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To evaluate the physiological potential of the seeds, the tetrazolium test would be an interesting alternative, as it is a quick test that provides a detailed analysis of viability and vigor. Therefore, it is necessary to define pre-conditioning conditions, such as temperature and duration of soaking, concentration of the tetrazolium solution, and method of exposing the seeds to staining. Moringa oleifera Lam., belonging to the family Moringaceae, is widely distributed in tropical countries and easily adapted to semi-arid conditions, possessing medicinal value, as forage, condiment, in the cosmetics industry, melliferous, fuel, and in water purification treatment through the coagulant solution made from seeds. Based on the above, the objectives of the present work were to establish the most appropriate procedure for conducting the tetrazolium test to evaluate the viability and vigor of M. oleifera seeds. Only the cotyledons containing the embryo were placed in 50 mL plastic cups and immersed in a solution of 2,3,5-triphenyl chloride tetrazolium salt at concentrations of 0.05; 0.075 and 0.1% for staining periods of 1, 2, and 3 hours in a Biochemical Oxygen Demand chamber at 30 ºC in the dark. The seeds were evaluated one by one for tissue condition (firm or flaccid) and seed color, and by the location and size of the lesions on the cotyledon and embryonic axis. For the standardization of the tetrazolium test, the Completely Randomized Design was used in a 3x3+1 factorial scheme (three concentrations of tetrazolium solution x three staining periods + control = germination test) with four repetitions of 25 seeds. M. oleifera seeds were found to have a high germination rate (100%), there was no significant difference between the control and the percentage of viable seeds (TZ) for the 2 and 3 hours staining periods, immersed in tetrazolium solution at concentrations of 0.075 (96%) and 0.05% (99%), respectively. The most appropriate procedure for conducting the tetrazolium test to assess the viability and vigor of M. oleifera seeds is to use a concentration of 0.05% for 3 hours of salt immersion

Phenology works as an indicator of the response of plants to local climatic and edaphic conditions, enabling a better understanding of the dynamics of the species. The seasonal climate also influences the occurrence of periodic rhythms of growth and reproduction (phenophases). Moringa oleifera Lam., belong to the Moringaceae family, is widely distributed in tropical countries and easily adapts to semiarid conditions, having medicinal value as a forage, flavoring, in the cosmetics, honey, fuel and in the treatment of water purification through the coagulant solution made from the seeds. The objectives of the present work were to study the phenological behavior of M. oleifera and to relate the variations in phenophases with climatic factors, precipitation and temperature. For collection of phenological data, ten trees were selected, and the records were carried out between the first half of August 2020 and the first half of July 2021. The observations were carried out at fortnightly intervals, recording the presence and absence of the flowering and fruiting phenophases including flowering – period in which the tree is in full flowering; fructification – which starts from the moment that small fruits are visible after the fertilization of the flowers and ends with the dispersal of seeds. The Fournier intensity index was determined using a semiquantitative interval scale of five categories (0 to 4), with an interval of 25% between each category. The phenological data of intensity of each phenophase (flowering and fruiting) were related to precipitation and average temperature fortnightly using Spearman's correlation. The flowering and fruiting phenophases of M. oleifera intensified in August, September and December 2020, showing Fournier intensity peaks of 47.5 and 77.5, 72.5 and 92.5, and 35 and 55 %, respectively, and April and June 2021, in the monthly intervals of greater rainfall, with percentage rates of 82.5 and 95, 77.5 and 80%, respectively. In general, we found that M. oleifera produced seeds between the first half of August and the first half of September, and the second half of December 2020, and the second half of April and the first half of June 2021. Thus, it can be stated that the production of fruits by M. oleifera is interrupted in the months with less rainfall (October to November 2020, and January to February 2021). The intensity and duration of the flowering and fruiting phenophases in M. oleifera are synchronized with the temporal distribution of the precipitation pulses in that habitat

