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Rapporten gennemgår en række modeller til klimanormalisering af kvælstoftilførslen til havet og en ny metode til klimanormalisering anbefales.

Linket i højre side henviser til DCA rapporten. Dokumentet over linket er selve leveringen til ministeriet med følgebrev.I DCA-rapporten er der foretaget mindre sproglige og redaktionelle rettelser i forhold til versionen, som blev leveriet til ministeriet den 8. juli 2020. Derudover er der i kapitlet Afgasning af husdyrgødning kombineret med højere udnyttelseskrav for afgasset gødning sket en justering af beregningsgrundlaget af hensyn til overensstemmelse med seneste rådgivningsnotat på området. Ændringen påvirker ikke den kvalitative vurdering af klimaeffekten i kataloget. I Bilag 3, Klimagasser, er der desuden tilføjet et forklarende afsnit vedr. den indirekte N2O-emissionsfaktor relateret til nitratudvaskning.

Dette års rapport beskriver status og udvikling i vandkemiske forhold i vandløb, stoftransport af kvælstof og fosfor til kystvandene for perioden før og under NOVANA – og frem til og med 2018. Ligeledes beskrives den tidslige udvikling i Dansk Vandløbs Fauna Indeks (DVFI) på cirka 250 tidsseriestationer for perioden 1994-2018.

Many taxonomic groups of freshwater insects, such as caddisflies, stoneflies, mayflies, dragonflies and damselflies, have a reproductive terrestrial life stage. Some of these are known tobe extremely sensitive to insecticides in the aquatic environment. However, their sensitivityduring the terrestrial adult stage, when they also reproduce, is literally unknown. Consequently, it is also unknown to which extent they are exposed to pesticides during the adultstage and what effects this may have on population size and structure, both in the short andlong term. So far, risk assessment and management have only focused on avoiding risks toinsect macroinvertebrates in the aquatic environment, and exposure during the terrestrialstage has been completely neglected. Possible cascading effects on food webs, including effects on fish and birds, also lack in the risk assessment, regardless of whether these resultfrom pesticide remnants in exposed food or from reduced food sources.The main objective of the present pilot project has been to investigate whether adult stages ofaquatic insects are sensitive to two insecticides tested in the lab and, if so, to calculate to whatextent realistic exposure may lead to population level effects. The project does not include anyfield measurements or investigations of cascade effects on food webs.For the purpose of investigations, we chose to study the effects of two insecticides on the terrestrial stage of six aquatic insects. The two insecticides were Karate and Confidor, with theactive ingredients lambda-cyhalothrin and imidacloprid, respectively. Listed in Table 4 are thespecies we succeeded doing experiments with. Table 4 also gives a summary of experimentscarried out.

I denne rapport undersøges, om den økologiske tilstand vurderet med DFFVa kan være påvirket befiskningsmetoden i danske vandløb. Derudover vurderes, hvilke justeringer i DFFVa eller alternativt i grænserne mellem de økologiske tilstandsklasser, der vil reducere afvigelsen mellem DFFVa og det fælleseuropæiske interkalibreringsindeks, således, at DFFVa kan gennemgå en officiel interkalibrering og opnå et beskyttelsesniveau, der er sammenligneligt med andre EU landes.

This project compares different ways of testing pesticide impact on bumble-bees. Beside the effect of pesticide itself, interactions with starvation and a pathogenic fungus were also studied. Three insecticides were studied: Biscaya (thiacloprid, a neonicotinoid), Fastac (alpha-cypermethrin) and Karate (lambda-cyhalothrin). All three substances are used in flowering crops, including oil-seed rape. Four types of tests were performed: 1) 48 h laboratory tests, in which lethal ef-fects were assessed; 2) 14 d laboratory tests with small, queen-less colonies, assessing mortality as well as reproductive end-points; 3) 14 d semi-field tests, where the bumble-bees had access to a larger cage, and the before-mentioned endpoints were measured; 4) field testing of large, queen-right colonies for 8 weeks, using nest weight growth as end-point. In semi-field and field tests, ef-fects on bumble-bee activity were also assessed.The results do not indicate that sub-lethal effects occur at lower insecticide dos-ages than mortality. However, bumble-bee activity may potentially be affected at very low Biscaya dosages. Generally, bumble-bee mortality occurred at lower dosages in more complex long-term tests. One reason for this difference may be the sub-optimal conditions for bumble-bees in the more field-realistic test sys-tems. The effect levels identified in the study do not indicate that bumble-bees are more sensitive than honey-bees to the three insecticides. However, if for instance half of the workers are killed, this would have a much more severe im-pact on the survival and fitness of a bumble-bee colony compared to honey-bees because of the much lower number of bumble-bee workers. In the current standard risk assessment of pesticides, the risk of adverse effects on honeybees is assessed by short-term (48 hours) tests, in which only the effect on adult survival is measured. However, regulations based on these risk assessments may not protect these beneficial insects sufficiently. In order to investigate sub-lethal effects of pesticides, studies using lower dosages and measuring effects over a long-er period are required.Furthermore, in laboratory tests, conditions are generally optimal for the test animals, while in nature pesticides are seldom the only stressor of bees. In most landscapes in Northern Europe, periods of food scarcity occur, and bees are exposed to a range of different pathogens and parasites. Thus, an interesting aspect to investigate is whether bees exposed to other stressors, including nutritional stress or pathogens are more sensitive to pesticides than non-stressed bees.Honeybees are not the only pollinating insects affected by pesticides. However, it is unknown whether the sensitivity of wild pollinators including bumble-bees, solitary bees, hover flies and butterflies differs from honeybees, which have a very different life history. Therefore, this project focusses on another common pollinator, the buff-tailed bumble-bee, Bombus terrestris. We have investigated the impact of three in-secticides (Biscaya, Fastac and Karate), all of which are used in flowering crops that attract flower-visiting insects. Hence, foraging bumble-bees are expected to be ex-posed to pesticides by direct contact when handling sprayed flowers or by ingesting them with pollen and nectar.Four types of tests were included in the study:1. Short-term laboratory tests, in which bumble-bees are tested as in the hon-eybee acute tests. Results from these tests show mortality after 48 hours.2. Long-term (14 d) laboratory studies that, in addition to mortality, assess ef-fects on reproduction, such as numbers of eggs and larvae. In these stud-ies, we used queen-less micro-colonies, which are easy to manage.3. Semi-field tests, in which the bees in the micro-colonies did not only live in the small box, but had access to a larger cage in which they could move around and forage on artificial flowers. Effects were measured in the same manner as in the long-term laboratory tests.4. Field studies, in which hives with queen-right colonies of bumble-bees were exposed by feeding them sugar solution containing pesticide and thereafter released into landscapes with a low pesticide load. The development of the bee families was measured by weighing the nests on a weekly basis for eight weeks.In the laboratory and semi field tests, in addition to studying the effect of pesticides alone, we tested whether the sensitivity of bumble-bees to effects of pesticides in-creased when the bees were infected by an insect-pathogenic fungus or were starved prior to the experiments.