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The development of new compounds to treat Chagas disease is imperative due to the adverse effects of current drugs and their low efficacy in the chronic phase. This study aims to investigate nitroisoxazole derivatives that produce oxidative stress while modifying the compounds' lipophilicity, affecting their ability to fight trypanosomes. The results indicate that these compounds are more effective against the epimastigote form of T. cruzi , with a 52 ± 4% trypanocidal effect for compound 9 . However, they are less effective against the trypomastigote form, with a 15 ± 3% trypanocidal effect. Additionally, compound 11 interacts with a higher number of amino acid residues within the active site of the enzyme cruzipain. Furthermore, it was also found that the presence of a nitro group allows for the generation of free radicals; likewise, the large size of the compound enables increased interaction with aminoacidic residues in the active site of cruzipain, contributing to trypanocidal activity. This activity depends on the size and lipophilicity of the compounds. The study recommends exploring new compounds based on the nitroisoxazole skeleton, with larger substituents and lipophilicity to enhance their trypanocidal activity.

The deficit of effective treatments for Chagas disease has led to searching for new substances with therapeutic potential. Natural products possess a wide variety of chemical structural motifs and are thus a valuable source of diverse lead compounds for the development of new drugs. Castanedia santamartensis is endemic to Colombia, and local indigenous communities often use it to treat skin sores from leishmaniasis; however, its mechanism of action against the infective form of Trypanosoma cruzi has not been determined. Thus, we performed chemical and biological studies of two alcoholic leaf extracts of C. santamartensis to identify their active fractions and relate them to a trypanocidal effect and evaluate their mechanism of action. Alcoholic extracts were obtained through cold maceration at room temperature and fractionated using classical column chromatography. Both ethanolic and methanolic extracts displayed activity against T. cruzi. Chemical studies revealed that kaurenoic acid was the major component of one fraction of the methanolic extract and two fractions of the ethanolic extract of C. santamartensis leaves. Moreover, caryophyllene oxide, kaurenol, taraxasterol acetate, pentadecanone, and methyl and ethyl esters of palmitate, as well as a group of phenolic compounds, including ferulic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, myricetin, quercitrin, and cryptochlorogenic acid were identified in the most active fractions. Kaurenoic acid and the most active fractions CS400 and CS402 collapsed the mitochondrial membrane potential in trypomastigotes, demonstrating for the first time the likely mechanism against T. cruzi, probably due to interactions with other components of the fractions., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights reserved.)

Herein, the design and synthesis of new 2-phenyl(pyridinyl)benzimidazolequinones and their 5-phenoxy derivatives as potential anti-Trypanosoma cruzi agents are described. The compounds were evaluated in vitro against the epimastigotes and trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. The replacing of a benzene moiety in the naphthoquinone system by an imidazole enhanced the trypanosomicidal activity against Trypanosoma cruzi. Three of the tested compounds (11a-c) showed potent trypanosomicidal activity and compound 11a, with IC 50 of 0.65 μM on the trypomastigote form of T. cruzi, proved to be 15 times more active than nifurtimox. Additionally, molecular docking studies indicate that the quinone derivatives 11a-c could have a multitarget profile interacting preferentially with trypanothione reductase and Old Yellow Enzyme., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

In the search for a more effective chemotherapy for the treatment of Chagas' disease and human African trypanosomiasis, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei parasites, respectively, the use of organometallic compounds may be a promising strategy. In this work, eight new heterobimetallic compounds are described including four 5-nitrofuryl containing thiosemicarbazones as bioactive ligands (HL1-HL4) and dppf = 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino) ferrocene as an organometallic co-ligand. Complexes of the formula [M II (L)(dppf)](PF 6 ) with M = Pd or Pt were synthesized and fully characterized in the solid state and in solution, including the determination of the molecular structure of four of them by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods. Most compounds showed activity in the low micromolar or submicromolar range against both parasites, with the platinum compounds being more active than the palladium analogues. Activity was significantly increased by generation of the M-dppf compounds (3-24 fold increase with respect to free ligands HL for T. cruzi and up to 99 fold increase with respect to HL for T. brucei). The inclusion of the organometallic co-ligand also led to lower toxicity in mammalian cells and higher selectivity towards both parasites when compared to the free HL compounds. The complexes interact with DNA and affect the redox metabolism of the parasites. Furthermore, the most active and selective compound of the new series showed no in vivo toxicity in zebrafish embryos.

