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INTRODUÇÃO: Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TICs) são ferramentas eficazes na divulgação de conteúdos educacionais possibilitando distribuir informações de qualidade embasados em conhecimentos científicos de forma rápida e fácil. Nesse cenário, o podcast destaca-se como um modelo de TIC com potencial ferramenta para divulgar informações em saúde de forma ampla, on-line e gratuita. OBJETIVO: Verificar a eficácia do podcast como uma ferramenta de educação em saúde para universitários, bem como analisar o perfil dos ouvintes. MÉTODO: Estudo exploratório, descritivo, de abordagem quantitativa, oriundo do desenvolvimento de Podcast como uma TIC, para compartilhar educação em saúde sobre câncer de mama que afeta a população feminina nas mídias sociais durante a pandemia. O podcast foi desenvolvido a partir das seguintes etapas: 1- Busca na literatura científica; 2- Elaboração dos roteiros; 3- Gravação; 4- Edição; 5- Publicação; 6- Divulgação. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: O podcast alcançou 243 reproduções desde o seu lançamento, teve/tem duração de 10 minutos e 16 segundos na plataforma Anchor. A maioria dos ouvintes foi do sexo masculino (60%), seguido do sexo feminino (30%). Prevaleceu a faixa etária de 23-27 anos, seguido dos que englobam a faixa de 18-22 anos. Foram realizadas algumas pesquisas no Brasil, como a Abpod (2019) e a Ibope (2019), e em ambas foi constatado que o público em sua maioria é masculino e jovem. No entanto, enquanto que a Abpod (2019) indica que os jovens entre 25-29 anos são mais engajados, o Ibope (2019) diz que são os de 16-24 anos. CONCLUSÃO: O podcast é um excelente veículo para disseminar conhecimento de forma acessível ao público jovem, desde que o conteúdo a ser abordado seja bem articulado a fim de contemplar a todos os ouvintes com o intuito de garantir a compreensão do público em geral.

Purpose As the new coronavirus disease propagated around the world, the rapid spread of news caused uncertainty in the population. False news has taken over social media, becoming part of life for many people. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate, through a systematic review, the impact of social media on the dissemination of infodemic knowing and its impacts on health. Methods A systematic search was performed in the MedLine, Virtual Health Library (VHL), and Scielo databases from January 1, 2020, to May 11, 2021. Studies that addressed the impact of fake news on patients and healthcare professionals around the world were included. It was possible to methodologically assess the quality of the selected studies using the Loney and Newcastle–Ottawa Scales. Results Fourteen studies were eligible for inclusion, consisting of six cross-sectional and eight descriptive observational studies. Through questionnaires, five studies included measures of anxiety or psychological distress caused by misinformation; another seven assessed feeling fear, uncertainty, and panic, in addition to attacks on health professionals and people of Asian origin. Conclusion By analyzing the phenomenon of fake news in health, it was possible to observe that infodemic knowledge can cause psychological disorders and panic, fear, depression, and fatigue.

COVID-19 is an emerging outbreak similar to previous pandemics caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). Till date, SARS-CoV-2 infection is still spreading, representing a major threat to public health, where several control measures are being practiced in order to culminate its spread. The research and development of new drugs require a lot of funding in addition to being a slow and costly process. As a result, new techniques have been proposed to streamline this process. The repositioning or repurposing of drugs represents an attractive strategy, presenting a promising way to introduce new drugs. Currently, numerous reused drugs are already available in the market and are in practice. In this review, it was observed that the antiviral drugs Entricitabine and Tenofovir display potential therapeutic efficacy in preclinical studies. Therefore, in silico analyses were considered a potential tool for predicting the effectiveness of drugs, mainly as an effective approach to encourage a complementary in vitro and in vivo antiviral evaluation.

Purpose Knowing the use in the education of podcasts was occurring in some countries, the present work developed one in Portuguese. The aim was to promote health and combat disinformation in Brazil. Methods Different categories of Podcasts were created: shorter/longer; with/without guests and disease-related issues or other topics about prevention/health education. After that, the audios were edited and submitted on platforms: It was analyzed through the data generated by the published episodes. Results It was observed that duration vs several reproductions did not correlate with (p = 0.2521). Then, the presence/absence of guests (p = 0.1779). However, themes related to infectious and chronic diseases obtained more significant results (p = 0.0466) when compared to the other topics. Also, we noticed that our listeners are primarily men aged between 18 and 27 years old and residing in Brazil. Conclusion Podcasts may be able to disseminate knowledge, however, themes and the type of audience must be considered to choose this kind of approach.

