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5. Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems and Their Services

Author

Singh, Bettina, Parmesan, C, Morecroft, MD, Trisurat, Y, Adrian, R, Anshari, GZ, Arneth, A, Gao, Q, Gonzalez, P, Harris, R, Price, J, Stevens, N, Talukdar, GH, Strutz, SE, Ackerly, DD, Anderson, E, Boyd, P, Birkmann, J, Bremerich, V, Brotons, L, Buotte, P, Campbell, D, Castellanos, E, Chen, Y-Y, Cissé, G, Cooley, S, Cowie, A, Dhimal, M, Domisch, S, Donner, S, Douwes, Errol, Escobar, LE, Rivera Ferre, M, Flecker, A, Foden, W, Gallagher, RV, Gaxiola, A, Gemeda, A, Goulding, M, Grey, K-A, López Gunn, E, Harrison, S, Hicke, J, Hilmi, NJM, Barragan-Jason, G, Keith, DA, Bezner Kerr, R, Kraemer, BM, Langhans, S, Lasco, R, Latimer, A, Lempert, R, Lluch-Cota, SE, Loisel, J, Mackey, J, Martinetto, P, Matthews, R, McPhearson, T, Mauritzen, M, Midgley, G, Mordecai, E, Moreira, F, Mukherji, A, Myers-Smith, I, Nabuurs, G-J, Neufeldt, H, Pearce-Higgins, J, Pecl, G, Pedace, R, Townsend Peterson, A, Piepenburg, D, Postigo, JC, Pulhin, J, Racault, M-F, Rocklöv, J, Rogelj, J, Rost, B, Romanello, M, Gallego-Sala, A, Schmidt, D, Schoeman, D, Seddon, N, Semenza, JC, Singer, MC, Singh, PK, Slingsby, J, Smith, P, Sukumar, R, Tirado, MC, Trisos, C, Turetsky, M, Turner, B, van Aalst, M, Young, K, Singh, Bettina, Parmesan, C, Morecroft, MD, Trisurat, Y, Adrian, R, Anshari, GZ, Arneth, A, Gao, Q, Gonzalez, P, Harris, R, Price, J, Stevens, N, Talukdar, GH, Strutz, SE, Ackerly, DD, Anderson, E, Boyd, P, Birkmann, J, Bremerich, V, Brotons, L, Buotte, P, Campbell, D, Castellanos, E, Chen, Y-Y, Cissé, G, Cooley, S, Cowie, A, Dhimal, M, Domisch, S, Donner, S, Douwes, Errol, Escobar, LE, Rivera Ferre, M, Flecker, A, Foden, W, Gallagher, RV, Gaxiola, A, Gemeda, A, Goulding, M, Grey, K-A, López Gunn, E, Harrison, S, Hicke, J, Hilmi, NJM, Barragan-Jason, G, Keith, DA, Bezner Kerr, R, Kraemer, BM, Langhans, S, Lasco, R, Latimer, A, Lempert, R, Lluch-Cota, SE, Loisel, J, Mackey, J, Martinetto, P, Matthews, R, McPhearson, T, Mauritzen, M, Midgley, G, Mordecai, E, Moreira, F, Mukherji, A, Myers-Smith, I, Nabuurs, G-J, Neufeldt, H, Pearce-Higgins, J, Pecl, G, Pedace, R, Townsend Peterson, A, Piepenburg, D, Postigo, JC, Pulhin, J, Racault, M-F, Rocklöv, J, Rogelj, J, Rost, B, Romanello, M, Gallego-Sala, A, Schmidt, D, Schoeman, D, Seddon, N, Semenza, JC, Singer, MC, Singh, PK, Slingsby, J, Smith, P, Sukumar, R, Tirado, MC, Trisos, C, Turetsky, M, Turner, B, van Aalst, M, and Young, K