The present study was carried out with the objective of evaluating the ecological and applied aspects of temperature in the germination of Colubrina glandulosa (Rhamnaceae), Chloroleucon dumosum (Fabaceae), Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Fabaceae), Mimosa bimucronata (Fabaceae) and Sapindus saponaria (Sapindaceae). Then we assessed germination, average germination time, germination uniformity and germination activation energy as a function of temperatures. The experiment was conducted at the Plant Propagation Laboratory, on the Engineering and Agricultural Sciences Campus, at the Federal University of Alagoas, Rio Largo, AL, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications of 25 seeds per treatment. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and the means were compared using the Tukey test at 5% probability. The isothermal incubation was performed in Biochemical Oxigen Demand (B.O.D.) germination chamber, at constant temperatures of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 ºC and alternating at 20-30 ºC. The seeds of C. glandulosa, C. dumosum, E. contortisiliquum and M. bimucronata germinated in the range of 10 ºC ≤ T ≤ 35 ºC, and S. saponaria germinated in the range of 20 ºC ≤ T ≤ 35 ºC. We found that seeds in the optimal temperature range has unimodal distribution of relative frequency, concentrating germination in the shortest time. The activation energy was positive in the range of 10 ºC ≤ T ≤ 30 ºC, with an inversion of the signal at a temperature of 35 ºC. The studied species had a wide range of temperature tolerance and the speed was curvilinearly dependent on them. The germination process is predominantly endergonic

For most forest species the irregularity of fruiting, low seed production and spatial distribution of trees, make it impossible to supply seeds to meet seedling production programs. On the other hand, to prevent subsequent years of low production and maintain seed viability, it is necessary to adopt adequate storage procedures. Therefore, the objectives of the study were to evaluate the influence of water content and storage conditions on the physiological potential of seeds of Colubrina glandulosa Perkins (Rhamnaceae), Chloroleucon dumosum (Benth.) G.P. Lewis (Fabaceae), Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong (Fabaceae), Mimosa bimucronata (DC.) O. Kuntze (Fabaceae) and Sapindus saponaria L. (Sapindaceae), which are native tree species in tropical forests in South America. The seeds were placed in paper packaging and glass packaging and stored in a laboratory environment (uncontrolled), during storage periods of zero (recently harvested), three, six, nine, 12 and 15 months. For each storage period, the water content and physiological potential of the seeds were evaluated. The design was entirely randomized with four repetitions of 25 seeds. The germination (G) and germination uniformity (U) data were subjected to analysis of variance in a 2 x 6 factorial arrangement (two types of packaging x six storage periods), and application of polynomial regression. Seeds of Colubrina glandulosa, Chloroleucon dumosum, Enterolobium contortisiliquum, Mimosa bimucronata and Sapindus saponaria, packed in paper packaging or glass packaging, and stored under uncontrolled conditions of natural environment, presented higher G and U, in the storage period of 15 months. The physiological potential of the seeds can be maintained for a long time, as long as they are packed in a glass container with an adequate initial water content. With a water content of 8.2, 8.1, 7.9, 8.4% and 12.1%, the seeds of Colubrina glandulosa, Chloroleucon dumosum, Enterolobium contortisiliquum, Mimosa bimucronata and Sapindus saponaria, respectively, maintain the viability during storage. Therefore, the solution to store these seeds would be to rigorously dry them, and then use waterproof packaging. It is recommended that for the storage of seeds of these tree species, they are previously packaged in glass containers

Manilkara zapota L., popularly known as sapoti, has commercial relevance both for fruits, with high prices in the regional markets, and for its wood. Thus, the propagation of this species can be done by seed, however, the germination is slow and uneven. The objective of this work was to study the biometry of the seeds and to evaluate pre-germinative treatments to facilitate the propagation of sapoti. The fruits were from the municipality of Brejão-PE and length, width and thickness were determined in millimeters of each seed and submitted to different pre-germination treatments. The seeds were exposed to the following evaluations: biometry, dormancy overrun, germination tests, germination speed index, root length and aerial part of the seedlings and dry mass of the root and shoot of the seedlings. They have variability regarding their biometry and do not require the adoption of treatments for the breakdown of dormancy, which enables and accelerates the production of seedlings. The treatments aimed at overcoming dormancy of sapoti were not efficient to accelerate the germination of the seeds.

