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La montagne, qui couvre un quart de la superficie du pays, produit l’essentiel des eaux du Maroc. Cela s’explique par un coefficient de ruissellement élevé (27 %). Mais la montagne n’utilise qu’une petite part de sa production hydrique, puisqu’elle ne compte qu’un cinquième des superficies irriguées au Maroc, en plus d’un retard important en termes de développement rural, d’adduction d’eau et d’équipement. La politique de diversification des produits de niche grâce à l’irrigation devrait signifier une ponction plus forte sur l’eau qui débouche aux barrages, localisés en majorité à la limite montagne-piémont. Cette ponction supplémentaire, dans le contexte du réchauffement climatique, risque-t-elle d’accuser la pénurie en aval, à un moment où les risques de crue, liés à la multiplication des événements exceptionnels, ont tendance à s’amplifier? A contrario, quelles peuvent être les marges de fourniture d’eau régulée aux barrages, si l’on applique des actions bien réparties et bien ciblées de «gestion conservatoire des eaux et des sols» en montagne? Et que représente l’effet de l’extension de cette gestion durable en montagne sur la fréquence et la magnitude des phénomènes extrêmes de crue, aujourd’hui dévastateurs sur les piémonts? Cet article explore les voies et leviers à même d’assurer la valorisation et la préservation des services écosystémiques rendus par la montagne, au bénéfice de l’aval, dans une perspective de symbiose spatiale, grâce à des systèmes de bénéfices conjoints amont-aval. Sustainable Land Management in Mountains and Downstream Risk Mitigation: The Moroccan Case. — The mountain, which covers one quarter of the country’s area, produces most of Morocco’s water. This is due to a high runoff coefficient (27 %). But the mountain uses only a small part of its water production, since it accounts for only one fifth of the irrigated area in Morocco, in addition to a significant delay in terms of rural development, water supply and equipment. The policy of niche products diversification through irrigation extension should mean a stronger deduction on the water that leads to the dams mainly located at the piedmont. Is this additional deduction, in the context of global warming, responsible for more shortage downstream, at a time when the risks of flood, linked to the increase in exceptional events, tend to exaggerate? On the other hand, what can be the regulated water supply potential, if well-distributed and well-targeted actions of sustainable land management in the mountains are applied? And what does the effect of these actions have on the frequency and magnitude of the extreme flood events, which are now devastating on the foothills? The paper explores the ways and levers able to ensure the enhancement and preservation of ecosystem services rendered by the mountain, for the benefit of downstream, from a perspective of spatial symbiosis, through systems of joint up-downstream benefits.

Le littoral atlantique du Maroc a toujours ete un domaine d’implantations humaines et economiques variees, representant un patrimoine culturel developpe sur des paysages precieux, des sites d’interet biologique, historique et archeologique. Il concentre l’essentiel des activites de creation de richesse du pays, notamment les grands ports commerciaux, en cours de devenir une locomotive du developpement economique, comme Tanger Med ou les projets de Kenitra et de Dakhla. Cette evolution rend compte de l’ouverture de l’economie sur le domaine atlantique et notamment sur l’Afrique.

Laboratory experimentation plays a crucial role in scientific education and engineering in higher education. The traditional hands-on labs are the natural scenarios where practical skills can be improved, but, thanks to Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), virtual and remote labs can provide a framework where Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) disciplines can also be developed. This paper deals particularly with remote access to a real laboratory equipment using contemporary computer and network technology for creating the environment that will enable a remote user to perform the required practical experiments in physics. The main goal of this paper is to build an interactive system to control practical experiments in physics by the students enrolled in the first year of undergraduate program of Physics and Chemistry at the University.

This paper aims to examine the results of a survey of 292 first-year biology students to evaluate their perception of their learning environment, as well as their ability to handle an educational innovation such as reverse pedagogy and serious gaming integrated into a hybrid learning environment. We also present the approaches and steps that allowed us to validate our statistical study. We used a methodology to validate the instrument developed; using standard parameters, the mean and the standard deviation to describe quantitative data and percentages for qualitative data. The internal consistency of the scales was assessed using the correlation coefficient calculated after a one-factor analysis of variance as well as Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α). The scores show that the items and subscales have good internal consistency. In addition, it shows that the students are fully aware of their learning environment and the difficulties they encounter. They are motivated to embrace our pedagogical innovation. It, therefore, confirms our willingness to implement this pedagogical model for students in the coming years.