Aim: To study a new series of [1,2,3]triazolo[1,5-α]pyridine derivatives as trypanocidal agents because current antichagasic pharmacologic therapy is only partially effective. Materials & methods: The effect of the series upon Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes and murine macrophages viability, cell cycle, cell death and on the metabolites of the sterol biosynthesis pathway was measured; also, docking in 14α-demethylase was analyzed. Results: Compound 16 inhibits 14α-demethylase producing an imbalance in the cholesterol/ergosterol synthesis pathway, as suggested by a metabolic control and theoretical docking analysis. Consequently, it prevented cell proliferation, stopping the cellular cycle at the G2/M phase, inducing cell death. Conclusion: Although the exact cell death mechanism remained elusive, this series can be used for the further rational design of novel antiparasitic molecules.

Trypanosoma cruzi is exposed during its life to exogenous and endogenous oxidative stress, leading to damage of several macromolecules such as DNA. There are many DNA repair pathways in the nucleus and mitochondria (kinetoplast), where specific protein complexes detect and eliminate damage to DNA. One group of these proteins is the DNA polymerases. In particular, Tc DNA polymerase β participates in kinetoplast DNA replication and repair. However, the mechanisms which control its expression under oxidative stress are still unknown. Here we describe the effect of oxidative stress on the expression and function of Tc DNA polymerase β To this end parasite cells (epimastigotes and trypomastigotes) were exposed to peroxide during short periods of time. Tc DNA polymerase β which was associated physically with kinetoplast DNA, showed increased protein levels in response to peroxide damage in both parasite forms analyzed. Two forms of DNA polymerase β were identified and overexpressed after peroxide treatment. One of them was phosphorylated and active in DNA synthesis after renaturation on polyacrylamide electrophoresis gel. This phosphorylated form showed 3-4-fold increase in both parasite forms. Our findings indicate that these increments in protein levels are not under transcriptional control because the level of Tc DNA polymerase β mRNA is maintained or slightly decreased during the exposure to oxidative stress. We propose a mechanism where a DNA repair pathway activates a cascade leading to the increment of expression and phosphorylation of Tc DNA polymerase β in response to oxidative damage, which is discussed in the context of what is known in other trypanosomes which lack transcriptional control.

Background: Neglected diseases are becoming more prevalent due to globalization. This has inspired active research in the development of new drugs for the treatment of parasitic diseases such as Chagas disease., Objectives: With the aim of finding new trypanocidal agents, we report the in vitro evaluation of a new series of 3-amidocoumarins with or without hydroxyl substituents at position 4 of the coumarin ring., Methods: Electrochemical and biological assays were performed in order to assess the antioxidant and trypanocidal potential of these compounds and to better understand the mechanisms involved in their activity., Results: Most of the studied compounds showed high trypanocidal activity against both epimastigote and trypomastigote forms, with IC50 values in the low micromolar range. Some of them have greater activity and selectivity than the reference compound, nifurtimox., Conclusion: Compound 2 is the most active of this series, being also non-cytotoxic against murine RAW 264.7 macrophages. Electrochemical and radical scavenging experiments were carried out, providing new information about the profile of the best derivatives, and the potential therapeutic application of the new 3-amidocoumarins., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.org.)

Infectious diseases are the main cause of acquired dilated cardiomyopathy. This group of disorders shares in common inflammatory cell infiltrate and myocardial remodeling. As part of its pathophysiology, there is coronary microvascular dysfunction, distinct from that observed in coronary artery disease. Chagas cardiomyopathy presents several vascular characteristics that are similar to those presented in other acquired cardiomyopathies. There is convincing evidence of the microvascular involvement and the inflammatory processes that lead to endothelial activation and ischemic damage. Current therapy for the Chagas disease is limited, and it is proposed to combine it with other pharmacological strategies that modify critical physiopathological aspects beneficial for the clinical course of the Chagas cardiomyopathy., (© 2017 The Author(s). Published by Portland Press Limited on behalf of the Biochemical Society and the Royal Society of Biology.)

