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Since the first report of V (D) J “ allelic exclusion/inclusion”and” dual BCR “in 1961, despite continuous new discoveries, the proportion and source mechanism of dual BCR under physiological conditions have been puzzling immuologists.This study takes advantage of the single cell V (D) J sequencing technology, which can perfectly match the heavy and light chains of BCR at the level of a single B cell, and obtain the full length mRNA sequence of the CDR3 region. By analyzing the pairing of functional IGH and IGL chains in single B cell from human and mouse bone marrow and peripheral blood, it was found that dual BCR B cells exhibit stable and high levels of expression.Among them, human bone marrow and peripheral blood contain about 10% dual (or multiple) BCR B cells, and mouse peripheral blood and bone marrow memory B cells contain about 20% dual (or multiple) BCR B cells. At the same time, we innovatively found that in each research sample of humans and mice, there are three (or more) functional rearrangements (mRNA level) of a single chain in a single B cell. By analyzing the position, direction and other compositional characteristics of the V(D)J gene family, we found that at least two(or more) of them are derived from over two(or more) specific allelic inclusion rearrangements of a single chromosome.(mRNA molecular level evidence).The results of this article provides new insights, new methods and modeling references for evaluating the proportion, molecular characteristics and source mechanisms of dual BCR B cells, as well as potential significance of allelic inclusion (exclusion escape) of V(D)J rearrangement.

Our planet is undergoing one of the most rapid climate changes in Earth’s history. The current change is particularly significant because it is most likely a consequence of human activities since the 19th century. The Digital Earth platform, which includes Earth-orbiting satellites, ground-based observations, and other technologies for collecting, analyzing and visualizing data, has enabled scientists to see our climate and its impacts at regional and global scales. The Digital Earth platform offers valuable information on the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and cryosphere to understand Earth’s past and present, and it supports Earth system models for climate prediction and projection. This chapter gives an overview of the advances in climate change studies based on Digital Earth and provides case studies that utilize Digital Earth in climate change research, such as in the observation of sensitive factors for climate change, global environmental change information and simulation systems, and synchronous satellite-aerial-ground observation experiments, which provide extremely large and abundant datasets. The mapping of climate extremes and impacts improves preparedness for climate change-related risks and provides robust evidence to support climate risk management and climate change adaptation for the public, decision makers, investors, and vulnerable communities. However, Digital Earth faces the challenges of multisource data coordination and integration, requiring international partnerships between governments and other organizations to advance open data policies and practices.

This paper provides a brief history review of the use of ancient weirs in fishing on our planet, as well as a pilot study that involves investigating and mapping the coastal heritage of ancient stone tidal weirs (STWs) in the Penghu Archipelago which is located in the Taiwan Strait. The spatial distribution and morphological features of STWs across Penghu Archipelago were investigated and analyzed using very high-resolution (VHR) and freely available Google Earth (GE) imagery and geographic information system (GIS) analysis tools. A total of 539 ground-truthed STWs were identified from multiple temporal GE images, and these accounted for over 90% of the localized inventory databases. The proposed GE-based method was found to be more efficient, timely and effective compared to field and airborne surveys. This paper illustrates the utility of GE as a source of freely available VHR remote sensing imagery for archaeological surveys and heritage sustainability in coastal areas.

