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This article focuses the emergence of and need for alternative governmentality and Kurdish non-state justice under a conflicted and authoritarian state. It analyses how and why Kurdish de facto judges operate and negotiate prevailing power relations, illustrating the practice of the Kurdish alternative court system before 2000, and the development of local justice in Kurdish towns and cities after 2000. The article maps out the diverse and varied scene of Kurdish parallel justice procedures and mechanisms. The gendered demands and activities of key actors and beneficiaries are analysed, and relations, tensions and political rifts beyond the actual court procedures explored. The article sheds light on the different obstacles and challenges facing women and men under local justice, while also paying attention to ethnic and religious diversities. In this article, the examination of the state and understanding the everyday life of regular people are mainly based on direct ethnographical accounts.

In order to understand the different customs of the newcomers and how these work within the UK, this article discusses and evaluates the ‘informal’ Kurdish Peace Committee (KPC - a general court) and the Kurdish Women’s Committee (Roj Women – for sensitive cases involving women), as developed and practiced by members of the Kurdish diaspora (gurbet) living in the UK. Kinship, transnational marriages, frequent visits ‘back home’, and cheap telecommunications have helped Kurds to maintain strong links with Kurdish communities still living in Turkey and elsewhere in the gurbet. As a consequence of these ties, even simple disputes can affect extended family members living in the Kurdish region, the cities of Turkey, and in Europe. The Kurdish Peace Committee is involved in the settlement of such cases since, as they see it, such conflicts cannot be resolved by either British or Turkish state courts alone. Through the use of case studies, which illustrate a set of complex and interesting life stories, this article will explain how the Kurdish Peace Committee in London operates in an increasingly internal and transnational environment. Para entender las diferentes costumbres de los recién llegados y cómo éstos trabajan en el Reino Unido, este artículo describe y evalúa los "informales" Comité de Paz Kurdo (KPC - un tribunal general) y el Comité de Mujeres Kurdas (Roj Women - para casos delicados relacionados con mujeres), puestos en marcha por los miembros de la diáspora kurda (gurbet) que viven en el Reino Unido. El parentesco, los matrimonios transnacionales, las frecuentes visitas "vuelta al hogar" y las baratas telecomunicaciones han ayudado a los kurdos a mantener fuertes vínculos con las comunidades kurdas que aún viven en Turquía y en otros lugares del gurbet. Como consecuencia de estas relaciones, incluso las controversias simples pueden afectar a miembros de la familia que viven en la región kurda, en las ciudades de Turquía y en Europa. El Comité de Paz Kurdo está involucrado en la solución de estos casos, ya que, como ellos lo ven, esos conflictos no pueden ser resueltos solamente por cualquiera de los tribunales estatales británicos o turcos. Mediante el uso de estudios de casos que ilustran una serie de historias complejas e interesantes, en este artículo se explica cómo el Comité de Paz Kurdo en Londres opera en un entorno cada vez más interno y transnacional.

Objective: An increasing numbers of cases of poisonings by glimepiride, either attempted suicide or accidental, combined with the absence of reliable methods for the detection and quantitation of glimepiride in biological matrices is the basis for the need for the development of new analytical techniques for forensic analysis. Materials and Methods: Analyses were performed using drug- free biological fluids (whole blood and urine). Specimens were spiked with chromatographically pure glimepiride. After hydrolysis with diluted hydrochloric acid at 50-60 °C for 15-20 min and a double extraction into chloroform, glimepiride was identified by thin-layer chromatography. Standard solution of glimepiride (1 mg/mL) and Sorbfil chromatographic plates were used for thin-layer chromatography. The thin-layer chromatography studies showed that the best mobile phase was chloroform:acetone (9:1), Rf value of glimepiride in five examinations was 0.37±0.02. Visualization of glimepiride was achieved byspraying with Dragendorff’s, Bushard’s, or diphenylcarbazone-chloroform solution followed by mercuric sulphate. The limit of detection of pure glimepiride by thin-layer chromatography was 0.5 p/mL, 1.5 p g/mL in whole blood and 1.0 p g/mL in urine. For spectrophotometric determinations of glimepiride, a UV/VIS spectrophotometer with 1 cm matches quartz cell was used. Standard solutions of glimepiride in ethanol were prepared at concentrations of 1-50 p g/mL and scanned in full-scan mode between 200-400 nm. Results and Conclusion: The wavelength maxima for glimepiride was found to be 227 nm with molar absorptivity of 3.2685x10 4 l/mol/cm. Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 2-40 p g/mL. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be 0.97 p g/mL and 2.70 p g/mL, respectively. The results have been successfully applied in blood of patients after oral administration and on postmortem blood in an overdose death. Keywords: Glimepiride, Thin-layer chromatography, Spectrophotometry.

Abstract Multiple myeloma is an incurable malignant disorder of mature B-cells that predominantly affects the elderly. The immunomodulatory drug (IMiD) thalidomide and its newer analogs demonstrate increased antitumor activity, and have had a positive impact on the natural history of multiple myeloma. Recent advances in the clinical application of these agents and in our understanding of their mechanism of action, and toxicity have made safer and smarter use of these drugs possible. This review discusses the available information regarding mechanisms of action, toxicity and clinical results on thalidomide, lenalidomide and pomalidomide in the therapy of multiple myeloma.

Understanding the genetics of grain length and grain shape is the prerequisite for developing premium quality Basmati varieties/lines. Two short grain with bold Japonica shape, one long grain slender Basmati shape and two e×tra long grain slender Basmati shape parental lines were used in the study. All the parents, F1's and F2 generations were raised during kharif 2008 at Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku, Pakistan. Grain length and shape was measured with a micrometer and were categorized following the Standard Evaluation System for Rice (IRRI, 1996). Chi square was used to compute the number of genes controlling the rice grain length and shape. All F1's of crosses involving e×tra long grain Basmati parents resulted in long grain and Basmati shape. No segregation for grain length and shape was observed in F2 of crosses involving e×tra long grain and long grain Basmati and non Basmati parents. F1 of long grain Basmati line 00521 showed short and bold shaped Japonica grains. The F2's of 99417 / TN1 segregated into 63:1 for grain length, indicating 3 dominant genes responsible for e×tra long grain length in 99417. However, Pusa Basmati / TN1 segregated for grain length as 1023:1 indicating thereby 5 dominant genes for e×tra long grain length in Pusa Basmati. F2 generation of both the e×tra-long grain parents i.e., Pusa Basmati and 99417, showed no genetic segregation revealing that the genes responsible for grain length may be same in Pusa Basmati and 99417. The F2 of 00521 × King Dang Potang segregated into 1:67 for grain length indicating three recessive genes for Basmati grain length in 00521. A single dominant gene for Basmati grain shape in Pusa Basmati / TN1 and three recessive genes for Basmati shape in 00521 × King Dang Potang were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]