Published
2022

6. Technical Summary

Author

Pörtner, Hans-Otto, Roberts, D.C., Adams, H., Adelekan, I., Adler, C., Adrian, R., Aldunce, Paulina, Ali, Elham, Ara Begum, R., Bednar-Friedl, B., Kerr, Rachel Bezner, Biesbroek, G.R., Birkmann, J., Bowen, K., Caretta, M.A., Carnicer, Jofre, Castellanos, Edwin, Cheong, T.S., Chow, W., Cissé, Guéladio, Clayton, S., Constable, A., Cooley, S.R., Costello, M.J., Craig, M., Cramer, W., Dawson, R., Dodman, D., Efitre, J., Garschagen, M., Gilmore, E.A., Glavovic, B.C., Gutzler, D., Haasnoot, M., Harper, S., Hasegawa, T., Hayward, B., Hicke, J.A., Hirabayashi, Y., Huang, C., Kalaba, K., Kiessling, W., Kitoh, A., Lasco, R., Lawrence, J., Lemos, M.F., Lempert, R., Lennard, C., Ley, D., Lissner, T., Liu, Q., Liwenga, E., Lluch-Cota, Salvador, Löschke, S., Lucatello, S., Luo, Y., Mackey, B., Mintenbeck, Katja, Mirzabaev, A., Möller, V., Moncassim Vale, Mariana, Morecroft, M.D., Mortsch, L., Mukherji, A., Mustonen, Tero, Mycoo, Michelle, Nalau, J., New, M., Okem, A., Ometto, J.P., O'Neill, B., Pandey, R., Parmesan, Camille, Pelling, Mark, Pinho, P.F., Pinnegar, J., Poloczanska, E.S., Prakash, A., Preston, B., Racault, Marie-Fanny, Reckien, Diana, Revi, A., Rose, S.K., Schipper, E.L.F., Schmidt, D.N., Schoeman, D., Shaw, R., Simpson, N.P., Singh, C., Solecki, W., Stringer, L., Totin, E., Trisos, C.H., Trisurat, Y., van Aalst, M., Viner, D., Wairiu, Morgan, Warren, R., Wester, P., Wrathall, David, Zaiton Ibrahim, Zelina, Pörtner, Hans-Otto, Roberts, D.C., Adams, H., Adelekan, I., Adler, C., Adrian, R., Aldunce, Paulina, Ali, Elham, Ara Begum, R., Bednar-Friedl, B., Kerr, Rachel Bezner, Biesbroek, G.R., Birkmann, J., Bowen, K., Caretta, M.A., Carnicer, Jofre, Castellanos, Edwin, Cheong, T.S., Chow, W., Cissé, Guéladio, Clayton, S., Constable, A., Cooley, S.R., Costello, M.J., Craig, M., Cramer, W., Dawson, R., Dodman, D., Efitre, J., Garschagen, M., Gilmore, E.A., Glavovic, B.C., Gutzler, D., Haasnoot, M., Harper, S., Hasegawa, T., Hayward, B., Hicke, J.A., Hirabayashi, Y., Huang, C., Kalaba, K., Kiessling, W., Kitoh, A., Lasco, R., Lawrence, J., Lemos, M.F., Lempert, R., Lennard, C., Ley, D., Lissner, T., Liu, Q., Liwenga, E., Lluch-Cota, Salvador, Löschke, S., Lucatello, S., Luo, Y., Mackey, B., Mintenbeck, Katja, Mirzabaev, A., Möller, V., Moncassim Vale, Mariana, Morecroft, M.D., Mortsch, L., Mukherji, A., Mustonen, Tero, Mycoo, Michelle, Nalau, J., New, M., Okem, A., Ometto, J.P., O'Neill, B., Pandey, R., Parmesan, Camille, Pelling, Mark, Pinho, P.F., Pinnegar, J., Poloczanska, E.S., Prakash, A., Preston, B., Racault, Marie-Fanny, Reckien, Diana, Revi, A., Rose, S.K., Schipper, E.L.F., Schmidt, D.N., Schoeman, D., Shaw, R., Simpson, N.P., Singh, C., Solecki, W., Stringer, L., Totin, E., Trisos, C.H., Trisurat, Y., van Aalst, M., Viner, D., Wairiu, Morgan, Warren, R., Wester, P., Wrathall, David, and Zaiton Ibrahim, Zelina

Published
2022

17. Trees as part of nature-based water management

Author

van Noordwijk, Meine, Bargues Tobella, Aida, Muthuri, C. W., Gebrekirstos, Aster, Maimbo, M., Leimona, B., Bayala, Jules, Xing, M., Lasco, R., Jianchu, Xu, and Ong, Chin K.