The present work aimed to evaluate the germination, emergence, vigor and initial development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars. Nine cultivars belonging to the crespa group, Cinderella, Monica SF 31, Mimosa (Salad Bowl), Veneranda, Brava, Cerbiatta (Catalonha), Itapua Super, Itauna Prisee, Simpson and Vitoria de Verao were used. The experiment was conducted to ensure the accuracy of the comparisons. The variables analyzed were: Germination, emergence, first germination and emergency counting, mean germination and emergency time, mean germination and emergence velocity, germination and emergency uncertainty index, germination and emergency synchrony, and relative frequency of germination and emergency. In order to obtain the emergency data, it was necessary to use a refrigerated room to give optimal conditions for the seeds and in the initial stage, an acclimatization for a salable development of newly emerged seedlings. For experimental design, completely randomized (CRD) was used for laboratory conditions and randomized blocks (RB) for the field, with four replicates of 25 seeds per treatment. The data were submitted for analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability. The analyses were carried out using SISVAR software 5.6. Cultivar Itauna obtained the best results in physiological quality evaluations, being recommended for planting in regions of Northeastern Brazil. Key words: Lactuca sativa L., germination, emergence.

We investigated the occurrence of Ureaplasma diversum in the genital tract of female buffaloes. A total of 292 vaginal swab samples of buffaloes of reproductive age from nine farms were analyzed. These were distributed in five cities of Pernambuco state, Brazil. DNA was detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. The frequency of females positive for U. diversum was 2.05% (6/292). Concerning the farms, 22.22% (2/9) of the investigated properties had at least one positive animal. Samples positive on PCR were inoculated in specific media for culturing Ureaplasma spp. However, there was no growth of characteristic colonies. This study documents the occurrence of infection by microorganisms of the species Ureaplasma diversum in the reproductive tract of buffalo females in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Thus, epidemiological investigations must be carried out with the presence of this microorganism should be investigated to assess the role of this pathogen as a causative agent of vulvovaginitis and abortions considering that these occurrences may decrease reproductive rates and cause negative economic impact in buffalo farming.

The objective of this study was to conduct an investigation of Mycoplasma bovigenitalium and Ureaplasma diversum infections in cattle in the microregion of the Ipanema Valley, state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Vaginal swabs were collected from 355 breeding cows in reproductive age and were analyzed by multiplex PCR (mPCR) and culture. An epidemiological investigation of risk factors was performed for Mollicutes. mPCR analysis showed that, 9.29% (33/355) of the cows were positive for M. bovigenitalium and 21.69% (77/355) for U. diversum; coinfection was observed in 2.81% (10/355) of the cows. The microbiological isolation showed, 81.81% (27/33) of Mycoplasma spp. and 24.67% (19/77) of Ureaplasma spp.. The risk factors related to Mollicutes infection identified were semi-intensive breeding system (OR= 4.6), pasture rent (OR= 3.6), non-isolation of animals with reproductive disorders (OR= 3.2), and natural mounting and artificial insemination (OR= 3.5). There was a significant association between Mollicutes infection and abortions in the first gestational third (P= 0.001). This is the first record of M. bovigenitalium and U. diversum infection in cows in the semiarid region of the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Preventive measures directed to the identified risk factors can decrease the occurrence of Mollicutes in these herds. RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma investigação de Mycoplasma bovigenitalium e Ureaplasma diversum em bovinos leiteiros da microrregião do Vale do Ipanema, estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Foram coletados suabes vaginais de 355 vacas em idade reprodutiva. As amostras foram analisadas por multiplex PCR (mPCR) e cultura. Foi realizada uma investigação dos fatores de risco para Mollicutes. Na mPCR, 9,29% (33/355) das vacas foram positivas para M. bovigenitalium e 21,69% (77/355) para U. diversum; coinfecção foi observada em 2,81% (10/355) das vacas. O isolamento microbiológico mostrou crescimento de Mycoplasma spp. em 81,81% (27/33) das amostras e em 24,67% (19/77) para Ureaplasma spp. Os fatores de risco relacionados à infecção por Mollicutes identificados foram sistema de produção semi-intensivo (OR= 4,6), aluguel de pastagem (OR= 3,6), não isolamento de animais com desordens reprodutivas (OR= 3,2) e monta natural e inseminação artificial (OR= 3,5). Houve uma associação significativa entre a infecção por Mollicutes e abortos no primeiro terço gestacional (P=0,001). Este é o primeiro relato da infecção por M. bovigenitalium e U. diversum em vacas na região semiárida do estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. As medidas preventivas direcionadas aos fatores de risco identificados podem diminuir a ocorrência de Mollicutes nesses rebanhos.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-04T23:44:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-10-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-15T15:23:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1517-83822018000400795.pdf: 864858 bytes, checksum: d486ce5a4b9285d19ec708b5db98fab4 (MD5) The objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies in female buffalo in the state of Pernambuco. A total of 123 female buffalo blood samples were collected from five properties distributed in the state of Pernambuco. The microscopic agglutination test was used to study anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies. The occurrence of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies was 28.5% (35/123; CI 20.7-37.3%) and on different properties, the occurrence ranged from 28.6% to 80.0%, with 100% of the properties showing animals with positive results. The serovars of the serogroup Sejroe with a higher incidence were Hard-joprajtino (CTG strain, 49.1%) and Hardjo (Prajtino genotype, 43.2%), followed by serogroup Grippotyphosa with the Grippotyphosa serovar (3.9%), serogroup Pomona with the Pomona serovar (1.9%), and the Icterohaemorrhagiae serovar Copenhageni (1.9%). This was the first record of the occurrence of anti-Lepstospira spp. antibodies in female buffalo in the state of Pernambuco. Control measures are necessary to prevent health and economic losses, given that the agent involved affects animal reproduction, triggering drops in conception rates or even clinical cases of abortion. (C) 2018 Sociedade Brasileira de Microbiologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. Univ Fed Rural Pernambuco, Posgrad Vet, Posgrad Biociencia Anim, Recife, PE, Brazil Univ Fed Rural Pernambuco, Unidade Acad Garanhuns, Garanhuns, PE, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Med Vet & Zootecnia, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Rural Pernambuco, Dept Med Vet, Recife, PE, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Med Vet & Zootecnia, Botucatu, SP, Brazil