American Trypanosomiasis is a chronic infection discovered and described in 1909 by the Brazilian scientist Carlos Chagas. It is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Although it affects about 10million people in Latin America, the current chemotherapy is still inadequate. The discovery of new drugs is urgently needed. Our group is focused on the development of prospective metal-based drugs mainly based on bioactive ligands and pharmacologically interesting metal ions. In this work three new rhenium(I) tricarbonyl compounds fac-[Re I (CO) 3 Br(HL)] where HL=5-nitrofuryl containing thiosemicarbazones were synthesized and fully characterized in solution and in the solid state. The in vitro evaluation of the compounds on T. cruzi trypomastigotes (Dm28c strain) showed that the Re(I) compounds are 8 to 15 times more active than the reference drug Nifurtimox and show a 4 to 17 fold increase in activity in respect to the free (HL) ligands. Obtained compounds also show good selectivity indexes (IC 50 endothelial cells Ea.hy926 /IC 50 T. cruzi (Dm28c tripomastigotes) ). 1 H NMR and MS studies, performed with time, showed that the fac-[Re(CO) 3 Br(HL)] species convert into the dimers [Re 2 (CO) 6 (L) 2 ] in solution. Crystal structure of [Re I 2 (CO) 6 (L2) 2 ], the product of complexes' dimerization, was solved. Related to the mechanism of action, the studied compounds do not generate radical oxygen species in the parasite (as 5-nitrofuryl derived thiosemicarbazones do) probably due to the unfavorable nitro reduction potential of the generated dimeric species. On the contrary, the compounds produce a decrease of the oxygen consumption rate of the parasites, maybe inhibiting their mitochondrial respiration., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Oxidative stress is involved in several parasitic diseases such as Chagas. Agents able to selectively modulate biochemical processes involved in the disease represent promising multifunctional agents for the delay or abolishment of the progression of this pathology. In the current work, differently substituted hydroxy-3-arylcoumarins are described, exerting both antioxidant and trypanocidal activity. Among the compounds synthesized, compound 8 showed the most interesting profile, presenting a moderate scavenging ability for peroxyl radicals (ORAC-FL=2.23) and a high degree of selectivity towards epimastigotes stage of the parasite T. cruzi (IC 50 =1.31μM), higher than Nifurtimox (drug currently used for treatment of Chagas disease). Interestingly, the current study revealed that small structural changes in the hydroxy-3-arylcoumarin core allow modulating both activities, suggesting that this scaffold has desirable properties for the development of promising classes of antichagasic compounds., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease. This parasite is vulnerable to the effects of ROS as its main defense mechanism against exogenous agents trypanothione is also another weakness of the parasite that investigated related to the inhibition of enzymes belonging P450 system, mainly CYP51. In our group we have synthesized a series of triazoles known as [1,2,3]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridyl ketones, and pyridyl ketones. These families have shown interesting structural features due to the presence of electron withdrawing moieties attached to the main heterocycle (triazoles and/or pyridines) and are proposed as potential target in the parasite, by the presence of the carbonyl group being able to be reduced and form a free radical that could interact with molecular oxygen generating ROS in the parasite. Furthermore, the triazole ring and pyridines have been considered as potent inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis, the lock being part CYP51., Result: Our results showed that the series is capable of generating a stable radical species and generate ROS in the parasite. On the other hand these molecules are potent inhibitors of enzymes belonging to the complex P450. We have focused on the inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis demonstrating that triazole/ pyridine families are able to affect this pathway being observed the accumulation of squalene and lanosterol.