Subjects
Soil Science, Oceanography, Hydrology, Water Resources, Agricultural Science
Published
2019

18. A Statement on Climate Change and Education

Author

Gorodner, O., Sbarbati Nudelman, N., Goodrum, D., Karim, Z., Boko, M., Artaxo, P., Salmi, H., von Blanckenburg, F., Mujumdar, P., Sobouti, Y., McGrath, R., Schroeder, K., Ait Kadi, M., Hooghiemstra, H., Gonzales Arimborgo, C., Machare Ordonez, J., Lasco, R., Piketh, S., Ha, K., Sumathipala, W., Ozturk, I., Alley, R., Johnson, R., Manduca, C., Matson, P., Villamizar, A., Wilderer, P., Zakri, A., and Scales Avery, J.

Published
2017

19. Exploring the Agroforestry Adoption Gap: Financial and Socioeconomics of Litchi-Based Agroforestry by Smallholders in Rajshahi (Bangladesh)

Author

Rahman, S.A., Groot, W.T. de, Snelder, D.J., Snelder, D., Lasco, R., Snelder, D., and Lasco, R.

Subjects
Finance, Poverty, Cost–benefit analysis, Agroforestry, business.industry, Institutional economics, Natural resource, Agricultural economics, Advances in Agroforestry, Economics, Spite, Department of Sustainable Management of Resources, Profitability index, Institutional structure, business
Abstract

This paper takes a multistrata agroforestry system, based on Litchi chinensis and widely practised in North Bangladesh, as a case study to address the common problem of lack of adoption in agroforestry. Although the financial cost-benefit analysis of agroforestry systems may show clear-cut profitability, these systems are often hardly adopted by farmers. Our data clearly show this pattern. Net present values and returns to labor of agroforestry were five times higher than those of alternative (annual) crops, and yet the adoption rate remained very low, even though an agroforestry project had been carried out in the study area and agroforestry had positive cultural value. Common economic reasoning is that in such cases, adoption is hampered by capacity constraints of the farmers. Our data allow to argue, however, that not the capacities but rather the motivations of the farmers are key, in spite of the financial characteristics of the system. This is caused by the underlying institutional structures, that are highly unconducive to agroforestry. We conclude that action for agroforestry should focus first of all to get supportive institutions (rules and organisations) in place before focusing on trees and projects, if needed at all.

Published
2008

20. Implications of different definitions and generic issues

Author

Amano, M., Fearnside, P.M., Frangi, J., Frumhoff, P., Goldberg, D., Higuchi, N., Janetos, A., Kirschbaum, M., Lasco, R., Nabuurs, G.J., Persson, R., Schlesinger, W., Shvidenko, A., Skole, D., and Smith, P.

Subjects
Life Science, Wageningen Environmental Research
Published
2000

21. [Projet-Activités]

Author

Brown, Susan, Masera, O., Sathaye, J., Andrasko, K., Brown, P., Frumhoff, P., Lasco, R., Leach, G., Moura-Costa, P., Mwakifwamba, S., Phillips, G., Read, P., Sudha, P., Tipper, R., Riedacker, Arthur, Pinard, M., Stuart, M., Wilson, C., Inconnu, Sociétés, Techniques, Environnement, Politiques Economiques (STEPE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), R.T. Watson, I.R. Noble, B. Bolin, N.H. Ravindranath, D.J. Verardo, D.J. Dokken, IPCC,Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,Geneva (CHE) - (Suisse), and ProdInra, Migration

Subjects
[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Environnement, espace et société
Abstract