Objetivou-se, com este estudo, determinar a soroprevalência para a infecção pelo herpesvírus bovino tipo 1 (HVB-1) e vírus da diarreia viral bovina (VDVB-1) e identificar os fatores de risco associados à infecção HVB-1 em vacas leiteiras na bacia leiteira do estado de Pernambuco. Foram analisadas 358 amostras de soro sanguíneo provenientes de vacas leiteiras em idade reprodutiva, não vacinados para os referidos agentes, procedentes de 18 propriedades, distribuídas em seis municípios na microrregião do Vale do Ipanema, Pernambuco. Para o diagnóstico sorológico foi utilizada a técnica de vírusneutralização. A ocorrência de anticorpos anti-HVB-1 em bovinos foi 52,8% (188/356), enquanto que para VDVB-1 foi 99,4% (355/357). Observou-se uma variação da ocorrência de anticorpos, por propriedade, de 5 a 90,9% para HVB-1 e 93,5 a 100% para VDVB-1, destacando-se que 100% das propriedades possuíam ao menos um animal positivo para as duas infecções. Os fatores de risco associados à infecção por HVB-1 foram: compartilhamento de pastos (OR = 2,9; p = 0,004); não utilização de inseminação artificial (OR = 2,3; p < 0,001); não realização de transferência de embriões (OR = 13,6; p < 0,001); aquisição de animais destinados à reprodução (OR = 4,2; p < 0,001); reposição de animais da mesma região (OR = 3,0; p = 0,001) e fetos abortados deixados no pasto (OR= 4,0; p < 0,001). É possível concluir que a infecção por ambos os agentes está distribuída nos bovinos da área do estudo, sendo necessária a implementação de medidas preventivas a partir dos fatores de risco identificados no presente estudo.

Curd cheese is one of the most traditional foods produced in the Northeast of Brazil, the production is mainly concentrated in the states of Rio Grande do Norte, Ceara, Pernambuco and Paraiba. Although it has great historical and socioeconomic importance, there is a need for further related studies about the quality control of its production, especially with regard to Listeria spp. and Salmonella spp. given the importance of these microorganisms to public health. Thus, this study aimed to investigate Listeria spp. and Salmonella spp. in samples of curd cheese commercialized in establishments in the municipality of Venturosa, Agreste of the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Sixty samples of curd cheese were analyzed using the microbiological analysis method according to Normative Instruction no30/2018, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (MAPA). No samples were detected for Salmonella spp., however, Listeria grayi was detected in two cheese samples (3.34%), among the analyzed samples. The presence of L. grayi may be associated with hygienicsanitary failures in the stages of obtaining or elaboration of the product. The result obtained in the study reinforces the importance and necessity of the application of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) to obtain a final product safe to the consumer.

