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Background: Selecting a specialty is one of the most critical decisions for medical practitioners. On a personal level, it determines lifetime career achievements and, for the community, it directly affects the outcome of public health programs. The aim of this study was to investigate factors that were more important among Iranian residents when considering a specialty. Methods: A total of 354 residents from 19 specialties answered the questionnaire that explored their views on nine factors which could have a possible impact on their decision. These factors were selected based on a preliminary discussion with residents and a review of related articles. Results: The first three most common specialties were internal medicine (12.2%), surgery (10.2%) and cardiology (9.6%) for men and obstetrics and gynecology (17.9%), internal medicine (12.6%), and pathology (9.3%) for women. The highest score was related to the personal scientific interest, with a mean of 82.62±19.07 and the lowest score to government regulations and aims, with a mean of 14.90±26.11 in both genders. After that, among females, the role of family (p=0.002) and controllable lifestyle were considered valuable. The second most important factor among males was financial reward (p=0.006). Conclusion: Personal interest, knowledge of a specialty, controllable lifestyle and financial reward are the most common reported factors among participants. Considering such influential factors is critical for producing motivated specialists and successful health care planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]