one percent. To the population of nearby villages the mines have provided jobs, income and better education services, but their establishment has also led to land expropriation, environmental degradation and social tensions. The companies that run the two mines have supported a number of development projects locally, but their management and selection of the projects have stirred controversy. The study also finds that gold mining only to a limited extent has spurred entrepreneurship or a diversification of the local economy.

Tanzania is a ‘new’ mining country, and foreign investment in the mining sector has caused controversies. Government revenues from mining increased from 2 million US$ in 1998 to 36 million in 2002, but many stake holders argue that foreign investors have been given too generous conditions. The great majority of direct taxes accrue to the national treasury, while local authorities have little or no tax income from mining. This report focuses on the CSR initiatives of two foreign mining companies: AngloGold Ashanti, operating Geita Gold Mine, the third largest gold mine in Sub-Saharan Africa, and Tanzanite One, operating in Mererani. The companies’ willingness to engage in benefit sharing, their methods for doing this, and their co-operation with local authorities varies greatly. Both mining communities have faced conflicts between small scale miners and foreign investors, but the conflicts have reached far higher levels in Mererani compared to Geita. The case studies show that at the local level, poor local governance has opened up for corruption in benefit streams management. Moreover, in Mererani, development projects sponsored by Tanzanite One have resulted in ethnic secessionism and affected local political processes. The two case studies focus on the triangular relationship between government (including local authorities), foreign owned mining companies, and local communities. What has guided benefit stream management up to now? What factors enhance or hinder an optimal management at the local level?

This report reviews Norwegian support to Tanzania Culture Trust Fund (Mfuko wa Utamaduni Tanzania). The fund was established by the Government of Tanzania and Sida in 1998, and aims to promote individual and organizational achievements in the cultural field. Since its inception, the fund has supported 220 cultural projects within six constituencies: Performing Arts, Cultural Heritage, Cultural Industry, Fine Arts & Crafts, Language and Literature and Film, Audio Visuals and Multi- Media. In addition, special awards have been given to 48 artists who have made an outstanding contribution to Tanzanian cultural life. Due to limited government and private sector funding of culture and arts, the fund has played an important role for the cultural sector. However, the review found that the fund could have been more cost effective and that financial and administrative reports from programme activities need to be improved and more closely related to programme documents. An assessment of the financial reports reveals irregularities in the early years of the fund. The main objectives of the fund are in line with Norwegian priorities for development cooperation with Tanzania; reduction of income poverty, good governance, improved competence, and institutional capacity building. However, the degree to which the outputs and outcomes of the activities fulfil the objectives of the fund varies. The review recommends that a clearer policy is developed to strike a balance between the fund’s role in poverty reduction and its goal to support exceptionally talented artists. Strategies should be worked out to help artists develop new attractive designs and improve marketing. The report also recommends that some of the cultural awards are earmarked artists who address and stimulate public debate on corruption and good governance.

The Norad Programme in Arts and Cultural Education was established in 2002 and is administered by Centre for International University Co-operation (SIU). The total budget for the programme period (2002-2005) is NOK 15 millions. The main objectives of the programme are to strengthen the cultural institutions in the partner countries and to contribute to the professionalisation of the artists and the art forms. Norwegian institutions of higher learning collaborate with partners in Africa to achieve these goals through eight projects. Collaborations take the form of scholarships to study dance and music in Norway (Zimbabwe, Tanzania), arrangement of courses and degrees on choral conducting (South Africa), series of workshops providing artists with a diploma in fine arts (Zambia), workshops on music and music education for children (Tanzania), as well as research on the potentials of cultural heritage and tourism (Tanzania). A review of the results concludes that the great majority of the projects have fulfilled the two major goals of the programme in a satisfactory way. Projects that focus on formal qualifications and are part of larger, long term collaborations in politically stable countries are the most successful. The report discusses challenges met during the first phase of the programme and provides a number of recommendations for the next phase: •The programme should have a longer time frame •Training projects should focus on formal qualifications •The SIU requirement that partnerships must involve university level institutions should be removed •“Sandwhich” degrees should be encouraged •Co-operating partners should develop binding contracts for students •Project applications should include concrete plans for employment of the students to ensure strengthening of the institutions •Partners should consider to broaden and consolidate their partnerships with mutual exchange through the Norwegian Peace Corps

The report explores factors that explain the observed patterns of corruption within the Tanzania Revenue Authority (TRA) and the Uganda Revenue Authority (URA). In particular, the study discusses the key assumptions behind the revenue authority model and the relevance of these in an African context characterised by scarcity of qualified tax officers, accountants and auditors, as well as clientilistic networks between political, bureaucratic and economic agents. Based on this analysis and in light of existing political, economic and administrative constraints, the study identifies options available for sustainable tax administrative reforms in the two countries. Issues of particular relevance for foreign assistance towards fighting fiscal corruption and strengthening tax administration are highlighted.