Benznidazole is the first-line drug used in treating Chagas disease, which is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi). However, benznidazole has limited efficacy and several adverse reactions. Pentamidine is an antiprotozoal drug used in the treatment of leishmaniasis and African trypanosomiasis. In T. cruzi, pentamidine blocks the transport of putrescine, a precursor of trypanothione, which constitutes an essential molecule in the resistance of T. cruzi to benznidazole. In the present study, we describe the effect of the combination of benznidazole and pentamidine on isolated parasites, mammalian cells and in mice infected with T. cruzi. In isolated trypomastigotes, we performed a dose-matrix scheme of combinations, where pentamidine antagonized the effect of benznidazole, mainly at concentrations below the EC 50 of pentamidine. In T. cruzi-infected mammalian cells, pentamidine reversed the effect of benznidazole (measured by qPCR). In comparison, in infected BALB/c mice, pentamidine failed to get synergy with benznidazole, measured on mice survival, parasitemia and amastigote nest quantification. To further explain the in vitro antagonism, we explored whether pentamidine affects intracellular trypanothione levels, however, pentamidine produced no change in trypanothione concentrations. Finally, the T. cruzi polyamine permease (TcPAT12) was overexpressed in epimastigotes, showing that pentamidine has the same trypanocidal effect, independently of transporter expression levels. These results suggest that, in spite of the high potency in the putrescine transport blockade, TcPAT12 permease is not the main target of pentamidine, and could explain the lack of synergism between pentamidine and benznidazole., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Mitochondria participate in several distinctiveness of cancer cell, being a promising target for the design of anti-cancer compounds. Previously, we described that ortho-carbonyl hydroquinone scaffold 14 inhibits the complex I-dependent respiration with selective anti-proliferative effect on mouse mammary adenocarcinoma TA3/Ha cancer cells; however, the structural requirements of this hydroquinone scaffold to affect the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) of cancer cells have not been studied in detail. Here, we characterize the mitochondrial metabolism of TA3/Ha cancer cells, which exhibit a high oxidative metabolism, and evaluate the effect of small structural changes of the hydroquinone scaffold 14 on the respiration of this cell line. Our results indicate that these structural changes modify the effect on OXPHOS, obtaining compounds with three alternative actions: inhibitors of complex I-dependent respiration, uncoupler of OXPHOS and compounds with both actions. To confirm this, the effect of a bicyclic hydroquinone (9) was evaluated in isolated mitochondria. Hydroquinone 9 increased mitochondrial respiration in state 4o without effects on the ADP-stimulated respiration (state 3ADP), decreasing the complexes I and II-dependent respiratory control ratio. The effect on mitochondrial respiration was reversed by 6-ketocholestanol addition, indicating that this hydroquinone is a protonophoric uncoupling agent. In intact TA3/Ha cells, hydroquinone 9 caused mitochondrial depolarization, decreasing intracellular ATP and NAD(P)H levels and GSH/GSSG ratio, and slightly increasing the ROS levels. Moreover, it exhibited selective NAD(P)H availability-dependent anti-proliferative effect on cancer cells. Therefore, our results indicate that the ortho-carbonyl hydroquinone scaffold offers the possibility to design compounds with specific actions on OXPHOS of cancer cells.

Trypanosoma cruzi is the causal agent of Chagas Disease that is endemic in Latin American, afflicting more than ten million people approximately. This disease has two phases, acute and chronic. The acute phase is often asymptomatic, but with time it progresses to the chronic phase, affecting the heart and gastrointestinal tract and can be lethal. Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy involves an inflammatory vasculopathy. Endothelial activation during Chagas disease entails the expression of cell adhesion molecules such as E-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) through a mechanism involving NF-κB activation. Currently, specific trypanocidal therapy remains on benznidazole, although new triazole derivatives are promising. A novel strategy is proposed that aims at some pathophysiological processes to facilitate current antiparasitic therapy, decreasing treatment length or doses and slowing disease progress. Simvastatin has anti-inflammatory actions, including improvement of endothelial function, by inducing a novel pro-resolving lipid, the 5-lypoxygenase derivative 15-epi-lipoxin A4 (15-epi-LXA4), which belongs to aspirin-triggered lipoxins. Herein, we propose modifying endothelial activation with simvastatin or benznidazole and evaluate the pathways involved, including induction of 15-epi-LXA4. The effect of 5 μM simvastatin or 20 μM benznidazole upon endothelial activation was assessed in EA.hy926 or HUVEC cells, by E-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression. 15-epi-LXA4 production and the relationship of both drugs with the NFκB pathway, as measured by IKK-IKB phosphorylation and nuclear migration of p65 protein was also assayed. Both drugs were administered to cell cultures 16 hours before the infection with T. cruzi parasites. Indeed, 5 μM simvastatin as well as 20 μM benznidazole prevented the increase in E-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in T. cruzi-infected endothelial cells by decreasing the NF-κB pathway. In conclusion, Simvastatin and benznidazole prevent endothelial activation induced by T. cruzi infection, and the effect of simvastatin is mediated by the inhibition of the NFκB pathway by inducing 15-epi-LXA4 production.