This paper describes the use of the Chinese Gaofen-1 (GF-1) satellite imagery to automatically extract tertiary Linear Archaeological Traces of Tuntian Irrigation Canals (LATTICs) located in the Miran site. The site is adjacent to the ancient Loulan Kingdom at the eastern margin of the Taklimakan Desert in western China. GF-1 data were processed following atmospheric and geometric correction, and spectral analyses were carried out for multispectral data. The low values produced by spectral separability index (SSI) indicate that it is difficult to distinguish buried tertiary LATTICs from similar backgrounds using spectral signatures. Thus, based on the textual characteristics of high-resolution GF-1 panchromatic data, this paper proposes an automatic approach that combines joint morphological bottom and hat transformation with a Canny edge operator. The operator was improved by adding stages of geometric filtering and gradient vector direction analysis. Finally, the detected edges of tertiary LATTICs were extracted using the GIS-based draw tool and converted into shapefiles for archaeological mapping within a GIS environment. The proposed automatic approach was verified with an average accuracy of 95.76% for 754 tertiary LATTICs in the entire Miran site and compared with previous manual interpretation results. The results indicate that GF-1 VHR PAN imagery can successfully uncover the ancient tuntian agricultural landscape. Moreover, the proposed method can be generalized and applied to extract linear archaeological traces such as soil and crop marks in other geographic locations.

Earth observation technology has provided highly useful information in global climate change research over the past few decades and greatly promoted its development, especially through providing biological, physical, and chemical parameters on a global scale. Earth observation data has the 4V features (volume, variety, veracity, and velocity) of big data that are suitable for climate change research. Moreover, the large amount of data available from scientific satellites plays an important role. This study reviews the advances of climate change studies based on Earth observation big data and provides examples of case studies that utilize Earth observation big data in climate change research, such as synchronous satellite–aerial–ground observation experiments, which provide extremely large and abundant datasets; Earth observational sensitive factors (e.g., glaciers, lakes, vegetation, radiation, and urbanization); and global environmental change information and simulation systems. With the era of global environment change dawning, Earth observation big data will underpin the Future Earth program with a huge volume of various types of data and will play an important role in academia and decisionmaking. Inevitably, Earth observation big data will encounter opportunities and challenges brought about by global climate change.

The maximum independent set Problem is to find a biggest verte x independent set in a given undirected graph. It is a vitally important NP problem in graph theory and applied mathematics, having numerous real life applications. It can be difficul tly solved by the electronic computer in exponential level time. Simultaneity in previous studies DNA molecular computation usually be used to solve NP-complete continuous path search problems (for example HPP, traveling salesman problem), rarely for NP problems with discrete vertex or path solutions result, such as the maximum independent set problem, graph coloring problem and so on. In this paper, we present a new algorithm for solving the maximum independent set problem with DNA molecular operations. For an undirected graph with n vertices, We reasonably design fixed length DNA strands repr esenting the vertices and edges of graph, take appropriate steps and get the solutions of the problem in proper length range using O(n 2 ) time. We extend the application of DNA molecular operations and simultaneity simplify the complexity of the computation.

The Wenchuan Earthquake occurred on 12 May 2008 followed by frequent aftershocks. The earthquake suddenly caused heavy damage to roads, bridges, buildings and communication facilities. Two B4101 Citation II remote sensing airplanes from the Chinese Academy of Sciences took off to monitor the region soon after the earthquake and collected images using a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) device and an optical ADS40 sensor. Using images obtained from airborne surveys, a damage consequence chain was mapped that provided information about the type of damage and its extent. This proved to be of great help for rescue operations and after earthquake reconstructions. We present details of airborne survey, images and mapping of damages caused by the earthquake and the use of such information for a rescue operation.

Because of natural contribution and man-made disturb, segments of Ming Great Wall in NingXia province and Shaanxi province were mostly destroyed, even more some of them were disappeared from the surface of earth and buried by sand. It is not an easy thing to detect the Great Wall by field survey since it is quite long, and fieldwork needs a lot of human and financial resources. It is not an easy thing to detect the Great Wall by field survey since it is quite long and fieldwork needs a lot of human and financial resources to detect the Great Wall by field survey since it is quite long, and fieldwork needs a lot of human and financial resources. In this paper, remote sensing technology was used such as SAR and optical remote sensing, pixel image fusion between SAR image and optical image was achieved, and then skeleton method was tested to automatically generate the Ming Great Wall based on the fusion image and the test got satisfied results. Finally, the spatial location information of the Ming Great Wall was produced successfully.