Aproximadamente 37,7 milhões de pessoas estavam vivendo com HIV em 2020. Na América Latina e no Caribe, há mais de 2 milhões de pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids, sendo que o Brasil é o país com maior contingente acometido. No Ceará, 16.998 casos de Aids foram notificados. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar as variáveis epidemiológicas, clínicas e laboratoriais da infecção pelo vírus HIV e da Aids em pacientes atendidos em uma clínica- escola de Fortaleza-CE, abordando pacientes de todo o estado. Após aceite do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, os prontuários da Clínica-escola de Saúde do Centro Universitário Christus foram avaliados, tendo por critério de inclusão pacientes HIV positivos que desenvolveram ou não Aids, com idade entre 18 e 69 anos; de ambos os sexos e sendo do sexo feminino, não gestantes. Este é um estudo epidemiológico, retrospectivo, não randomizado. A clínica-escola analisada possui 32.614 prontuários. Os parâmetros gênero e idade foram analisados em 353 prontuários, sendo que 20 tiveram todos os seus dados analisados. Dados pontuais também foram coletados. Mais de 80% corresponde ao gênero masculino e a faixa etária mais prevalente é de 26 a 40 anos. Há relatos de pacientes da metrópole e do interior do estado cearense. Dados mostraram que a assiduidade é diretamente proporcional à boa adesão e que a quando a carga viral aumenta, o nível de LTCD4+ diminui. Há relato de Medicina Alternativa, Atuação Multidisciplinar e Práticas Religiosas. Não se observaram alterações laboratoriais consideráveis, sendo que o setor da Bioquímica é o que possui maior quantidade de dados. Todos os setores foram analisados. Mais estudos, com maior amostragem, são necessários para reforçar os dados encontrados.

The treatment for hepatitis Delta virus (HDV) still consists of Pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) combined with inhibitors of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication. In some patients may be occur a virological response, which means a negative HDV RNA 6 months after stopping treatment. In this study it was conducted an in vitro approach with the aim to mimic possible immunological events that are observed in patients responding to PEG-IFN therapy. Jurkat cells (human T lymphocyte cell line) were employed alone or co-cultured with THP-1 (human monocytic cell line) and stimulated with controls and HBV Surface Antigen (HBsAg), Small-Delta Antigen (SHDAg), and HBsAg + SHDAg combined. Twenty-four hours stimulation with SHDAg and/or HBSAg led to a toxic profile in a co-culture condition and cell supernatants were collected for cytokines quantification. PEG-IFN was added and cells were incubated for additional 24 h. Co-cultured cells incubated with the association (SHDAg + PEG-IFN) significantly produced levels of IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-12. On the other hand, the HBsAg alone was able to inhibit the production of IFN-γ, suggesting that this antigen may hinder the treatment exclusively with PEG-IFN.

The activation of proinflammatory cellular processes and signals such as those linked to NF-kB in macrophages are involved in the control of infection by Leishmania ssp. However, little is known about the influence of the drugs used in the treatment on the host cellular inflammatory signaling pathways. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different drugs used in the treatment of leishmaniasis on inflammatory profile related to Toll-like receptors (TLRs) from L. amazonensis-infected macrophages. J774 macrophage-like cells were infected with the promastigote forms (5:1) and 24 hs incubated with Amphotericin B (AmB), Glucantime® (GLU) or Pentamidine (Pent). The following inflammatory pathways were evaluated: NF-κB p65, NF-κB p65 phosphorylated (Ser536), stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK) phosphorylated (Thr183/Tyr185), p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK p38) phosphorylated (Thr180/Tyr182), signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (Stat3) phosphorylated (Tyr705) and inhibitor kappa B-α (IκB-α) phosphorylated (Ser32). In silico tests were performed to evaluate the molecular affinity between TLRs and antileishmanial drugs. Molecular docking showed that affinities varied significantly among the binders evaluated. The lowest affinity (-8.6 Kcal/Mol) was calculated for AmB in complex with TLR4. Pent showed higher values for TLR1, TLR2 and TLR3, while for TLR4 the affinity value was lower (5.5 Kcal/Mol). The values obtained for GLU were the highest for the set of binders tested. From the infected macrophages, treatments inhibited NF-kB p65 for GLU (65.44%), for Pent (46.43%) and for AmB (54.07%) compared to untreated infected macrophages. The activation of the signaling pathway of NF-kB, SAPK/JNK and IκB-α caused by AmB and Pent may potentiate the microbicidal mechanisms of the infected macrophages.