Parasitic illnesses are major causes of human disease and misery worldwide. Among them, both amebiasis and Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan parasites, Entamoeba histolytica and Trypanosoma cruzi, are responsible for thousands of annual deaths. The lack of safe and effective chemotherapy and/or the appearance of current drug resistance make the development of novel pharmacological tools for their treatment relevant. In this sense, within the framework of the medicinal inorganic chemistry, metal-based drugs appear to be a good alternative to find a pharmacological answer to parasitic diseases. In this work, novel ruthenium complexes [RuCl2(HL)(HPTA)2]Cl2 with HL=bioactive 5-nitrofuryl containing thiosemicarbazones and PTA=1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane have been synthesized and fully characterized. PTA was included as co-ligand in order to modulate complexes aqueous solubility. In fact, obtained complexes were water soluble. Their activity against T. cruzi and E. histolytica was evaluated in vitro. [RuCl2(HL4)(HPTA)2]Cl2 complex, with HL4=N-phenyl-5-nitrofuryl-thiosemicarbazone, was the most active compound against both parasites. In particular, it showed an excellent activity against E. histolytica (half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50)=5.2 μM), even higher than that of the reference drug metronidazole. In addition, this complex turns out to be selective for E. histolytica (selectivity index (SI)>38). The potential mechanism of antiparasitic action of the obtained ruthenium complexes could involve oxidative stress for both parasites. Additionally, complexes could interact with DNA as second potential target by an intercalative-like mode. Obtained results could be considered a contribution in the search for metal compounds that could be active against multiple parasites.

Changes in mitochondrial ATP synthesis can affect the function of tumor cells due to the dependence of the first step of glycolysis on mitochondrial ATP. The oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system is responsible for the synthesis of approximately 90% of the ATP in normal cells and up to 50% in most glycolytic cancers; therefore, inhibition of the electron transport chain (ETC) emerges as an attractive therapeutic target. We studied the effect of a lipophilic isoprenylated catechol, 3-hydroxybakuchiol (3-OHbk), a putative ETC inhibitor isolated from Psoralea glandulosa. 3-OHbk exerted cytotoxic and anti-proliferative effects on the TA3/Ha mouse mammary adenocarcinoma cell line and induced a decrease in the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, the activation of caspase-3, the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transport pore (MPTP) and nuclear DNA fragmentation. Additionally, 3-OHbk inhibited oxygen consumption, an effect that was completely reversed by succinate (an electron donor for Complex II) and duroquinol (electron donor for Complex III), suggesting that 3-OHbk disrupted the electron flow at the level of Complex I. The inhibition of OXPHOS did not increase the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) but caused a large decrease in the intracellular ATP level. ETC inhibitors have been shown to induce cell death through necrosis and apoptosis by increasing ROS generation. Nevertheless, we demonstrated that 3-OHbk inhibited the ETC and induced apoptosis through an interaction with Complex I. By delivering electrons directly to Complex III with duroquinol, cell death was almost completely abrogated. These results suggest that 3-OHbk has antitumor activity resulting from interactions with the ETC, a system that is already deficient in cancer cells., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Chronic Chagas' disease affects 10-30 % of patients infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, and it mainly manifests as cardiomyopathy. Important pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the cardiac lesions include activation of the endothelium and induced microvascular alterations. These processes involve the production of endothelial adhesion molecules and thromboxane A2, which are involved in inflammatory cell recruitment and platelet aggregation, respectively. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors such as aspirin decrease thromboxane production and alter the course of Chagas' disease, both in the acute and chronic phases. We studied the effects of the administration of low and high doses of aspirin during the early phase of T. cruzi infection, following microvascular damage in the context of a chronic murine model of Chagas' disease. The effects of both schedules were assessed at 24 and 90 days postinfection by evaluating parasitemia, mortality, and cardiac histopathological changes as well as the expression of ICAM, VCAM, and E-selectin in cardiac tissue. Thromboxane A2, soluble ICAM, and E-selectin blood levels were also measured. While aspirin did not affect parasitemia or mortality in the infected mice, it decreased both cardiac inflammatory infiltrates and thromboxane levels. Additionally, at 90 days postinfection, aspirin normalized sICAM and sE-selectin levels. Considering the improved endothelial function induced by aspirin, we propose the possibility of including this drug in clinical therapy to treat chronic Chagas' disease.