Digital Earth (DE) is a virtual presentation of the planet based on geographic coordinate, and is an information system with tremendous amount of multiple resolutions and multiple scales data as shown in multiple dimensions. Since the exact description about DE has not completed, most experts have their own understanding of DE, so there are a lot of various digital earth prototype system was developed, such as the Alexandria digital earth modeling system developed by the UCSB, digital earth prototype developed by the NASA, and earth simulator developed by the Japan and so on. Each of them has their own infrastructure and characteristics in developing process. Besides, there are still many commercial digital earth software popularly, such as the famous Google earth, word wind, skyline, and blue link and so on. They have the one biggest common that is all of them were based on the vast remote sensing image and represented by virtual reality technology. But when we reviewed the current situation of digital earth research presented from the outcomes of the International Symposium on Digital Earth four times, and investigated most of these digital earth system and software, we found the studies on digital earth system have some shortcomings. Therefore, facing this situation, in this paper, firstly, we will review the situation and the development of the Digital Earth research. Then, we will emphasize on how to construct the Digital Earth Prototype and develop its system from some new perspectives by the most prevalent techniques.

The land degradation alongside the Great Wall made in Ming dynasty is always the one of problems concerned by government and scientists, but all of the researches about it are focused on the whole environmental change alongside the Ming Great Wall, while they are not considered the Ming Great Wallpsilas role in the process of the environmental change. So in this paper, we will further reveal the process of the environmental change alongside the Ming Great Wall based on Landsat TM/ETM remote sensing image. Finally we found some new phenomena of the environmental change alongside the Ming Great Wall including function of the Ming Great Wall in impacting on surrounding environment.

Digital Earth (DE) is a virtual presentation of the planet based on geographic coordinate, and is an information system with tremendous amount of multiple resolutions and multiple scales data as shown in multiple dimensions. It can visualize the real earth and represent historical phenomena in digital way by using the large amount of data of the earth, and utilizing the computer techniques, image and graphic technique, network technique, virtual reality and so on. But the recent DE research exist some problems for example the research is limited at specific area, and lack of versatility and unity, so firstly we need formulate a clear concept of DE, afterward, we construct the Digital Earth System tailored for specific and actual application demand, using extending the Digital Earth Prototype designed in the abstract and macro view. For this architecture is great important for development of the DE in the future, the research on DE will concentrate on implementing the construction into reality and applying in wider area, as well as establishing the universal standards and protocols.

The Great Wall segments in Ningxia and Shaanxi Provinces, built in Ming dynasty, actually lies in several transition zones, such as agriculture and pasture land, semi-humid and semi-arid zone, monsoon area and non-monsoon area and so on. As a result, the ecological environment around the Great Wall is very sensitive and fragile, and is easily to be destroyed. So in this paper, we used a new technical route to analyze the environmental change around this part of the Great Wall and meanwhile put forward some measures to protect its environment. To describe the spatial-temporal pattern of environment along the Ming Great Wall, we choose some indices to analyze its change, such as the vegetation, soil, moisture and so on [1]. All of them are retrieved from multi-temporal and multi-source remote sensing images. By comparing above parameters, we draw the conclusion that is the environment along the Ming Great Wall is becoming worse and worse.

Atmospheric aerosol particles have a significant impact on global climate change. For the purpose of estimating the effect of aerosols on climate, information on the spatial and temporal distribution of the aerosols is necessary. In this study, we developed an algorithm to retrieve hourly aerosol optical depth (AOD) by using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the data from the multifunctional transport satellite (MTSAT) visible channel over Bohai rim region. First, the MODIS data was used to identify aerosol module, and then the MTSAT data was used to calculate hourly AOD. The results show that the AOD derived from AERONET observations agrees well with the MTSAT-AOD products with spatio-temporal scale, as well as spectral scale. Therefore, the algorithm developed in this study has potential for monitoring AOD hourly.