This study aimed to evaluate the in vivo anti-Leishmania amazonensis activity of a Phospholipase A2 (Asp49-PLA2), isolated from Bothrops jararacussu venom, encapsulated in liposomes as a modified toxin release system. The activity of the liposomes was evaluated in BALB/c mice, previously infected with 1×105 of the parasite's promastigotes. The size of the paw lesion in Asp49-PLA2-liposomal-treated animals, after 21days, was observed as decreasing by 16% relative to the untreated control group and 12% by the Glucantime®-treated animals, which was used as a reference drug. At the end of the treatment, the animals were sacrificed and the paw and lymph node tissues were collected. Part of the collection was used to recover amastigotes and another to quantify cytokines and nitrites. In the group treated with Asp49-PLA2-liposomes the parasitic load was observed to be reduced by 73.5% in the macerated lymph node, compared to the control group. Comparatively, in the paw tissue was observed a reduction of 57.1%. The infected groups treated with Asp49-PLA2-liposomes showed significant production in TNF-α measured in lymph nodes and paw (43.73pg/mL±2.25 and 81.03pg/mL±5.52, respectively) and nitrite levels (31.28μM±0.58 and 35.64μM±5.08) also measured in lymph nodes and paw tissues, respectively, compared to untreated groups. These results indicate that the Asp49-PLA2-loaded liposomes were able to activate the production of some cellular components of the protective TH1 response during the infection, constituting a promising tool for inducing the microbicidal activity of the Leishmania-infected macrophages.

During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, uncoordinated national responses have been observed around the world which have contributed to the difficulties in controlling the spread of the virus. This lack of dialogue between nations reflects several key determinants including the lack of platforms for non-English speaking researchers and healthcare professionals to engage with critical matters in their native languages. Here, we demonstrate how setting up a dedicated forum for Portuguese-speaking professionals from Brazil, Mozambique and Portugal facilitated the comparison of testing strategies undertaken by those countries during 2020. This working group was established in response to an open workshop conducted in Portuguese in March 2020, in which renowned scientists from lusophone countries were invited to share the COVID-19 responses in their respective countries. To date, the group has convened to address actions, in turn identifying the opportunity to publish the different established approaches to testing strategies undertaken by their countries. This effort highlighted that the governments of those three countries took very different approaches, from case definition to type of test most commonly deployed. This piece emphasizes the need for international bodies to acknowledge the importance of creating forums which are more inclusive to non-speaking English professionals who are at the frontline of healthcare response in challenging settings such as low- and middle-income countries. Finally, fostering approaches like this could represent an efficient strategy to facilitate dialogue, building the necessary steps for a more coordinated response to future global threats.

During Leishmania infection, host immune response is important to prevent the growth/survival of intracellular amastigotes. In this study, we evaluated in vitro and in vivo whether or not during Leishmania amazonensis infection, pentavalent antimonial treatment/therapy could be more effective under TNF-α inhibition. Both L. amazonensis-infected macrophages (in vitro model) and mice (in vivo model) were treated with a nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) inhibitor and with Glucantime®, alone and in combined administrations. The in vitro amastigote counts, cytokines and nitrites' production were assessed after 48h incubation with the drugs. Paw lesion sizes and amastigote counts were also evaluated in vivo. Quantification of IL-1β from the infected tissue was performed. In vitro results show that when infected macrophages were incubated with QNZ+Glucantime®, a greater clearance was observed for the amastigotes' growth and this was related to greater nitrite production compared to the group that was only infected. In vivo results show that mice that received the combined treatment had their paw lesion sizes and amastigote nests inside the macrophages greatly diminished, correlating with increased IL-1β levels.

Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) were first isolated from bone marrow and then from various adult tissues including placenta, cord blood, deciduous teeth, and amniotic fluid. MSCs are defined or characterized by their ability to adhere to plastic, to express specific surface antigens, and to differentiate into osteogenic, chondrogenic, adipogenic, and myogenic lineages. Although the molecular mechanisms that control MSC proliferation and differentiation are not well understood, the involvement of microRNAs has been reported. In the present study, we investigated the role of miR-125b during osteoblastic differentiation in humans. We found that miR-125b increased during osteoblastic differentiation, as well as Runx2 and ALPL genes. To study whether the gain or loss of miR-125b function influenced osteoblastic differentiation, we transfected MSCs with pre-miR-125b or anti-miR-125b and cultured the transfected cells in an osteoblastic differentiation medium. After transfection, no change was observed in osteoblastic differentiation, and Runx2, OPN, and ALPL gene expression were not changed. These results suggest that the gain or loss of miR-125b function does not influence levels of Runx2, OPN, and ALPL during osteoblastic differentiation.