In urban Africa, informal employment constitutes 90 per cent of all new jobs. Informal work is characterised by being unrecognised, unprotected or unrecorded by the public authorities, and a larger percentage of women than men earn their living in the informal economy. This study looks into the gender relations of the informal economy of Kampala. A combination of internal war and unrest, economic crisis, the AIDS epidemic, economic restructuring, and government policies enhancing women, have changed gender relations in Uganda over the last decades. Urban men were once expected to provide for their families, but today married women bring in 50-70 per cent of household incomes. While some men feel threatened by women’s economic independence, others realise that female entrepreneurship is needed in the present economic realities. Many women complain that since they started working, the men have stopped contributing to household expenses. The bulk of women are engaged in sectors traditionally defined as female, but some venture into male arenas where profits are generally higher. Similarly, men with limited capital have started going into ‘female’ domains (such as catering and hair styling), changing the landscape of the urban informal economy. Informants interviewed for this study cited lack of capital as a major obstacle. Almost one in two started their enterprise with less than US$ 55, and more than one third claim to make less than US$ 57 a month. Some female respondents had benefited from micro finance loans, but the majority were deeply sceptical of micro finance institutions. While increased formalisation would enhance both the national economy as a whole and enhance worker’s security, an unfair and random tax system functions as an incentive for the self-employed to stay informal and avoid expansion.

Denne rapporten tar for seg partnerskap mellom norske frivillige organisasjoner og norske bedrifter. Partnerskap innebærer et mer forpliktende samarbeid for å nå felles sosiale mål enn tradisjonelt sponsorsamarbeid. Partnerskap har i de senere år blitt fremhevet av sentrale aktører i internasjonal bistandsdebatt som veien å gå for en mer bærekraftig utvikling. Dette gjelder særlig partnerskap som involverer myndighetene i mottakerland (tri-sektorale partnerskap). Kartleggingen som er foretatt for denne studien viser at samarbeidet mellom organisasjoner og bedrifter i Norge fortsatt er preget av sponsortenkning. Interessen for partnerskap er imidlertid økende. Press fra forbrukere og investorer bidrar til at bedrifter blir mer opptatt av å vise sosial ansvarlighet, og organisasjonene ser nye muligheter for inntekter og nye kanaler for innflytelse. I rapporten blir partnerskapene kategorisert ut fra partenes målsetninger for samarbeidet og måten samarbeidet foregår på: prosessorienterte-, prosjektorienterte,- og produktorienterte partnerskap. Miljøorganisasjonen Bellona har nådd lengst i arbeidet med prosess- og produktorienterte partnerskap, mens partnerskap knyttet til bistand i stor grad er prosjektorienterte. Et hovedfunn i undersøkelsen er at det foregår lite samarbeid mellom norske organisasjoner og norske bedrifter i sør. Et slikt samarbeid vil kunne ha positive synergieffekter i forbindelse med den pågående avbindingen av bistand samt økende fokus på næringsutvikling i mottakerland.

There has been a tremendous growth in non-governmental organisations in Tanzania over the last decades, and with the many reforms presently taking place, the civil society is expected to play a central role in both service delivery and the development of democracy. This report provides an overview of the complex civic sector in Tanzania and the dynamics within it. The study focuses on non-governmental organisations (NGOs) with a special emphasis on advocacy organisations and organisations active in social service delivery (district development trusts and religious organisations). While the former are donor depended, the latter are able to mobilise local resources. Both NGO and CBO activities are concentrated in the areas that were privileged already in the colonial times. As the local government reform may increase regional and religious differences, donors are adviced to pay increased attention to these issues when supporting local organisations. The main challenge in further support to civil society in Tanzania is to enhance popular participation and to support processes which mobilises local resources. The report suggests that mass media and popular culture should be used to disseminate both the new sectoral policies and reforms as well as awareness programmes that may engender increased popular participation in the development process.

This report is a mid-term review of Norway's support to the cultural sector in Nepal. Norwegian support has focused on the following areas: theatre production, music education, institutional capacity building, and documentation of cultural heritage. The support has been organised through two projects: i) Aarohan Theatre Group in cooperation with the Nationaltheatret (National Theatre in Oslo)/gtl Mangement/Danse- og Teatersentrum, and ii) Music Nepal in cooperation with Rikskonsertene (Concerts Norway). The two projects have been allocated around NOK 15 million for the period 2004-2009. The report shows that the success of a given project is closely related to the background of the Nepalese institution, and to what degree the projects are in line with former activities and focus or not.