IPCC Special Reports; Dans ce chapitre sont étudiés les problèmes relatifs au projet du LULUCF (Land Use Land-Use Change Forestry), fondé sur l'utilisation de l'espace, son changement et la forêt, dans le but de limiter un certain nombre de gaz à effet de serre dans le cadre du protocole de Kyoto. Deux objectifs sont à atteindre. Le premier est d'établir les politiques à suivre. Le second est de fournir l'information pour aider ces politiques à développer les principes approuvés sur le plan international ou les directives concernant la diversité des questions spécifiques à ce projet. Avec l'aide d'informations scientifiques appropriées, ce chapitre présente et étudie l'ensemble de ces questions, les différentes alternatives et leurs implications.

Published
2000

23. The carbon budget of South Asia

Author

Patra, P. K., primary, Canadell, J. G., additional, Houghton, R. A., additional, Piao, S. L., additional, Oh, N.-H., additional, Ciais, P., additional, Manjunath, K. R., additional, Chhabra, A., additional, Wang, T., additional, Bhattacharya, T., additional, Bousquet, P., additional, Hartman, J., additional, Ito, A., additional, Mayorga, E., additional, Niwa, Y., additional, Raymond, P. A., additional, Sarma, V. V. S. S., additional, and Lasco, R., additional

Published
2013
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24. The carbon budget of South Asia

Author

Patra, P. K., primary, Canadell, J. G., additional, Houghton, R. A., additional, Piao, S. L., additional, Oh, N.-H., additional, Ciais, P., additional, Manjunath, K. R., additional, Chhabra, A., additional, Wang, T., additional, Bhattacharya, T., additional, Bousquet, P., additional, Hartman, J., additional, Ito, A., additional, Mayorga, E., additional, Niwa, Y., additional, Raymond, P., additional, Sarma, V. V. S. S., additional, and Lasco, R., additional

Published
2012
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27. The carbon budget of South Asia.

Author

Patra, P. K., Canadell, J. G., Houghton, R. A., Piao, S. L., Oh, N.-H., Ciais, P., Manjunath, K. R., Chhabra, A., Wang, T., Bhattacharya, T., Bousquet, P., Hartman, J., Ito, A., Mayorga, E., Niwa, Y., Raymond, P., S. Sarma, V. V. S., and Lasco, R.

Subjects
ATMOSPHERIC carbon dioxide, BIOTIC communities, ATMOSPHERIC methane, CARBON dioxide mitigation, DATA analysis
Abstract

The source and sinks of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) due to anthropogenic and natural biospheric activities were estimated for the South Asia region (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka). Flux estimates were based on top-down methods that use inversions of atmospheric data, and bottom-up methods that use field observations, satellite data, and terrestrial ecosystem models. Based on atmospheric CO2 inversions, the net biospheric CO2 flux in South Asia (equivalent to the Net Biome Productivity, NBP) was a sink, estimated at -104±150 TgCyr-1 during 2007-2008. Based on the bottom-up approach, the net biospheric CO2 flux is estimated to be -191±193 TgCyr-1 during the period of 2000-2009. This last net flux results from the following flux components: (1) the Net Ecosystem Productivity, NEP (net primary production minus heterotrophic respiration) of -220±186 TgCyr-1 (2) the annual net carbon flux from land-use change of -14±50 TgCyr-1, which resulted from a sink of -16 TgCyr-1 due to the establishment of tree plantations and wood harvest, and a source of 2 TgCyr-1 due to the expansion of croplands; (3) the riverine export flux from terrestrial ecosystems to the coastal oceans of +42.9 TgCyr-1; and (4) the net CO2 emission due to biomass burning of +44.1±13.7 TgCyr-1. Including the emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels of 444 TgCyr-1 for the decades of 2000s, we estimate a net CO2 land-to-atmosphere flux of 297 TgCyr-1. In addition to CO2, a fraction of the sequestered carbon in terrestrial 20 ecosystems is released to the atmosphere as CH4. Based on bottom-up and top-down estimates, and chemistry-transport modeling, we estimate that 37±3.7 TgC-CH4 yr -1 were released to atmosphere from South Asia during the 2000s. Taking all CO2 and CH4 fluxes together, our best estimate of the net land-to-atmosphere CO2-equivalent flux is a net source of 334 TgCyr-1 for the South Asia region during the 2000s. If CH4 emissions are weighted by radiative forcing of molecular CH4, the total CO2-equivalent flux increases to 1148 TgCyr-1 suggesting there is great potential of reducing CH4 emissions for stabilizing greenhouse gases concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012
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29. Forest land use change in the Philippines and climate change mitigation