The retrovirus human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) promotes spastic paraparesis, adult T cell leukaemia and other diseases. Recently, some human microRNAs (miRNAs) have been described as important factors in host-virus interactions. This study compared miRNA expression in control individuals, asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers and HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (HAM)/tropical spastic paraparesis patients. The proviral load and Tax protein expression were measured in order to characterize the patients. hsa-miR-125b expression was significantly higher in patients than in controls (p = 0.0285) or in the HAM group (p = 0.0312). Therefore, our findings suggest that miR-125b expression can be used to elucidate the mechanisms of viral replication and pathogenic processes.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) são RNA de fita simples (22 nucleotídeos) que atuam como reguladores da expressão gênica celular. Estudos recentes têm demonstrado o papel dos miRNAs como moduladores da resposta celular frente às infecções virais. O vírus linfotrópico de células T humanas do tipo 1 (HTLV-1) é um retrovírus que apresenta genes estruturais comuns aos demais, além dos genes tax e rex, os quais dão origem às proteínas regulatórias. Entre elas, destaca-se a oncoproteína Tax, que é capaz de modular a expressão de genes celulares e virais, além de estar associada ao desencadeamento de patologias. Destacam-se duas manifestações clínicas associadas: a leucemia/linfoma de células T do adulto (ATLL) e a mielopatia associada ao HTLV/paraparesia espástica tropical (HAM/TSP). Fatores relacionados ao hospedeiro também estão correlacionados ao aparecimento das patologias. No intuito de estabelecer se miRNAs humanos podem influenciar em processos celulares que se encontram desregulados pela Tax (diferenciação, transdução de sinais, apoptose, proliferação celular e tumorigênese), o objetivo deste projeto foi analisar a expressão de miRNAs em células mononucleares de sangue periférico (PBMC) de indivíduos infectados HTLV-1. Para tanto, realizamos análises in silico para mapear alvos de miRNAs humanos no gene tax do HTLV-1. Foram utilizados dois algoritmos (miRanda e RNAhybrid), com os seguintes parâmetros: score de 120 na região da semente; energia livre de até -15 kcal/mol. Assim, selecionou-se os hsa-miRNAs:149a, 648, 221, 222, 142-5p, 26a, 29a, 374 e 125b. Adicionalmente, foi observado que as regiões do gene tax, onde se ligam os miRNAs selecionados, são extremamente conservadas entre os diferentes subtipos de HTLV-1. Após estas análises in silico, realizou-se a validação dos miRNAs eleitos. Para tanto, foram isolados PBMC de 21 amostras de indivíduos-controle (CT), 10 portadores assintomáticos do HTLV-1 (HAC) e 12 com HAM/TSP (HAM). Do total de células, 1x106 tiveram seu DNA genômico extraído para quantificação da carga proviral (CPV) pela metodologia de PCR quantitativo em tempo real (qRT-PCR); 1x106 foram criopreservadas para quantificação de Tax por citometria de fluxo; 1x 107células foram utilizadas na extração de RNA para validação dos miRNAs por qRT-PCR. A fase orgânica do Trizol® foi utilizada para extração de proteínas totais e posterior análise da expressão de Tax por Western blot. A CPV apresentou-se significativamente aumentada (p= 0,0046) no grupo HAM, quando utilizado teste de Mann-Whitney. A expressão de Tax apresentou correlação significativa (p=0,0128) com a CPV, pelo teste de Spearmann e auxiliou na caracterização dos pacientes. O nível de expressão dos miRNAs foi avaliado nos grupos: CT vs Pacientes e CT vs HAC vs HAM por testes não-paramétricos de Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-wallis, respectivamente. Os miRNAs se mostraram desregulados no grupo de pacientes quando comparado ao grupo CT. Dentre estes, o hsa-miR-125b encontra-se aumentado significativamente no grupo de pacientes em relação ao controle (p=0,0285). Utilizou-se o teste de correlação de Spearmann, para associar a expressão de Tax com os miRNAs, porém os resultados encontrados não foram significativos. Apesar de não estar correlacionado com expressão de Tax, o hsa-miR-125b é responsável pela regulação de diversas proteínas, como TNF-, uma proteína inflamatória hiper-expressa em portadores do HTLV-1. Deste modo, acreditamos que este miRNA estaria aumentado proporcionalmente na tentativa de inibir a tradução desta proteína. Os resultados deste projeto sugerem a importância de esclarecer como os miRNAs humanos podem regular a infecção pelo HTLV-1 e gerar informações para o desenvolvimento de estratégias que possam interferir com a replicação e patogênese viral. