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Giacomo M Bruno,1,2 Maria Chiara Valentino,2 Alessandra Brunetti,3 Sergio Di Matteo,2 Ivan Begovic,2 Edoardo Croce,4 Garifallia Sakellariou,5 Serena Bugatti,6 Pietro Perotti,7 Silvia Vecchio,7 Simona Migliazza,7 Roberto Langella,8 Giorgio L Colombo1,2 1Department of Drug Sciences, Center of Pharmaceuticals Economics and Medical Technologies Evaluation, CEFAT.Unipv - University of Pavia at Centro di Ricerca SAVE Studi, Milano, Italy; 2S.A.V.E. Research Center - Studi Analisi Valutazioni Economiche, Milano, Italy; 3Research and Innovation Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; 4Scientific Direction - IRCCS istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy; 5Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 6Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Division of Rheumatology, University of Pavia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; 7U.O.C. Epidemiological Observatory – Health Protection Agency of Pavia (ATS Pavia), Pavia, Italy; 8SIFO Regional Secretariat - Società Italiana di Farmacia Ospedaliera e dei Servizi Farmaceutici delle Aziende Sanitarie, Milano, ItalyCorrespondence: Giacomo M Bruno, Department of Drug Sciences, Center of Pharmaceuticals Economics and Medical Technologies Evaluation, CEFAT.Unipv - University of Pavia at Centro di Ricerca SAVE Studi, Milano, 20149, Italy, Email giacomomatteo.bruno@unipv.itBackground: The current flows of the SSN represent the set of interest whose interconnection alone justifies the current study. These flows can be interconnected with other sources, institutional or otherwise, in order to answer well-defined questions.Objective: The objective of the study is to verify, through the analysis of administrative databases, any differences in the consumption of health resources between biological off-patent originator drugs and biosimilars in real clinical practice, with particular reference to the rheumatology area.Methods: Through the use of assisted databases (BDA) of ATS Pavia we evaluated the differences in terms of consumption of health resources related to the different drugs under analysis. Annual and daily costs were calculated by total patient cost, stratified for different treatments, considering the sum of total costs for the prescriptions of drugs subject to the analysis. Another objective was to evaluate the adherence of the drugs of interest, by utilizing specific indicators (MPR).Results: A total of 145 patients were analyzed. Among enrolled patients, 26.9% of users were treated with a biosimilar drug, while 73.1% with a biologic originator. Adherence is higher if it is considered the population treated with biosimilar drugs (82.1%). Total cost (including drug prescriptions, hospitalizations, outpatient services, tests for any cause) during the observation period of 1 year is 14,274.08. 87.7% of the total is attributable to drugs. Non-hospitalized patients are the least expensive, whether they were treated with biologics or biosimilars.Conclusion: In our sample, biosimilar drugs tend to be underused: the treatment of a patient with a chronic autoimmune disease is a clinical process that involves many health professionals, and a criticality could also derive from the difficult communication between the various professional figures who get involved with the whole patient treatment.Keywords: real world data, biosimilar, rheumatic diseases, PDTA, EULAR recommendations, rheumatoid arthritis

Some of the most remarkable issues related to interharmonic theory and modeling are presented. Starting from the basic definitions and concepts, attention is first devoted to interharmonic sources. Then, the interharmonic assessment is considered with particular attention to the problem of the frequency resolution and of the computational burden associated with the analysis of periodic steady-state waveforms. Finally, modeling of different kinds of interharmonic sources and the extension of the classical models developed for power system harmonic analysis to include interharmonics are discussed. Numerical results for the issues presented are given with references to case studies constituted by popular schemes of adjustable speed drives. Index Terms--Discrete Fourier transform (DFT), frequency resolution, harmonic analysis, interharmonics.

This paper represents the second part of a two-part article reviewing the state of the art of probabilistic aspects of harmonics in electric power systems. It includes tools for calculating probabilities of rectangular and phasor components of individual as well as multiple harmonic sources. A procedure for determining the statistical distribution of voltages resulting from dispersed and random current sources is reviewed. Some applications of statistical representation of harmonics are also discussed. Index Terms--Statistical analysis, sum of random phasors, time-varying harmonics, voltage distortion.

A primary problem in waveform distortion assessment in power systems is to examine ways to reduce the effects of spectral leakage. In the framework of DFT approaches, line frequency synchronization techniques or algorithms to compensate for desynchronization are necessary; alternative approaches such as those based on the Prony and ESPRIT methods are not sensitive to desynchronization, but they often require significant computational burden. In this paper, the signal processing aspects of the problem are considered; different proposals by the same authors regarding DFT-, Prony-, and ESPRIT-based advanced methods are reviewed and compared in terms of their accuracy and computational efforts. The results of several numerical experiments are reported and analysed; some of them are in accordance with IEC Standards, while others use more open scenarios.