Author

Lasco, R. D. and Pulhin, F. B.

Subjects
CARBON sequestration, DEFORESTATION, FORESTS & forestry, GREENHOUSE gases
Abstract

Tropical forests in countries like the Philippines are important sources and sinks of carbon (C). The paper analyzes the contribution of Philippine forests in climate change mitigation. Since the 1500s, deforestation of 20.9 M ha (106 ha) of Philippine forests contributed 3.7 Pg (1015 g) of C to the atmosphere of which 2.6 Pg were released this century. At present, forest land uses store 1091 Tg (1012 g) of C and sequester 30.5 Tg C/yr while releasing 11.4 Tg C/yr through deforestation and harvesting. In the year2015, it is expected that the total C storage will decline by 8% (1005 Tg) and total rate of C sequestration will increase by 17% (35.5 Tg/yr). This trend is due to the decline in natural forest area accompanied by an increase in tree plantation area. We have shown that uncertainty in national C estimates still exists because they are readilyaffected by the source of biomass and C density data. Philippine forests can act as C sink by: conserving existing C sinks, expanding C stocks, and substituting wood products for fossil fuels. Here we analyze the possible implications of the provisions of the Kyoto Protocol to Philippine forests. Finally, we present current research and development efforts on tropical forests and climate change in the Philippines to improve assessments of their role in the nations C budgets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2000
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30. Letters from the August 9, 2010 Issue.

Author

Sundby, Oliver, Lasco, R. B., Binford, Paul, Sturken, Cheryl-Anne, Alhaji, Hassan, and Altschul, David

Subjects
LETTERS to the editor, ISRAELI Jews, TAX rates
Abstract

Several letters to the editor are presented in response to articles in previous issues including "What You Need to Read," "Don't Boycott Israel," by Jacob Weisberg, and "Raise My Taxes, Mr. President," by Fareed Zakaria.

Published
2010

31. Participation rates, weight loss, and blood pressure changes among obese women in a nutrition-exercise program.

Author

Lasco RA, Curry RH, Dickson VJ, Powers J, Menes S, and Merritt RK

Subjects
Adult, Black or African American, Community Health Services organization & administration, Exercise Therapy, Georgia, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nutritional Sciences education, Obesity physiopathology, Socioeconomic Factors, Urban Population, Blood Pressure, Obesity therapy, Patient Participation, Weight Loss
Abstract

Since 1985, a black urban community in Atlanta has planned, implemented, and evaluated a cardiovascular risk reduction project. The Community Health Assessment and Promotion Project (CHAPP) was developed to reduce the high incidence of cardiovascular risk factors in the neighborhood's predominantly black population. Based on data from a needs assessment, a community coalition designed and directed a 10-week exercise and nutrition intervention targeted to obese residents between the ages of 18 and 59 years. The intervention consists of an orientation, attitudes assessment, selection of a specific exercise class, and twice-weekly information on nutrition and community resources. The program uses a wide range of strategies, including individual consultations, reminder telephone calls, incentives, and rewards, and free transportation and child care, to encourage participation. The exercise-nutrition intervention was provided to two separate groups. A total of 70 participants completed the intervention over a 7-month period. Program evaluation has demonstrated high participation rates and significant reductions in weight and blood pressures both immediately after the intervention and on 4-month followup. Since completion of this evaluation study, over 400 additional community members have participated in this intervention.

Published
1989

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