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are simple strand RNA (22 nucleotides), which are regulators of cellular gene expression. Recent studies have been showed miRNAs role as modulators of cellular responses, when viral infection occurs. The human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that presents the same regular structural genes compared to the other retrovirus, besides tax and rex genes, which encode regulatory proteins. In regard to this, Tax oncoprotein is a major determinant of viral persistence and pathogenesis. Two major diseases are related to this virus adult T cell leukemia (ATLL) and HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Host-related factors are also correlated with HAM/TSP development. To establish if human miRNAs could influence in the unregulated cellular process caused by Tax (differentiation, signal transduction, apoptosis, cellular proliferation and tumorigenesis), this study analyzed miRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from HTLV-1 infected patients. For this purpose, we performed in silico analyses to find human miRNAs that could targeted HTLV-1 tax region. We performed two algorithms (miRanda e RNAhybrid) and we set up two distinct parameters: score more than 120 in the seed region and minimum free energy until -15 kcal/mol. So, we have selected these hsa-miRNAs:149a, 648, 221, 222, 142-5p, 26a, 29a, 374 e 125b. Besides this, we compared several HTLV-1 sub-types and we observed that regions, where miRNAs are regulating, are extremely conserved. After the in silico analysis, we validated miRNAs that we have been chosen. We isolated PBMC samples from 21 control-individuals (CT), 10 from asymptomatic carriers and 12 from HAM/TSP (HAM). After the procedure, genomic DNA were extracted from 1x106 cells, in order to quantify the proviral load (PL) performing quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR). Tax was measured by flow cytometry and for this procedure, we used 1x106 criopreserved cells. Amount 1x 107cells were used to total RNA extraction that was used to miRNAs validation by qRT-PCR. The organic phase from Trizol® was employed to extract total proteins, which were used to analyze Tax expression by Western blot. The PL was significantly higher in HAM group than HAC (p= 0,0046), when Mann-Whitney statistical test was employed. The Tax expression was significantly correlated to PL (p=0,0128) by Spearmann test and this finding provided us a better characterization of the patients. The miRNAs expression was detected in the following groups: CT vs Patients and CT vs HAC vs HAM by non-parametrical tests Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-wallis, respectively. The miRNAs presented unregulated themselves in the patient group, when we compared to CT group. We observed that hsa-miR-125b expression are significantly higher in patients group than controls (p=0,0285). We have tried to associate miRNAs with Tax expression, employing Spearmann test, but this analysis did not show significant values. Despite this, hsa-miR-125b is responsible for regulating several proteins, such as TNF-, which is an inflammatory protein overexpressed in HTLV-1 carriers. In conclusion, we propose that this miRNA could be increased as a way to inhibit TNF- translation. These results suggest the importance in understanding how human miRNAs could regulated the HTLV-1 infection. In addition to this, they could generate data to be used as therapeutic strategies for the control of viral replication and pathogenic processes.