Background: Buffaloes are susceptible to viral infections, often associated with pathologies of importance in cattle breeding. Among the numerous infectious diseases, Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVDV) and Bovine Infectious Rhinotracheitis (IBR) have a negative impact on buffalo creations. This study aimed to detect the occurrence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus infections in buffaloes in Pernambuco state, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: For this purpose, serum samples were obtained from 244 buffaloes on eight properties distributed in six municipalities. The search for anti-BVDV and -bovine herpesvirus type-1 (BoHV-1) antibodies was performed using the virus neutralization technique. To analyze the association between the serological status of BoHV-1 infection and aspects of hygienic-sanitary and reproductive management, an investigative questionnaire with objective questions was used. In total, 97.9% (239/244) of buffaloes had anti-BVDV antibodies and 56.1% (137/244) had anti-BoHV-1 antibodies. Co-infection was observed in 55.3% (135/244) of buffaloes. The distribution of antibody occurrence in buffaloes by properties ranged from 90.5% to 100.0% for BVDV and from 4.8% to 100% for BoHV-1. It was not possible to perform an association analysis for BVDV infection; however, in that for BoHV-1 infection, the following variables exhibited a significant association: an extensive breeding system (P < 0.001), open herd (P = 0.029), lack of reproductive rest (P = 0.029), natural mating in females with reproductive disorders (P < 0.001), exploration type (P = 0.0014), presence of wild animals (P < 0.001), and lack of cleaning facilities (P = 0.008).Discussion: The occurrence of anti-BVDV antibodies in this study was 97.9% this was higher than those reported in other country’s regions. The results of the present study demonstrate a high occurrence of anti-BVDV antibodies in each of the properties in Pernambuco state, demonstrating that the animals have contact with infection sources, due to the large number of positive animals. Indeed, it is likely that there is at least one PI animal in every herd. It was observed that 100% of the properties possessed at least one positive animal. The high number of positive animal properties may be related to the absence of biosecurity measures; a subclinical BVDV infection can occur which the owners cannot identify it, as it is not common the adoption of a reproductive program in the region. The occurrence of the anti-BoHV-1 antibody in this study was 56.1%. In other states, both lower and higher prevalences were reported compared to this study. The high number of properties with positive animals may be related to several factors, including the ability of the virus to remain latent, thus introducing a single animal infected with BoHV-1 sufficient for infection spread and perpetuation in buffaloes. It is believed that the introduction of infected animals and the lack of disease knowledge by the producers may have been responsible for the agent’s introduction and maintenance in the herds. In conclusion, BVDV and IBR virus infections occur in buffaloes in Pernambuco state. Thus, it is suggested that prophylactic measures, including routine diagnosis, reproductive animal control, and strict health care, such as employing cleaning facilities, avoiding contact with neighboring herds, acquiring animals with a negative diagnosis and using an artificial insemination program should be implemented at each property to reduce the reproductive losses caused by these infections.

RESUMO Objetivou-se com estudo determinar a ocorrência da infecção por Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis e Tritrichomonas foetus em búfalos no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Foram coletadas 133 amostras biológicas (muco cervicovaginal e raspado prepucial) de animais, procedentes de oito propriedades, de diferentes regiões do estado. O material biológico coletado foi transferido para solução salina tamponada (PBS) e, posteriormente, inoculado em meios de transporte específicos, Lander para diagnóstico de C. fetus subsp. venerealis e Diamond para T. foetus. Para o diagnóstico das infecções por Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis e Tritrichomonas foetus, as amostras foram submetidas à reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e cultivadas em meio ágar Columbia acrescido de antibiótico e Diamond, respectivamente. Para pesquisa de C. fetus subsp. venerealis, observou-se uma ocorrência de 1,8% (2/113) de animais positivos no exame microbiológico com confirmação pela PCR. Em relação à procedência, observou-se que 100% das amostras positivas pertenciam a dois machos do mesmo rebanho. Nenhum animal foi positivo na pesquisa de T. foetus. Este é o primeiro registro da infecção por C. fetus subsp. venerealis em búfalos no Brasil. Apesar da baixa ocorrência, recomenda-se adoção de medidas de controle, com o intuito de se evitar a disseminação do agente para outros rebanhos.