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of benznidazole on endothelial activation in a murine model of Chagas disease., Methods: A low (30mg/kg/day) and a high (100mg/kg/day) dose of benznidazole were administered to mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi during the early phases of the infection. The effects of the treatments were assessed at 24 and 90 days postinfection by evaluating the parasitaemia, mortality, histopathological changes and expression of ICAM in the cardiac tissue. The blood levels of thromboxane A2, soluble ICAM and E-selectin were also measured. T. cruzi clearance was assessed by the detection of parasite DNA in the heart tissue of infected mice., Results: Benznidazole decreased the cardiac damage induced by the parasite, and amastigote nests disappeared at 90 days postinfection. Both doses cleared the parasite from the cardiac tissue at 24 and 90 days postinfection. In addition, benznidazole decreased the thromboxane levels and normalized the plasma sICAM and sE-selectin levels by 90 days postinfection., Conclusions: Early administration of benznidazole at a dose as low as 30mg/kg eradicates T. cruzi from cardiac tissue. Additionally, benznidazole prevents cardiac damage and modulates endothelial activation as part of its antichagasic activity., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Tumor cells present a known metabolic reprogramming, which makes them more susceptible for a selective cellular death by modifying its mitochondrial bioenergetics. Anticancer action of the antioxidant 9,10-dihydroxy-4,4-dimethyl-5,8-dihydroanthracen-1(4H)-one (HQ) on mouse mammary adenocarcinoma TA3, and its multiresistant variant TA3-MTXR, were evaluated. HQ decreased the viability of both tumor cells, affecting slightly mammary epithelial cells. This hydroquinone blocked the electron flow through the NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), leading to ADP-stimulated oxygen consumption inhibition, transmembrane potential dissipation and cellular ATP level decrease, without increasing ROS production. Duroquinol, an electron donor at CoQ level, reversed the decrease of cell viability induced by HQ. Additionally, HQ selectively induced G₂/M-phase arrest. Taken together, our results suggest that the bioenergetic dysfunction provoked by HQ is implicated in its anticancer action., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

A new nitrooxoisoaporphine derivative was synthetized and characterized by cyclic voltammetry and electron spin resonance. Its aqueous solubility was improved by complexes formation with β-cyclodextrin, heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin and (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin. In order to assess the inclusion degree reached by nitrooxoisoaporphine in cyclodextris cavity, the stability constants of formation of the complexes were determined by phase-solubility measurements obtaining in all cases a type-A(L) diagram. Moreover, electrochemical studies were carried out, where the observed change in the EPC value indicated a lower feasibility of the nitro group reduction. Additionally, a detailed spatial configuration is proposed for inclusion of derivate within the cyclodextrins cavity by 2D NMR techniques. Finally, these results are further interpreted by means of molecular modeling studies. Thus, theoretical results are in complete agreement with the experimental data., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A series of fused tri- and tetracyclic indazoles and analogues compounds (NID) with potential antiparasitic effects were studied using voltamperometric and spectroscopic techniques. Nitroanion radicals generated by cyclic voltammetry were characterized by electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) and their spectral lines were explained and analyzed using simulated spectra. In addition, we examined the interaction between radical species generated from nitroindazole derivatives and glutathione (GSH). Biological assays such as activity against Trypanosoma cruzi and cytotoxicity against macrophages were carried out. Finally, spin trapping and molecular modeling studies were also done in order to elucidate the potentials action mechanisms involved in the trypanocidal activity., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In the present communication we prepared a series of six 4-hydroxycoumarin derivatives, isosters of quercetin, recognized as an antioxidant natural compound, with the aim of evaluating the antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite responsible for Chagas disease, and the antioxidant properties. We have used the 4-hydroxycoumarin moiety (compound 1) as the molecular template for the synthesis of compounds 2-7. These derivates have shown moderate trypanocidal activity. However they have been proved to be good antioxidants. In particular compound 7 is the most active antioxidant and it is, therefore, a potential candidate for a successful employment in conditions characterized by free radicals overproduction., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Electrochemical and ESR studies were carried out in this work with the aim of characterizing the reduction mechanisms of 4-substituted and 1,4-disubstituted 7-nitroquinoxalin-2-ones by means of cyclic voltammetry in DMSO as aprotic solvent. Two reduction mechanisms were found for these compounds: the first, for compounds bearing a labile hydrogen by following a self-protonation mechanism (ECE steps), and the second, for compounds without labile hydrogen, based on a purely electrochemical reduction mechanism (typical of nitroheterocycles). The electrochemical results were corroborated using ESR spectroscopy allowing us to propose the hyperfine splitting pattern of the nitro-radical, which was later corroborated by the ESR simulation spectra. All these compounds were assayed as growth inhibitors against Trypanosoma cruzi: first, on the non-proliferative (and infective) form of the parasite (trypomastigote stage), and then, the ones that displayed activity, were assayed on the non-infective form (epimastigote stage). Thus, we found four new compounds highly active against T. cruzi. Finally, molecular modeling studies suggest the inhibition of the trypanothione reductase like one of the possible mechanisms involved in the trypanocidal action., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)