Leukotrienes (LTs) are lipid mediators involved in several inflammatory disorders. We investigated the LT pathway in human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection by evaluating LT levels in HTLV-1-infected patients classified according to the clinical status as asymptomatic carriers (HACs) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) patients. Bioactive LTB(4) and CysLTs were both increased in the plasma and in the supernatant of peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures of HTLV-1-infected when compared to non-infected. Interestingly, CysLT concentrations were increased in HAM/TSP patients. Also, the concentration of plasma LTB(4) and LTC(4) positively correlated with the HTLV-1 proviral load in HTLV-1-infected individuals. The gene expression levels of LT receptors were differentially modulated in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells of HTLV-1-infected patients. Analysis of the overall plasma signature of immune mediators demonstrated that LT and chemokine amounts were elevated during HTLV-1 infection. Importantly, in addition to CysLTs, IP-10 was also identified as a biomarker for HAM/TSP activity. These data suggest that LTs are likely to be associated with HTLV-1 infection and HAM/TSP development, suggesting their putative use for clinical monitoring.

Objectives Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is recognized as the most pathogenic and infectious among the hepatotropic viruses. Studies on the treatment of HDV have predominantly included European patients and carriers of genotype 1 (HDV-1) in their clinical protocols. For the Amazon region, data show that infected individuals have mainly Native American ancestry and that >90% of HDV carriers have the genotype 3 (HDV-3). Thus combined therapy clinical protocols do not adequately address the treatment of these patients. Methods A prospective, non-randomized study was conducted in which 22 patients received 180μg of pegylated interferon alpha 2a (PEG-IFN) plus entecavir at a dose of 0.5mg for 48 weeks, with a subsequent 24-week follow-up. Throughout treatment, the patients were monitored for biochemical responses and the kinetics of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HDV viral loads. Results Of the 22 patients treated, 15 presented normal alanine aminotransferase values at the end of treatment (p=0.002). At week 24 of treatment, 86.4% of the patients did not present detectable HDV-RNA; at week 48, the rate of negative patients increased to >95% and remained the same after 6 months. With regard to HBV, only two patients (9%) still presented detectable HBV genetic material at the end of treatment, suggesting the effectiveness of combined therapy in combating the two viruses. Conclusions These findings support the use of this effective therapeutic protocol for HDV-3 in patients of non-European ethnicity and suggest a possible 'easy to treat' variant when compared to HDV-1.

INTRODUCTION: The cytolysis mediated by granules is one of the most important effector functions of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Recently, three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified at exons 2, 3, and 5 of the granzyme B gene, resulting in a haplotype in which three amino acids of mature protein Q48P88Y245 are changed to R48A88H245, which leads to loss of cytotoxic activity of the protein. In this study, we evaluated the frequency of these polymorphisms in Brazilian populations. METHODS: We evaluated the frequency of these polymorphisms in Brazilian ethnic groups (white, Afro-Brazilian, and Asian) by sequencing these regions. RESULTS: The allelic and genotypic frequencies of SNP 2364A/G at exon 2 in Afro-Brazilian individuals (42.3% and 17.3%) were significantly higher when compared with those in whites and Asians (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0007, respectively). The polymorphisms 2933C/G and 4243C/T also were more frequent in Afro-Brazilians but without any significant difference regarding the other groups. The Afro-Brazilian group presented greater diversity of haplotypes, and the RAH haplotype seemed to be more frequent in this group (25%), followed by the whites (20.7%) and by the Asians (11.9%), similar to the frequency presented in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: There is a higher frequency of polymorphisms in Afro-Brazilians, and the RAH haplotype was more frequent in these individuals. We believe that further studies should aim to investigate the correlation of this haplotype with diseases related to immunity mediated by cytotoxic lymphocytes, and if this correlation is confirmed, novel treatment strategies might be elaborated. INTRODUÇÃO: A citólise mediada por grânulos é uma das mais importantes funções efetoras de linfócitos T citotóxicos e células natural killer. Recentemente, três polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único foram identificados nos éxons 2, 3 e 5 do gene da granzima B, resultando em um haplótipo em que três aminoácidos da proteína madura Q48P88Y245 são alterados para R48A88H245, o que leva à perda da atividade citotóxica da proteína. No presente estudo, avaliamos a frequência desses polimorfismos em populações brasileiras. MÉTODOS:Avaliamos a frequência desses polimorfismos em grupos étnicos brasileiros (brancos, afro-brasileiros e asiáticos) por sequenciamento. RESULTADOS: As frequências alélica e genotípica do polimorfismo 2364A/G no éxon 2 em indivíduos afro-brasileiros (42,3% e 17,3%) foram significativamente maiores (p < 0,0001 e p = 0,0007) quando comparadas a brancos e asiáticos. Os polimorfismos 2933C/G e 4243C/T também foram mais frequentes em afro-brasileiros, mas sem diferença significativa. O grupo afro-brasileiro apresentou maior diversidade de haplótipos e o haplótipo RAH foi mais frequente nesse grupo (25%), seguidos pelos brancos (20,7%) e asiáticos (11,9%), semelhante à frequência apresentada na literatura. CONCLUSÕES: Há uma maior frequência de polimorfismos em afro-brasileiros e o haplótipo RAH foi mais frequente nesses indivíduos. Acreditamos que novos estudos devem ter como objetivo a investigação da correlação deste haplótipo com doenças relacionadas com a imunidade mediada por linfócitos citotóxicos, e se essa correlação for confirmada, novas estratégias de tratamento poderão ser elaboradas.